Mardaites
Encyclopedia
The Mardaites inhabited the highland regions of southern Anatolia
, Isauria
, Syria
, and Lebanon
. Their origins are little known, but they may have been of Armenian
(Mardistan
) origin. What is certain is that they were Christians, probably Monophysite or Monothelite.
of the Levant
by the Arab
Caliphate
, the Mardaites around Mount Lebanon obtained control of their areas of settlement in the rugged hinterland of Mount Lebanon
. The Caliphate originally employed them to watch the frontier with the Byzantines in Cilicia
, but the Mardaites were often used by Byzantine
rulers as proxies to wage guerrilla warfare
on the Caliphate. Thus in 677, a major Mardaite raid reached Jerusalem, contributing to the lifting of the great siege of Constantinople
. In the 690s, Justinian II
per treaty with the Arabs, relocated a large number of them to the southern coast of Asia Minor
, as well as parts of Greece
such as Epirus
and the Peloponnese
, as part of his measures to restore population and manpower to areas depleted by earlier conflicts. There they were conscripted as rowers and marines in the Byzantine navy
for several centuries. Others however remained behind and continued raiding Muslim-held territories until their chief stronghold fell to Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
in 708. Maslama then resettled them throughout Syria, and although he allowed them to retain their faith, he conscripted them in his army.
The Byzantine expansion between 985 and 1025 AD provoked an influx of Maronites from the Orontes valley into the northern part of Mount Lebanon, in particular into the Kadisha gorge. Maronite groups settled there as a confederation of tribal clans, with the Maronite Patriarch as a community chief.
Other historians, however, downplay the importance of the Mardaites in the context of Byzantine
-Omayyad relations and doubt that they achieved a level of independence beyond a form of tribal self-rule in mountainous areas of limited strategic and symbolic relevance. These scholars remember that, at a later stage, the Byzantines
even persecuted the Maronites because they accused the latter of supporting the Monothelite doctrine, which the Byzantine viewed as heretical
.
' claim of a Mardaite ancestry, for example with the creation of a Marada Brigade
during the Lebanese Civil War
, derive from the same attempt as those of Phoenicianists
to stress the non-Arab origin of Maronites in order to preserve their separate ethnic identity. This view however is disputed by some modern scholars.
Anatolia
Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey...
, Isauria
Isauria
Isauria , in ancient geography, is a rugged isolated district in the interior of South Asia Minor, of very different extent at different periods, but generally covering what is now the district of Bozkır and its surroundings in the Konya province of Turkey, or the core of the Taurus Mountains. In...
, Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
, and Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
. Their origins are little known, but they may have been of Armenian
Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.The largest concentration is in Armenia having a nearly-homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian....
(Mardistan
Mardistan
The district of Mardistan, in historic Armenia, corresponds to Artaz, west of the modern Maku, Iranian Azerbaijan. The district of Mardali must have been located to the south of Erzurum, north of the Bingöl sources. The Mards of this section of the country were evidently immigrants from the South,...
) origin. What is certain is that they were Christians, probably Monophysite or Monothelite.
Settlement in Lebanon
According to some historians, after the conquestMuslim conquest of Syria
The Muslim conquest of Syria occurred in the first half of the 7th century, and refers to the region known as the Bilad al-Sham, the Levant, or Greater Syria...
of the Levant
Levant
The Levant or ) is the geographic region and culture zone of the "eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt" . The Levant includes most of modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, and sometimes parts of Turkey and Iraq, and corresponds roughly to the...
by the Arab
Arab
Arab people, also known as Arabs , are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing...
Caliphate
Caliphate
The term caliphate, "dominion of a caliph " , refers to the first system of government established in Islam and represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah...
, the Mardaites around Mount Lebanon obtained control of their areas of settlement in the rugged hinterland of Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon , as a geographic designation, is a Lebanese mountain range, averaging above 2,200 meters in height and receiving a substantial amount of precipitation, including snow, which averages around four meters deep. It extends across the whole country along about , parallel to the...
. The Caliphate originally employed them to watch the frontier with the Byzantines in Cilicia
Cilicia
In antiquity, Cilicia was the south coastal region of Asia Minor, south of the central Anatolian plateau. It existed as a political entity from Hittite times into the Byzantine empire...
, but the Mardaites were often used by Byzantine
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
rulers as proxies to wage guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare and refers to conflicts in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilians use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and...
on the Caliphate. Thus in 677, a major Mardaite raid reached Jerusalem, contributing to the lifting of the great siege of Constantinople
Constantinople
Constantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...
. In the 690s, Justinian II
Justinian II
Justinian II , surnamed the Rhinotmetos or Rhinotmetus , was the last Byzantine Emperor of the Heraclian Dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711...
per treaty with the Arabs, relocated a large number of them to the southern coast of Asia Minor
Asia Minor
Asia Minor is a geographical location at the westernmost protrusion of Asia, also called Anatolia, and corresponds to the western two thirds of the Asian part of Turkey...
, as well as parts of Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
such as Epirus
Epirus
The name Epirus, from the Greek "Ήπειρος" meaning continent may refer to:-Geographical:* Epirus - a historical and geographical region of the southwestern Balkans, straddling modern Greece and Albania...
and the Peloponnese
Peloponnese
The Peloponnese, Peloponnesos or Peloponnesus , is a large peninsula , located in a region of southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth...
, as part of his measures to restore population and manpower to areas depleted by earlier conflicts. There they were conscripted as rowers and marines in the Byzantine navy
Byzantine navy
The Byzantine navy was the naval force of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. Like the empire it served, it was a direct continuation from its imperial Roman predecessor, but played a far greater role in the defense and survival of the state then its earlier iterations...
for several centuries. Others however remained behind and continued raiding Muslim-held territories until their chief stronghold fell to Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik was an Umayyad prince and one of the most prominent Arab generals of the early decades of the 8th century, leading several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Khazar Khaganate...
in 708. Maslama then resettled them throughout Syria, and although he allowed them to retain their faith, he conscripted them in his army.
The Byzantine expansion between 985 and 1025 AD provoked an influx of Maronites from the Orontes valley into the northern part of Mount Lebanon, in particular into the Kadisha gorge. Maronite groups settled there as a confederation of tribal clans, with the Maronite Patriarch as a community chief.
Other historians, however, downplay the importance of the Mardaites in the context of Byzantine
Byzantine
Byzantine usually refers to the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages.Byzantine may also refer to:* A citizen of the Byzantine Empire, or native Greek during the Middle Ages...
-Omayyad relations and doubt that they achieved a level of independence beyond a form of tribal self-rule in mountainous areas of limited strategic and symbolic relevance. These scholars remember that, at a later stage, the Byzantines
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
even persecuted the Maronites because they accused the latter of supporting the Monothelite doctrine, which the Byzantine viewed as heretical
Heresy
Heresy is a controversial or novel change to a system of beliefs, especially a religion, that conflicts with established dogma. It is distinct from apostasy, which is the formal denunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is irreverence toward religion...
.
Modern usage
Some MaronitesMaronites
Maronites , is an ethnoreligious group in the Middle East that have been historically tied with Lebanon. They derive their name from the Syriac saint Mar Maron whose followers moved to Mount Lebanon from northern Syria establishing the Maronite Church....
' claim of a Mardaite ancestry, for example with the creation of a Marada Brigade
Marada Brigade
The Marada Movement is a Lebanese political party and a former militia active during the Lebanese civil war, named after the legendary Syriac Marada or Mardaites warriors of the early Middle Ages...
during the Lebanese Civil War
Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon. The war lasted from 1975 to 1990 and resulted in an estimated 150,000 to 230,000 civilian fatalities. Another one million people were wounded, and today approximately 350,000 people remain displaced. There was also a mass exodus of...
, derive from the same attempt as those of Phoenicianists
Phoenicianism
Phoenicianism is a form of Lebanese nationalism, especially popular from the 1920s through the 1950s. It promotes the theory that Lebanese people are not Arabs and that the Lebanese speak a distinct language and have their own culture, separate from that of the surrounding Middle Eastern countries...
to stress the non-Arab origin of Maronites in order to preserve their separate ethnic identity. This view however is disputed by some modern scholars.