Marcin Dunin
Encyclopedia
Marcin Dunin Sulgostowski of Łabędź coat of arms (11 November 1774, Wał – 26 December 1842, Poznań
) was archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, primate of Poland.
He was the oldest son of common land owners, Felicjan and Brygida née Szczakowska, and grew up under the protection of his uncle, Wacław Szczakowski. His education began in the Jesuits school in Rawa Mazowiecka
, which was at that time a community in Congress Poland
. He passed Abitur
on the German-languaged gymnasium
in Bromberg (now Bydgoszcz), the historic capital of the Royal Prussia
n Bromberg district
. Between 1793 and 1797 he studied theology in Rome (Polish Rzym)
at the Collegium Germanicum
. Upon graduation he was ordained a priest
.
After his return to Prussia he started his ecclesiastical career by serving as a canon
in the Prussian communities of Wiślica (Wislitz)
and Włocławek. In 1815 he became chancellor of the Gniezno (Gnesen)
Curia. He also held some secular offices - in 1817 he became the royal Prussian counselor for education in Posen District
.
Prussian authorities, considering Dunin's loyalty to the King of Prussia
, recommended him as a candidate for the see
s of archbishops of Poznań and Gniezno. He was appointed to those offices in 1830 and became bishop one year later. As proof of his loyalty and on demand of the president of Grand Duchy of Posen, Eduard Flottwell, Dunin wrote a pastoral letter condemning the November Uprising
. On the other hand Dunin got permission for Polish priests to communicate in Polish rather than German.
In 1837 the conflict between Prussian authorities and the archbishop began. Dunin, according to the breve
of Pius VIII (1830), announced that all mixed marriages between Catholics and Protestants had to take an oath that all their offspring would be raised as Catholics. The Prussian authorities sentenced Dunin to 6 months of internment
and the loss of his archbishopric thrones. His penalty started on April 3 in 1839 in Berlin. The archbishop considered the sentence to be an unjustified intervention of secular authority into ecclesiastical law. He left Berlin and went to Poznań, were he was arrested. He was later sent to prison in the stronghold at Kolberg (Kołobrzeg). After ten months of penalty the new king Frederick William IV
granted his freedom. The monarch, to prevent a possible uprising of the partial Polish majority of the Grand Duchy, decided the dismissal of Flottwell. This was a foretaste of the Kulturkampf
.
Dunin held the Prussia
n Order of the Black Eagle
.
After his return to Poznań Dunin swore loyalty to the new king, but he continued his anti-Prussian politics in church until his death. He was buried in the archcathedral of Poznań.
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
) was archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, primate of Poland.
He was the oldest son of common land owners, Felicjan and Brygida née Szczakowska, and grew up under the protection of his uncle, Wacław Szczakowski. His education began in the Jesuits school in Rawa Mazowiecka
Rawa Mazowiecka
Rawa Mazowiecka is a town in central Poland, with 17,765 inhabitants . It lies in the Łódź Voivodeship and is the capital of Rawa County.First mentioned in 1288, it received city rights in 1321....
, which was at that time a community in Congress Poland
Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland , informally known as Congress Poland , created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire...
. He passed Abitur
Abitur
Abitur is a designation used in Germany, Finland and Estonia for final exams that pupils take at the end of their secondary education, usually after 12 or 13 years of schooling, see also for Germany Abitur after twelve years.The Zeugnis der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife, often referred to as...
on the German-languaged gymnasium
Gymnasium (school)
A gymnasium is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar schools or sixth form colleges and U.S. college preparatory high schools. The word γυμνάσιον was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual...
in Bromberg (now Bydgoszcz), the historic capital of the Royal Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
n Bromberg district
Bromberg district
Bromberg was the northern of two Prussian administrative regions, or Regierungsbezirke , of the Grand Duchy of Posen and its successor, the Province of Posen...
. Between 1793 and 1797 he studied theology in Rome (Polish Rzym)
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
at the Collegium Germanicum
Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum
The Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum or simply Collegium Germanicum is a German-speaking seminary for Roman Catholic priests in Rome, founded in 1552. Since 1580 its full name has been Pontificium Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum de Urbe....
. Upon graduation he was ordained a priest
Priest
A priest is a person authorized to perform the sacred rites of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities...
.
After his return to Prussia he started his ecclesiastical career by serving as a canon
Canon (priest)
A canon is a priest or minister who is a member of certain bodies of the Christian clergy subject to an ecclesiastical rule ....
in the Prussian communities of Wiślica (Wislitz)
Wislica, Silesian Voivodeship
Wiślica is a village in Gmina Skoczów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It has a population of about 680 and lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.-References:...
and Włocławek. In 1815 he became chancellor of the Gniezno (Gnesen)
Gniezno
Gniezno is a city in central-western Poland, some 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. One of the Piasts' chief cities, it was mentioned by 10th century A.D. sources as the capital of Piast Poland however the first capital of Piast realm was most likely Giecz built around...
Curia. He also held some secular offices - in 1817 he became the royal Prussian counselor for education in Posen District
Posen District
Posen was the southern of two Prussian administrative regions, or Regierungsbezirke , of the Grand Duchy of Posen and its successor, the Province of Posen...
.
Prussian authorities, considering Dunin's loyalty to the King of Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
, recommended him as a candidate for the see
Episcopal See
An episcopal see is, in the original sense, the official seat of a bishop. This seat, which is also referred to as the bishop's cathedra, is placed in the bishop's principal church, which is therefore called the bishop's cathedral...
s of archbishops of Poznań and Gniezno. He was appointed to those offices in 1830 and became bishop one year later. As proof of his loyalty and on demand of the president of Grand Duchy of Posen, Eduard Flottwell, Dunin wrote a pastoral letter condemning the November Uprising
November Uprising
The November Uprising , Polish–Russian War 1830–31 also known as the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress...
. On the other hand Dunin got permission for Polish priests to communicate in Polish rather than German.
In 1837 the conflict between Prussian authorities and the archbishop began. Dunin, according to the breve
Breve
A breve is a diacritical mark ˘, shaped like the bottom half of a circle. It resembles the caron , but is rounded, while the caron has a sharp tip...
of Pius VIII (1830), announced that all mixed marriages between Catholics and Protestants had to take an oath that all their offspring would be raised as Catholics. The Prussian authorities sentenced Dunin to 6 months of internment
Internment
Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the meaning as: "The action of 'interning'; confinement within the limits of a country or place." Most modern usage is about individuals, and there is a distinction...
and the loss of his archbishopric thrones. His penalty started on April 3 in 1839 in Berlin. The archbishop considered the sentence to be an unjustified intervention of secular authority into ecclesiastical law. He left Berlin and went to Poznań, were he was arrested. He was later sent to prison in the stronghold at Kolberg (Kołobrzeg). After ten months of penalty the new king Frederick William IV
Frederick William IV of Prussia
|align=right|Upon his accession, he toned down the reactionary policies enacted by his father, easing press censorship and promising to enact a constitution at some point, but he refused to enact a popular legislative assembly, preferring to work with the aristocracy through "united committees" of...
granted his freedom. The monarch, to prevent a possible uprising of the partial Polish majority of the Grand Duchy, decided the dismissal of Flottwell. This was a foretaste of the Kulturkampf
Kulturkampf
The German term refers to German policies in relation to secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck. The Kulturkampf did not extend to the other German states such as Bavaria...
.
Dunin held the Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
n Order of the Black Eagle
Order of the Black Eagle
The Order of the Black Eagle was the highest order of chivalry in the Kingdom of Prussia. The order was founded on 17 January 1701 by Elector Friedrich III of Brandenburg . In his Dutch exile after WWI, deposed Emperor Wilhelm II continued to award the order to his family...
.
After his return to Poznań Dunin swore loyalty to the new king, but he continued his anti-Prussian politics in church until his death. He was buried in the archcathedral of Poznań.
Works
- Wilhelm von Schütz; Martin von Dunin: Ueber die preussische Rechtsansicht wegen der gemischten Ehen. Beigefügtes Werk: Nebst Rechtfertigung des Herrn v. Dunin auf die von der königl. Regierung in Berlin durch die Staatszeitung vom 31. Dezember 1838 veröffentlichte Erklärung. Regensburg: Manz, 1839.
- Martin von Dunin und Franz Pohl: Erzbischof von Gnesen und Posen: eine biographische und kirchenhistorische Skizze. Marienburg: Dormann 1843. Posen: W. Stefański, 1850.
- Marcin Dunin: Książka do nabożeństwa z polecenia najprzewielebniejszego śp. arcybiskupa Dunina dla wszystkich katolików szczególniej zaś dla wygody katolików Archidiecezyi Poznańskiéj i Gnieźnieńskiéj. 2. ed. 1850.
- Marcin Dunin: Książka do nabożeństwa dla wszystkich katolików, szczególniéj zaś dla wygody katolików archidyecezyi gnieźnieńskiéj i poznańskiéj / z polecenia najprzewielebniejszego arcybiskupa Dunin ułożone. Leszno: E. Günther, 1853.
- Marcin Dunin: Książka do nabożeństwa dla wszystkich katolików, szczególniéj zaś dla wygody katolików archidyecezyi gnieźnieńskiéj i poznańskiéj z polecenia najprzewielebniejszego X. arcy-biskupa Dunina ułożona, na nowo z rozkazu najprzewielebniejszego arcy-biskupa X. Leona Przyłuskiego przejrzana. Gnesen: J. B. Lange, 1861.
- Marcin Dunin: Książka do nabożeństwa dla wszystkich katolików, szczególniéj zaś dla wygody katolików archidyecezyi gnieźnieńskiéj i poznańskiéj / z polecenia najprzewielebniejszego X. arcy-biskupa Dunina ułożona, na nowo z rozkazu najprzewielebniejszego arcy-biskupa X. Leona Przyłuskiego przejrzana. Gnesen: J. B. Lange, 1864.
- Marcin Dunin: Książka do nabożeństwa dla wszystkich katolików / ułożona podług książki wydanéj z polecenia Najprzewielbniejszego Arcy-biskupa Dunina. Tschenstochau: Kohn und Oderfeld, 1887.
- Marcin Dunin: Nowy pana naszego Jezusa Chrystusa Testament z łacińskiego na język kpolski prezełożony przez Jakóba Wujka. Posen: Nakł. Ksiegarni Katolickiej, 1888.