Mary Jane Hawes
Encyclopedia
Mary Jane Holmes was a bestselling and prolific American author who published 39 popular novels, as well as short stories. Her first novel sold 250,000 copies; and she had total sales of 2 million books in her lifetime, second only to Harriet Beecher Stowe
.
Portraying domestic life in small town and rural settings, she examined gender relationships, as well as those of class and race. She also dealt with slavery and the American Civil War
, with a strong sense of moral justice. Since the late 20th century, she has received fresh recognition and reappraisal, although her popular work was excluded from most 19th-century literary histories compiled by men.
in 1825 to Preston and Fanny (Olds) Hawes. The household was economically modest, but the parents encouraged intellectual endeavor. She may also have been influenced by her uncle, Rev. Joel Hawes, a Congregational minister in Hartford, Connecticut
known for his published sermons and other writings. After her father died when she was 12, Mary Jane Hawes started teaching school at age 13. She was interested in writing from an early age and published her first story at age 15.
from New York
. They moved for a time to Versailles, Kentucky
in the Bluegrass Region
, where they both taught for a few years. These were formative years, as Holmes used the small-town, rural setting and people she knew as inspiration for her first novel and others set in the antebellum
South
.
In 1852 the Holmeses returned to New York and settled in Brockport
, where Daniel read law and was ultimately admitted to the bar. He went into practice and also served in local politics. They had no children. Holmes' supportive marriage was one she used as a model for several portrayed in her novels.
The theme of most of her novels was domestic life, reflecting society in the antebellum
years, as well as during and after the American Civil War
. Her books were very popular and she was published by major firms in New York. Her sales were second nationally only to those of Harriet Beecher Stowe
; in total Holmes sold more than two million books.
As the literary scholar Judith Fetterley
notes:
Male critics of the time and early 20th century classified Holmes' and other women authors' work as "sentimental" and downplayed it because of appeal to the common reader. Recent critics have appreciated how Holmes grappled seriously with issues of gender, race and class, as well as slavery
and the Civil War. She created attractive characters who also had flaws, with whom readers could identify. The scholar Earl Yarington notes that her heroines "go out, often on their own accord, into an uncertain world and make new lives for themselves." This experience provides the heroine "with an education so she can learn how to thrive and improve not only her own conditions, but also the conditions of others." Her work appealed to many readers at a time of rapidly expanding literacy among women.
While Holmes traveled extensively to Europe and Asia, trips from which she collected art, she continued to write and publish about one book annually. She wrote a total of 39 novels, plus numerous short stories and novellas. Many were first serialized in the New York Weekly "storypaper". The popularity of her novel Marian Grey (1863) reportedly led to a jump in the paper's circulation by 50,000, and it reached 100,000 by 1865.
Holmes was active in the Episcopal Church
and its charitable activities. She started local activities to share her collection from her travels and education with young women.
Holmes died in 1907, at the age of 82, in Brockport. Her obituary was published a few days later in the Nation
, reflecting her stature. Long excluded from literary histories of the nineteenth century written by men, the author was reappraised by scholars in the late 20th and early 21st century, who recognized her achievements and the value of her work.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin was a depiction of life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom...
.
Portraying domestic life in small town and rural settings, she examined gender relationships, as well as those of class and race. She also dealt with slavery and the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
, with a strong sense of moral justice. Since the late 20th century, she has received fresh recognition and reappraisal, although her popular work was excluded from most 19th-century literary histories compiled by men.
Early life and education
Mary Jane Hawes was born the fifth of nine children in Brookfield, MassachusettsBrookfield, Massachusetts
Brookfield is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 3,390 at the 2010 census.-History:Brookfield was first settled in 1660 and was officially incorporated in 1718...
in 1825 to Preston and Fanny (Olds) Hawes. The household was economically modest, but the parents encouraged intellectual endeavor. She may also have been influenced by her uncle, Rev. Joel Hawes, a Congregational minister in Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford is the capital of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, it is the second most populous city on New England's largest river, the Connecticut River. As of the 2010 Census, Hartford's population was 124,775, making...
known for his published sermons and other writings. After her father died when she was 12, Mary Jane Hawes started teaching school at age 13. She was interested in writing from an early age and published her first story at age 15.
Marriage and family
On August 9, 1849 Hawes married Daniel Holmes, a graduate of Yale CollegeYale University
Yale University is a private, Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States...
from New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
. They moved for a time to Versailles, Kentucky
Versailles, Kentucky
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,511 people, 3,160 households, and 2,110 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,330 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 88.18% White, 8.67% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.35%...
in the Bluegrass Region
Bluegrass region
The Bluegrass Region is a geographic region in the state of Kentucky, United States. It occupies the northern part of the state and since European settlement has contained a majority of the state's population and its largest cities....
, where they both taught for a few years. These were formative years, as Holmes used the small-town, rural setting and people she knew as inspiration for her first novel and others set in the antebellum
History of the United States (1789–1849)
With the election of George Washington as the first president in 1789, the new government acted quickly to rebuild the nation's financial structure. Enacting the program of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, the government assumed the Revolutionary war debts of the state and the national...
South
South
South is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography.South is one of the four cardinal directions or compass points. It is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to east and west.By convention, the bottom side of a map is south....
.
In 1852 the Holmeses returned to New York and settled in Brockport
Brockport, New York
Brockport is a village located in the Town of Sweden in Monroe County, New York, USA. The population was 8,103 at the 2000 census. The name is derived from Hiel Brockway, an early settler....
, where Daniel read law and was ultimately admitted to the bar. He went into practice and also served in local politics. They had no children. Holmes' supportive marriage was one she used as a model for several portrayed in her novels.
Career
Holmes used her experiences in Kentucky for the material of several novels. In 1854 at the age of 29, she published her first novel, Tempest and Sunshine. Its central girl characters, Julia and Fanny, were reportedly modeled on the local family of John Singleton and his daughters Bettie and Susan. The portrayal of girls with contrasting characters was resolved with a sense of moral justice, as they both traveled personal journeys of growth. While sales of the novel were slow at first, they steadily continued, and ultimately totaled about 250,000 copies. Reprinted in 1886, this novel was her most popular. She was first published by Appleton, and later for 20 years by G.W. Carleton, which was succeeded by G.W. Dillingham, all of New York City. As The Nation noted in its obituary at her death:"It is an eternal paradox of our world of letters that the books which enjoy the largest sale are barely recognized as existing by the guardians of literary tradition. Mrs. Mary Jane Holmes, who died Sunday at Brockport, N.Y., wrote thirty-nine novels with aggregate sales, it is said, of more than two million copies, and yet she had not even a paragraph devoted to her life and works in the histories of American Literature. ("The Week")
The theme of most of her novels was domestic life, reflecting society in the antebellum
History of the United States (1789–1849)
With the election of George Washington as the first president in 1789, the new government acted quickly to rebuild the nation's financial structure. Enacting the program of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, the government assumed the Revolutionary war debts of the state and the national...
years, as well as during and after the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
. Her books were very popular and she was published by major firms in New York. Her sales were second nationally only to those of Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin was a depiction of life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom...
; in total Holmes sold more than two million books.
As the literary scholar Judith Fetterley
Judith Fetterley
Judith Fetterley is a literary scholar known for her work in feminism and women's studies. She was influential in leading a reappraisal of women's literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, and the contributions of women writing about women's experience, including their perspectives on men in the...
notes:
"[T]the literature of mid-nineteenth century women is essentially about women. Thus the first truth the women have to tell is that not all Americans are male and the assumption that an American text must be a man's story told by men is partisan to say the least. Were this truth to be told, of course, it would require a redefinition of what constitutes an American theme; it would require the possibility that a story by a woman about women could be an American text...at issue equally is the matter of perspective. For a man's story told by a man is not necessarily the same as a man's story told by a woman."
Male critics of the time and early 20th century classified Holmes' and other women authors' work as "sentimental" and downplayed it because of appeal to the common reader. Recent critics have appreciated how Holmes grappled seriously with issues of gender, race and class, as well as slavery
Slavery
Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation...
and the Civil War. She created attractive characters who also had flaws, with whom readers could identify. The scholar Earl Yarington notes that her heroines "go out, often on their own accord, into an uncertain world and make new lives for themselves." This experience provides the heroine "with an education so she can learn how to thrive and improve not only her own conditions, but also the conditions of others." Her work appealed to many readers at a time of rapidly expanding literacy among women.
While Holmes traveled extensively to Europe and Asia, trips from which she collected art, she continued to write and publish about one book annually. She wrote a total of 39 novels, plus numerous short stories and novellas. Many were first serialized in the New York Weekly "storypaper". The popularity of her novel Marian Grey (1863) reportedly led to a jump in the paper's circulation by 50,000, and it reached 100,000 by 1865.
Holmes was active in the Episcopal Church
Episcopal Church (United States)
The Episcopal Church is a mainline Anglican Christian church found mainly in the United States , but also in Honduras, Taiwan, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, the British Virgin Islands and parts of Europe...
and its charitable activities. She started local activities to share her collection from her travels and education with young women.
Holmes died in 1907, at the age of 82, in Brockport. Her obituary was published a few days later in the Nation
Nation
A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, and/or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government irrespective of their ethnic make-up...
, reflecting her stature. Long excluded from literary histories of the nineteenth century written by men, the author was reappraised by scholars in the late 20th and early 21st century, who recognized her achievements and the value of her work.
Books
Eighteen of Holmes' novels are available for reading online or download at Project Gutenberg (http://www.gutenberg.org).- Tempest and Sunshine (New York, 1854); reprint New York: G.W. Dillingham (1886)
- The English Orphans (1855)
- The Homestead on the Hillside, and other Tales (Auburn, 1855)
- Lena Rivers (1856)
- Meadow Brook (New York, 1857)
- Dora Deane, or the East India Uncle, and Maggie Miller, or Hagar's Secret (1858)
- Cousin Maude and Rosamond (1860)
- Marian Grey (1863)
- Hugh Worthington (1863)
- Darkness and Daylight (1864)
- The Cameron Pride, or Purified by Suffering, or Family Pride (1867)
- The Christmas Font, a story for young folks (1868)
- Rose Mather, a Tale of the War (1868)
- Ethelyn's Mistake (1869)
- Millbank (1871)
- Edna Browning (1872)
- West Lawn, and the Rector of St. Mark's (1874)
- Mildred (1877)
- Daisy Thornton (1878)
- Forest House (1879)
- Chateau d'Or (1880)
- Red Bird (1880)
- Madeline (1881)
- Queenie Hatherton (1883)
- Christmas Stories (1884)
- Bessie's Fortune (1885)
- Gretchen (1887)
Further reading
- "Mary Jane Holmes: Works in the Collection", Early American Fiction, University of Virginia Library
- http://books.google.com/books?id=yokG1TkADYoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Woman%E2%80%99s+Fiction:+A+Guide+to+Novels+by+and+about+Women+in+America+1820%E2%80%9370&source=bl&ots=1u696JenRe&sig=adetJitwm-3bvPazliD-D0HieCI&hl=en&ei=cSg3TbIIw5yWB7GruOMC&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falseNina Baym, Woman’s Fiction: A Guide to Novels by and about Women in America 1820–70], Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1978, reprint 1993.
- Denise D. Knight and Emmanuel S. Nelson, Nineteenth-Century American Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook Book, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997
- Grace Carson,“The Works of Mary Jane Holmes, A Brockport Union Catalog.” M. A. Thesis. SUNY College at Brockport, 1988.
- Elaine K. Ginsberg, “Mary Jane Hawes Holmes.” American Women Writers, Vol. 2, Ed. Lina Mainiero. New York: Ungar, 1980, pp. 317–19.
- Mary Kelley, Private Woman, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century American Fiction, New York: Oxford UP, 1984.
- Donald A. Koch, "Introduction: Tempest and Sunshine by Mary Jane Holmes and The Lamplighter by Maria Susanna Cummins", Popular American Fiction, Ed. Koch. New York: Odyssey, 1968. v–xviii.
- Earl Yarington, "Legacy Profile: Mary Jane Holmes", Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers, 2008
- Helen Waite Papashvily, All the Happy Endings: A Study of the Domestic Novel in America, the Women Who Wrote It, the Women Who Read It, in the Nineteenth Century, 1956; reprint 1972.
- Fred Lewis Pattee, The Feminine Fifties, New York: 1940; reprint New York: Kennikat Press, 1966.
- Barbara J. McGuire, "The Orphan’s Grief: Transformational Tears and the Maternal Fetish in Mary Jane Holmes’s 'Dora Deane; or, the East-India Uncle'", Legacy 15 (1998): 171–87.
- “Noted Authoress Passes Away.” [Rochester] Republic Democrat, 10 Oct. 1907: 1.
- Jane Tompkins, ""Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History", in Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790-1860, New York: Oxford UP, 1985, pp. 122-146.
- Jane Tompkins, Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860, New York: Oxford UP, 1985.