Margaret Morse Nice was an American

United States

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 ornithologist who made an extensive study of the life history of the Song Sparrow

Song Sparrow

The Song Sparrow is a medium-sized American sparrow.Adults have brown upperparts with dark streaks on the back and are white underneath with dark streaking and a dark brown spot in the middle of the breast. They have a brown cap and a long brown rounded tail. Their face is grey with a streak...

 and was author of Studies in the Life History of the Song Sparrow (1937).

Early life

Nice was born in Amherst, Massachusetts

Amherst, Massachusetts

Amherst is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States in the Connecticut River valley. As of the 2010 census, the population was 37,819, making it the largest community in Hampshire County . The town is home to Amherst College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts...

. The daughter of Anson D. Morse

Anson D. Morse

Anson Daniel Morse was an educator and historian who was for many years a professor at Amherst College.Morse was born in Cambridge, Vermont. He received his bachelors degree from Amherst College in 1871. He joined the faculty of Amherst College in 1876, and held positions as lecturer in...

, Professor of History at Amherst College, and Margaret Duncan (Ely), she was the fourth child with two older brothers Ely and William, an elder sister Sarah, a younger sister Katherine and two younger brothers, Harold and Edward.

In her autobiography Research Is a Passion With Me (1979), she wrote that "the most cherished Christmas present of my life came in 1895. Mabel Osgood Wright's Bird-Craft." This book had color illustrations of birds and it guided her to keep notes on local birds when she was twelve years old. With careful note making she was even able to compare her notes taken when she was 13 years old and compare the rates of fledgling success of young American robins, chipping sparrows, and least flycatchers 61 years later.

She received her B.A. from Mount Holyoke College

Mount Holyoke College

Mount Holyoke College is a liberal arts college for women in South Hadley, Massachusetts. It was the first member of the Seven Sisters colleges, and served as a model for some of the others...

 in 1906 and M.A. in biology from Clark University

Clark University

Clark University is a private research university and liberal arts college in Worcester, Massachusetts.Founded in 1887, it is the oldest educational institution founded as an all-graduate university. Clark now also educates undergraduates...

 in Worcester, Massachusetts

Worcester, Massachusetts

Worcester is a city and the county seat of Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Named after Worcester, England, as of the 2010 Census the city's population is 181,045, making it the second largest city in New England after Boston....

 in 1915. At Clark University she was only one of two women graduate students. During this time she produced the first comprehensive study on the diet of the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus).

Later life

At Clark University, Margaret met Leonard Blaine Nice and they married in 1908. The family moved to Norman, Oklahoma where Leonard had accepted a faculty position at the University. They had five children, Constance, born 1911, Marjorie, 1912, Barbara, 1916, Eleanor, 1918, and Janet, born 1922. Eleanor died of pneumonia at age nine in Columbus, Ohio.

From 1913 to 1927 she studied the birds of Oklahoma which were published as the "Birds of Oklahoma" in 1931. During the time in Oklahoma, she also became very interested in child psychology on which she published 18 articles. She studied her own children, their vocabulary, sentence length and speech development. In 1927 she moved to Columbus, Ohio

Columbus, Ohio

Columbus is the capital of and the largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio. The broader metropolitan area encompasses several counties and is the third largest in Ohio behind those of Cleveland and Cincinnati. Columbus is the third largest city in the American Midwest, and the fifteenth largest city...

, where Blaine had accepted a professorship at the Ohio State University. Here she carried out the study of sparrows that established her as one of the leading ornithologists in the world, recording the behavior of individual birds over a long period of time. She studied two banded pairs of birds initially and later 69 banded pairs. Beginning in 1929, she spent eight years studying these birds and focused on interactions, breeding, territoriality, learning, instinct and song. In 1931 she met Ernst Mayr

Ernst Mayr

Ernst Walter Mayr was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist...

 at a meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union

American Ornithologists' Union

The American Ornithologists' Union is an ornithological organization in the USA. Unlike the National Audubon Society, its members are primarily professional ornithologists rather than amateur birders...

 (AOU), and he encouraged her to write and arranged the publishing the results of her studies. Following the publication Nice was elected the first woman president of the Wilson Club and to fellowship of the AOU. In 1938 she spent two months studying the habits of captive birds with Konrad Lorenz

Konrad Lorenz

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch...

 in Austria.

Margaret Morse Nice died in Chicago on June 26, 1974 from arteriosclerosis, two months after the death of her husband.

Contributions to ornithology

Nice worked on the life-histories of birds at a time when most of the focus was on collection, description and geographic listing. Her work on the Song Sparrow is considered a landmark and Deborah Strom wrote in Bird Watching with American Women (1986) that her work was so vast and difficult that the mind boggles at the time and patience required. Ernst Mayr wrote that Nice almost single-handedly initiated a new era in American ornithology and the only effective counter movement against the list-chasing movement. Her first research paper was published with the help of Mayr and Erwin Stresemann

Erwin Stresemann

Erwin Stresemann was a German naturalist and ornithologist.Stresemann was one of the outstanding ornithologists of the 20th century...

 in the German Journal für Ornithologie in 1933 and 1934 because American journals would not accept such long articles.

Nice wrote nearly 250 papers on birds, 3,000 book reviews and several books including the Birds of Oklahoma (1924), The Watcher at the Nest (1939) and her autobiography. Her autobiography was published posthumously with a preface by Konrad Lorenz

Konrad Lorenz

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch...

.

Honors

Nice was made an honorary member of the British, Finnish, German, Dutch, and Swiss ornithological societies. She received the AOU's Brewster Medal in 1942 for her studies of the song sparrow, becoming the second woman to receive it after Florence Merriam Bailey. She received two honorary Doctorates, one from Mount Holyoke College during a class reunion (1955) and another from Elmira College (1962).
Dean Richard Bond of Elmira College said about her:
Ornithologist Robert Dickerman named a Mexican subspecies of song sparrow (Melospiza melodia niceae) after her.

In 1997 the Wilson Ornithological Society

Wilson Ornithological Society

The Wilson Ornithological Society is an ornithological organization that was formally established in 1886 as the Wilson Ornithological Chapter of the Agassiz Association. It is based at the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. It was named after Alexander Wilson, a...

 established the Margaret Morse Nice Medal for work in ornithology.

Selected publications

• Nice, M. M. 1910. Food of the bobwhite. J. Econ. Ent. 3:295-313.
• Nice, M. M. 1930. Observations at a nest of Myrtle Warblers. Wilson Bull. 42:60-61.
• Nice, M. M. 1931. The birds of Oklahoma. Revised edition. Publ. Okla. Biol. Survey 3:1-224.
• Nice, M. M. 1937. Studies in the life history of the Song Sparrow. I. A population study of the Song Sparrow. Trans. Linn. Soc. N.Y. 4:1-247.
• Nice, M. M. 1939a. The social kumpan and the Song Sparrow. Auk 56:255-262. PDF
• Nice, M. M. 1939b. The watcher at the nest. Macmillan, New York.
• Nice, M. M. 1941. The role of territory in bird life. Am. Midl. Nat. 26:441-487.
• Nice, M. M. 1943. Studies in the life history of the Song Sparrow. II. The behavior of the Song Sparrow and other passerine birds. Trans. Linn. Soc. N.Y. 6:1-328.
• Nice, M. M. 1954. Problems of incubation periods in North American birds. Condor 56: 173-197.
• Nice, M. M. 1962. Development of behavior in precocial birds. Trans. Linn. Sot. N.Y. 8: l-211.
• (with L. B. Nice) (1914) A city kept awake by the honking of migrating geese. Bird-Lore 16 : 119.
• ‘‘A third Christmas census.’’ Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 2 (1922):31–32.
• ‘‘Nesting records from 1920 to 1922 from Norman, Oklahoma.’’ University of Oklahoma Bulletin 3 (1923): 61–67.
• ‘‘Extension of range of the robin and Arkansas kingbird in Oklahoma.’’ Auk 41 (1924): 565–568.
• (with L. B. Nice) ‘‘The birds of Oklahoma.’’ University of Oklahoma Bulletin n.s. (286) (1924): 1–122.
• ‘‘Observations on shorebirds in central Oklahoma in 1924.’’ Wilson Bulletin 37 (1925): 199–203.
• ‘‘The bird life of a forty acre tract in central Oklahoma.’’ University of Oklahoma Bulletin. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 7 (1927): 75–93.
• ‘‘New nesting records in Cleveland County in 1925 and 1926.’’ University of Oklahoma Bulletin. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 7 (1927): 72–74.
• ‘‘Pileated woodpeckers wintering in Cleveland County, Oklahoma.’’ Auk 44 (1927): 103.
• ‘‘Seasonal fluctuations in bird life in central Oklahoma.’’ Condor 29 (1927): 144–149.
• ‘‘Late nesting of indigo bunting and field sparrow in southeastern Ohio.’’ Auk 45 (1928): 102.
• ‘‘Magnolia warblers in Pelham, Massachusetts in 1928.’’ Wilson Bulletin 40 (1928): 252–253.
• ‘‘The morning twilight song of the crested flycatcher.’’ Wilson Bulletin 40 (1928): 225.
• ‘‘Adventures at a window shelf.’’ Oologist 46 (1929): 161–163.
• ‘‘Domestic pigeons nest hunting on a mountain top.’’ Auk 46 (1929): 543–544.
• ‘‘Eight-mile censuses in 1927.’’ Condor 31 (1929): 79.
• ‘‘The Harris sparrow in central Oklahoma.’’ Condor 31 (1929): 57–61.
• ‘‘A hawk census from Arizona to Massachusetts.’’ Wilson Bulletin 41 (1929): 93–95.
• ‘‘Vocal performances of the rock wren in Oklahoma.’’ Condor 31 (1929): 248–249.
• ‘‘American egret and anhinga nesting in Oklahoma.’’ Auk 55 (1930): 121–122.
• ‘‘A list of the birds of the campus of the University of Oklahoma.’’ Publications of the University of Oklahoma Biological Survey 2 (1930): 195–207.
• The Birds of Oklahoma. Rev. ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1931.
• ‘‘Notes on the twilight songs of the scissor-tailed and crested flycatchers.’’ Auk 48 (1931): 123–124.
• ‘‘Measurements of the white-throated and other sparrows to determine sex.’’ Bird-Banding 3 (1932): 30–31.
• ‘‘Female quail ‘Bob-whiting.’ ’’ Auk 50 (1933): 97.
• ‘‘Locating returned song sparrows as nestlings.’’ Bird-Banding 4 (1933): 51–52.
• ‘‘Robins and Caroline chickadees remating.’’ Bird-Banding 4 (1933): 157.
• ‘‘Zur Naturgeschichte des Singammers.’’ Journal fu¨r Ornithologie 81 (1933): 552–595.
• ‘‘Zur Naturgeschichte des Singammers.’’ Journal fu¨r Ornithologie 82 (1934): 1–96.
• ‘‘The Eighth International Ornithological Congress.’’ Bird-Banding 6 (1935): 29–31.
• ‘‘Some ornithological experiences in Europe.’’ Bird-Banding 4 (1935): 147–154.
• ‘‘Storks in trees.’’ Wilson Bulletin 47 (1935): 270–271.
• (with L. B. Nice and R. M. Kraft) ‘‘Erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood of some American birds.’’ Wilson Bulletin 47 (1935): 120–124.
• ‘‘Late nesting of myrtle and black-throated green warblers in Pelham, Massachusetts.’’ Auk 53 (1936): 89.
• ‘‘Curious ways of the cowbird.’’ Bird-Lore 39 (1937): 196–201.

Child psychology

• ‘‘The Development of a Child’s Vocabulary in Relation to Environment.’’ Master’s thesis, Clark University, 1915. Published in Pedagogical Seminary 22 (1915): 35–64.
• ‘‘The speech of a left-handed child.’’ Psychological Clinic 9 (1915): 115–117.
• ‘‘The speech development of a child from eighteen months to six years.’’ Pedagogical Seminary 24 (1917): 204–243.
• ‘‘Ambidexterity and delayed speech development.’’ Pedagogical Seminary 25 (1918):141–162.
• ‘‘Concerning all day conversations.’’ Pedagogical Seminary 27 (1920): 166–177.
• ‘‘A child and nature.’’ Pedagogical Seminary 28 (1921): 22–39.
• ‘‘A child that would not talk.’’ Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 2 (1922): 108–111.
• ‘‘Handedness and speech.’’ Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 2 (1922):10.

Other sources

• Birds in the Bushes: A Story About Margaret Morse Nice. by Julie Dunlap. Illustrated by Ralph L. Ramstad. 1996. Carolrhoda Books, Inc., Minneapolis, MN. +63 pp. ISBN O-57505-006-4
• Nice, M. M. 1979. Research is a passion with me. Consolidated Amethyst Publications, Toronto.

External links

• Margaret Morse Nice papers