Master Musicians of Jajouka Featuring Bachir Attar
Encyclopedia
Master Musicians of Jajouka is a group led by Bachir Attar
, from the village of Jajouka
near Ksar-el-Kebir
in the Ahl Srif mountains in the southern Rif Mountains
of northern Morocco
.
Jajouka is an ancient village perched above a long valley in the blue Djebala
foothills of the Rif Mountains in Northern Morocco, home to the Master Musicians of Jajouka as well as the Sanctuary of Saint Sidi Ahmed Sheikh, who was a Muslim missionary, teacher of Moulay Abdesalem "The Patron Saint of Morocco", and whose spiritual energy is closely tied with the village and its music. Most people who live in Jajouka are members of the Ahl Sherif tribe, which means "the Saintly." The Attar clan of Jajouka is the founding family of the village and keepers of one of the oldest surviving musical traditions. The music and secrets of Jajouka have been passed down through generations from father to son, by some accounts for as long as 4000 years. The musicians of Jajouka are taught from early childhood a complex music which is unique to Jajouka. After many years of dedicated training, the musicians finally become Malims or Masters. They possess baraka, the blessing of Allah, which gives them the power to heal, and the endurance required to play some of the most intense and complex music around.
For centuries, the Master Musicians of Jajouka were employed by the Kingdom of Morocco as the royal musicians of the sultans. They had special papers detailing their rights as privileged citizens which allowed them to remain the royal musicians for many rulers - even through French, English and up to Spanish colonization. Throughout that time, the Master Musicians would still continue to play in and around Jajouka at weddings, Moussems (local music festivals centered around a saint), and for holidays such as the Aid El Kebir. Supported locally by farmers throughout the Djebala, the musicians were allowed to take an annual tithe from their crops, a privilege they held until the early twentieth century.
The first recordings by the Master Musicians of Jajouka who were led by Bachir Attar’s father, Hadj Abdessalem Attar, included recordings with Brian Jones
(Brian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at Jajouka, 1971 AFM/1995 Point Music), Joel Rubiner (The Master Musicians of Jajouka, Adelphi), and Ornette Coleman
(Dancing in Your Head).
Led today by Bachir Attar, these are the Master Musicians of Jajouka recognized by the Kingdom of Morocco. The younger generation of our legendary group recorded under the names "Master Musicians of Jajouka" and "Master Musicians of Jajouka Featuring Bachir Attar" with The Rolling Stones
(Steel Wheels
, 1989), Bill Laswell
(Apocalypse Across the Sky, Axiom Records, 1992), Tchad Blake
(Jajouka Between the Mountains, WOMAD/Real World Records, 1996), Talvin Singh
(The Master Musicians of Jajouka Featuring Bachir Attar, Point Music, 2000), Lee Ranaldo
(Crossing Border Fest, The Hague, 2003), Bernardo Bertolucci
(The Sheltering Sky
film soundtrack), Nicholas Roeg (Bad Timing
film soundtrack), and others.
Bachir Attar has recorded with artists such as Elliott Sharp
, Maceo Parker
, Ginger Baker
and Deborah Harry
. The Master Musicians of Jajouka and Bachir have also toured with the artists Ornette Coleman
, Steve Lacy
and Critters Buggin
.
is called the "lira" and is considered the oldest instrument in Jajouka. The double-reed instrument is called the rhaita
; it is similar to an oboe
, but possessing a louder sound and more penetrating tone. The drum
is called the "tebel" and is made of goat-skin and played with two wooden sticks. There is also another goat-skin drum called the "tarija" which allows for more fast-paced virtuosity
.
The music itself is considered to be part of the Sufi
tradition of Islam
. Prior to the colonization of Morocco by France
and Spain
, master musicians of the village were said to be the royal musicians of the sultans. In past centuries master musicians of the Jajouka village traditionally were excused by the country's rulers from manual labor, goat-herding, and farming to concentrate on their music because the music's powerful trance
rhythms and droning woodwinds were traditionally considered to have the power to heal the sick.
The music of the region has a strong connection to Pan
. According to the tale, thousands of years ago a goat
-man called "Bou Jeloud" appeared to an Attar ancestor in a cave, and danced to his music. The musicians of the village re-enact this event annually.
' Tangier journal, Days and in journalist Stephen Davis's history of the Rolling Stones, Old Gods Almost Dead. An online African Music Encyclopedia quoted Mick Jagger
as calling the group "one of the most musically inspiring groups still left on the planet". Also in 1989, they toured a couple of dates with Ornette Coleman. In 1992 an album was produced by Bill Laswell
, called Apocalypse Across the Sky. A track from the 1992 sessions also was featured on the 1994 Bill Laswell-produced "Lost in the Translation: Axiom Ambient" various artists compilation.
Excerpts from the song "El Medahey" from The Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar album Apocalypse Across the Sky were used on the 2000 score of The Cell
by Howard Shore
. "El Medahey", a standard the group often has played in live performance, was originally composed by Hadj Abdesalam Attar. The group is listed as "Master Musicians of Jajouka" on the liner notes for this and several other soundtracks since 1985, beginning with Ornette: Made in America.
Although the "Master Musicians of Jajouka" name has also been used on film soundtrack appearances and compilations as recently as 2004, beginning with Apocalypse Across the Sky, the Bachir Attar-led generation of the group used the alternate recording name "Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar" on that album and on two additional ones: Jajouka Between the Mountains and Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar. The latter album was produced by Talvin Singh
on the Point Music label in 2000. The collaboration with Singh expanded the group's sound to a more contemporary audience by including a mixture of traditional acoustic field recordings and electronica-influenced ambient music.
In 2006 and 2007, film professor Augusta Palmer, daughter of the late music journalist Robert Palmer, had production under way on a film called The Hand of Fatima about The Master Musicians of Jajouka, her father, and Bachir Attar. The Master Musicians of Jajouka who are led by Bachir Attar performed in Lisbon, Portugal, in January 2007, and the group performed at the 16th annual Meltdown festival
curated by Ornette Coleman
at London's Southbank Centre in June 2009, alongside such talents as Yoko Ono
and Patti Smith
.
Bachir Attar
Bachir Attar is the leader of Master Musicians of Jajouka led by Bachir Attar. He is the son of Hadj Abdesalam Attar who led the group Master Musicians of Jajouka at the time of their groundbreaking album produced by Brian Jones.- Attar as the leader of The Master Musicians of Jajouka :Bachir...
, from the village of Jajouka
Jajouka
Jajouka, Joujouka or Zahjoukah is a village in the Ahl-Srif mountains in the southern Rif, Morocco. The mountains are named after the Ahl-Srif tribe who populate the region.-The musical heritage:...
near Ksar-el-Kebir
Ksar-el-Kebir
Ksar el Kebir is a city in northwest of Morocco with 110,000 inhabitants, about 160 km from Rabat, 32 km from Larache and 110 km from Tangier....
in the Ahl Srif mountains in the southern Rif Mountains
Rif
The Rif or Riff is a mainly mountainous region of northern Morocco, with some fertile plains, stretching from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Ras Kebdana and the Melwiyya River in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river of Wergha in the south.It is part of the...
of northern Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
.
Jajouka is an ancient village perched above a long valley in the blue Djebala
Djebala
Djebala is a town and commune in Tlemcen Province in northwestern Algeria.-References:...
foothills of the Rif Mountains in Northern Morocco, home to the Master Musicians of Jajouka as well as the Sanctuary of Saint Sidi Ahmed Sheikh, who was a Muslim missionary, teacher of Moulay Abdesalem "The Patron Saint of Morocco", and whose spiritual energy is closely tied with the village and its music. Most people who live in Jajouka are members of the Ahl Sherif tribe, which means "the Saintly." The Attar clan of Jajouka is the founding family of the village and keepers of one of the oldest surviving musical traditions. The music and secrets of Jajouka have been passed down through generations from father to son, by some accounts for as long as 4000 years. The musicians of Jajouka are taught from early childhood a complex music which is unique to Jajouka. After many years of dedicated training, the musicians finally become Malims or Masters. They possess baraka, the blessing of Allah, which gives them the power to heal, and the endurance required to play some of the most intense and complex music around.
For centuries, the Master Musicians of Jajouka were employed by the Kingdom of Morocco as the royal musicians of the sultans. They had special papers detailing their rights as privileged citizens which allowed them to remain the royal musicians for many rulers - even through French, English and up to Spanish colonization. Throughout that time, the Master Musicians would still continue to play in and around Jajouka at weddings, Moussems (local music festivals centered around a saint), and for holidays such as the Aid El Kebir. Supported locally by farmers throughout the Djebala, the musicians were allowed to take an annual tithe from their crops, a privilege they held until the early twentieth century.
The first recordings by the Master Musicians of Jajouka who were led by Bachir Attar’s father, Hadj Abdessalem Attar, included recordings with Brian Jones
Brian Jones
Lewis Brian Hopkins Jones , known as Brian Jones, was an English musician and a founding member of the Rolling Stones....
(Brian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at Jajouka, 1971 AFM/1995 Point Music), Joel Rubiner (The Master Musicians of Jajouka, Adelphi), and Ornette Coleman
Ornette Coleman
Ornette Coleman is an American saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter and composer. He was one of the major innovators of the free jazz movement of the 1960s....
(Dancing in Your Head).
Led today by Bachir Attar, these are the Master Musicians of Jajouka recognized by the Kingdom of Morocco. The younger generation of our legendary group recorded under the names "Master Musicians of Jajouka" and "Master Musicians of Jajouka Featuring Bachir Attar" with The Rolling Stones
The Rolling Stones
The Rolling Stones are an English rock band, formed in London in April 1962 by Brian Jones , Ian Stewart , Mick Jagger , and Keith Richards . Bassist Bill Wyman and drummer Charlie Watts completed the early line-up...
(Steel Wheels
Steel Wheels
Steel Wheels is the 19th British and 21st American studio album by The Rolling Stones and was released in 1989. Heralded as a major comeback upon its release, the project is notable for the patching up of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards' relationship, a reversion to a more classic style of music and...
, 1989), Bill Laswell
Bill Laswell
Bill Laswell is an American bassist, producer and record label owner....
(Apocalypse Across the Sky, Axiom Records, 1992), Tchad Blake
Tchad Blake
Tchad Blake is an American record producer, audio engineer, mixer and musician.He has worked with numerous artists and musicians, including State Radio, Apartment 26, Elvis Costello, Peter Gabriel, Pearl Jam, Tom Waits, Richard Thompson, Brazilian Girls, Sheryl Crow, November 2nd, Travis, Marike...
(Jajouka Between the Mountains, WOMAD/Real World Records, 1996), Talvin Singh
Talvin Singh
Talvin Singh Matharoo , is a producer and composer and tabla player, known for creating an innovative fusion of Indian classical music and drum and bass...
(The Master Musicians of Jajouka Featuring Bachir Attar, Point Music, 2000), Lee Ranaldo
Lee Ranaldo
Lee M. Ranaldo is an American singer, guitarist, writer, record producer, and visual artist, best known as a co-founder of the alternative rock band Sonic Youth...
(Crossing Border Fest, The Hague, 2003), Bernardo Bertolucci
Bernardo Bertolucci
Bernardo Bertolucci is an Italian film director and screenwriter, whose films include The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris, 1900, The Last Emperor and The Dreamers...
(The Sheltering Sky
The Sheltering Sky (film)
The Sheltering Sky is a 1990 British-Italian drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci starring Debra Winger and John Malkovich. The film is based on the 1949 novel by Paul Bowles about a couple who journey to northern Africa in the hopes of rekindling their marriage but soon fall prey to the...
film soundtrack), Nicholas Roeg (Bad Timing
Bad Timing
Bad Timing is a 1980 British film directed by Nicolas Roeg, produced by Jeremy Thomas.-Plot:In Vienna, a young American woman in her twenties is rushed to the emergency room after apparently overdosing. With her is Alex Linden, an American psychiatrist teaching in Vienna...
film soundtrack), and others.
Bachir Attar has recorded with artists such as Elliott Sharp
Elliott Sharp
Elliott Sharp is an American multi-instrumentalist, composer, and performer.A central figure in the avant-garde and experimental music scene in New York City since the late 1970s, Sharp has released over eighty-five recordings ranging from blues, jazz, and orchestral music to noise, no wave rock,...
, Maceo Parker
Maceo Parker
Maceo Parker is an American funk and soul jazz saxophonist, best known for his work with James Brown in the 1960s, as well as Parliament-Funkadelic in the 1970s. Parker was a prominent soloist on many of Brown's hit recordings, and a key part of his band, playing alto, tenor and baritone saxophones...
, Ginger Baker
Ginger Baker
Peter Edward "Ginger" Baker is an English drummer, best known for his work with Cream and Blind Faith. He is also known for his numerous associations with World music, mainly the use of African influences...
and Deborah Harry
Debbie Harry
Deborah Ann "Debbie" Harry is an American singer-songwriter and actress, best known for being the lead singer of the punk rock and new wave band Blondie. She has also had success as a solo artist, and in the mid-1990s she performed and recorded as part of The Jazz Passengers...
. The Master Musicians of Jajouka and Bachir have also toured with the artists Ornette Coleman
Ornette Coleman
Ornette Coleman is an American saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter and composer. He was one of the major innovators of the free jazz movement of the 1960s....
, Steve Lacy
Steve Lacy
Steve Lacy , born Steven Norman Lackritz in New York City, was a jazz saxophonist and composer recognized as one of the important players of soprano saxophone....
and Critters Buggin
Critters Buggin
Critters Buggin is a Seattle, Washington-based instrumental group which performs in a jazz, rock and African-influenced, eclectic style. The band is composed of Matt Chamberlain , Skerik , Brad Houser Critters Buggin is a Seattle, Washington-based instrumental group which performs in a jazz, rock...
.
Music and instruments
The Jajouka fluteFlute
The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening...
is called the "lira" and is considered the oldest instrument in Jajouka. The double-reed instrument is called the rhaita
Rhaita
The rhaita or ghaita is a double reed instrument from Northern Africa. It is nearly identical in construction to the Arabic mizmar and the Turkish zurna....
; it is similar to an oboe
Oboe
The oboe is a double reed musical instrument of the woodwind family. In English, prior to 1770, the instrument was called "hautbois" , "hoboy", or "French hoboy". The spelling "oboe" was adopted into English ca...
, but possessing a louder sound and more penetrating tone. The drum
Drum
The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments, which is technically classified as the membranophones. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a...
is called the "tebel" and is made of goat-skin and played with two wooden sticks. There is also another goat-skin drum called the "tarija" which allows for more fast-paced virtuosity
Virtuoso
A virtuoso is an individual who possesses outstanding technical ability in the fine arts, at singing or playing a musical instrument. The plural form is either virtuosi or the Anglicisation, virtuosos, and the feminine form sometimes used is virtuosa...
.
The music itself is considered to be part of the Sufi
Sufism
Sufism or ' is defined by its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a '...
tradition of Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
. Prior to the colonization of Morocco by France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, master musicians of the village were said to be the royal musicians of the sultans. In past centuries master musicians of the Jajouka village traditionally were excused by the country's rulers from manual labor, goat-herding, and farming to concentrate on their music because the music's powerful trance
Altered state of consciousness
An altered state of consciousness , also named altered state of mind, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking beta wave state. The expression was used as early as 1966 by Arnold M. Ludwig and brought into common usage from 1969 by Charles Tart: it describes induced...
rhythms and droning woodwinds were traditionally considered to have the power to heal the sick.
The music of the region has a strong connection to Pan
Pan (mythology)
Pan , in Greek religion and mythology, is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, nature, of mountain wilds, hunting and rustic music, as well as the companion of the nymphs. His name originates within the Greek language, from the word paein , meaning "to pasture." He has the hindquarters, legs,...
. According to the tale, thousands of years ago a goat
Goat
The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the Bovidae family and is closely related to the sheep as both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over three hundred distinct breeds of...
-man called "Bou Jeloud" appeared to an Attar ancestor in a cave, and danced to his music. The musicians of the village re-enact this event annually.
The Master Musicians of Jajouka Today
The group's performance was used on the Rolling Stones' song "Continental Drift" on their 1989 Steel Wheels album, whose recording was documented in author Paul BowlesPaul Bowles
Paul Frederic Bowles was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator.Following a cultured middle-class upbringing in New York City, during which he displayed a talent for music and writing, Bowles pursued his education at the University of Virginia before making various trips to Paris...
' Tangier journal, Days and in journalist Stephen Davis's history of the Rolling Stones, Old Gods Almost Dead. An online African Music Encyclopedia quoted Mick Jagger
Mick Jagger
Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger is an English musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and a founding member of The Rolling Stones....
as calling the group "one of the most musically inspiring groups still left on the planet". Also in 1989, they toured a couple of dates with Ornette Coleman. In 1992 an album was produced by Bill Laswell
Bill Laswell
Bill Laswell is an American bassist, producer and record label owner....
, called Apocalypse Across the Sky. A track from the 1992 sessions also was featured on the 1994 Bill Laswell-produced "Lost in the Translation: Axiom Ambient" various artists compilation.
Excerpts from the song "El Medahey" from The Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar album Apocalypse Across the Sky were used on the 2000 score of The Cell
The Cell
The Cell is a 2000 science fiction psychological thriller film directed by Tarsem Singh, and starring Jennifer Lopez in the lead role.-Plot:...
by Howard Shore
Howard Shore
Howard Leslie Shore is a Canadian composer, notable for his film scores. He has composed the scores for over 80 films, most notably the scores for The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, for which he won three Academy Awards. He is also a consistent collaborator with director David Cronenberg,...
. "El Medahey", a standard the group often has played in live performance, was originally composed by Hadj Abdesalam Attar. The group is listed as "Master Musicians of Jajouka" on the liner notes for this and several other soundtracks since 1985, beginning with Ornette: Made in America.
Although the "Master Musicians of Jajouka" name has also been used on film soundtrack appearances and compilations as recently as 2004, beginning with Apocalypse Across the Sky, the Bachir Attar-led generation of the group used the alternate recording name "Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar" on that album and on two additional ones: Jajouka Between the Mountains and Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar. The latter album was produced by Talvin Singh
Talvin Singh
Talvin Singh Matharoo , is a producer and composer and tabla player, known for creating an innovative fusion of Indian classical music and drum and bass...
on the Point Music label in 2000. The collaboration with Singh expanded the group's sound to a more contemporary audience by including a mixture of traditional acoustic field recordings and electronica-influenced ambient music.
In 2006 and 2007, film professor Augusta Palmer, daughter of the late music journalist Robert Palmer, had production under way on a film called The Hand of Fatima about The Master Musicians of Jajouka, her father, and Bachir Attar. The Master Musicians of Jajouka who are led by Bachir Attar performed in Lisbon, Portugal, in January 2007, and the group performed at the 16th annual Meltdown festival
Meltdown (festival)
Meltdown is an annual, English festival, held in London, featuring a mix of music, art, performance and film. Meltdown is held in June at Southbank Centre, the arts complex covering and including the Royal Festival Hall, the Queen Elizabeth Hall and The Hayward...
curated by Ornette Coleman
Ornette Coleman
Ornette Coleman is an American saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter and composer. He was one of the major innovators of the free jazz movement of the 1960s....
at London's Southbank Centre in June 2009, alongside such talents as Yoko Ono
Yoko Ono
is a Japanese artist, musician, author and peace activist, known for her work in avant-garde art, music and filmmaking as well as her marriage to John Lennon...
and Patti Smith
Patti Smith
Patricia Lee "Patti" Smith is an American singer-songwriter, poet and visual artist, who became a highly influential component of the New York City punk rock movement with her 1975 debut album Horses....
.
Discography — The Master Musicians of Jajouka
- Brian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at JoujoukaBrian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at JoujoukaBrian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at Joujouka was an album produced by Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones. The album was a recording of the Moroccan group the Master Musicians of Joujouka, in performance on 29 July 1968 in the village of Jajouka in Morocco and released on Rolling Stones Records,...
(1971) - The Master Musicians of Jajouka (1974)
Discography — group led by Bachir Attar since 1982
- Apocalypse Across the Sky (1992)
- Jajouka Between the Mountains (1996)
- Master Musicians of Jajouka Featuring Bachir Attar (2000)
- Jajouka Live Vol. 1 (2009)
Film soundtracks and compilation albums
- Ornette: Made in America (1985, film sound track appearance)
- The Sheltering Sky (1990, film soundtrack and film appearance)
- Naked Lunch (1991, film soundtrack appearance)
- Lost in the Translation: Axiom Ambient (1994)
- The Cell (2000, film soundtrack appearance with The London Philharmonic Orchestra)
- Time's Up LiveTime's Up LiveTime's Up Live is a live DVD by Psychic TV including additional material by other artists. Recorded live at Royal Festival Hall, London on May 01, 1999.Performers: Genesis P-Orridge, Alex Fergusson, Larry Thrasher, Terry Gilmore, Matthew Best....
(2001) - Along Came Polly (2004, film soundtrack appearance)
Further reading
Alaoui, Mehdi Sekkouri. "Souvenirs. Sur les traces des Rolling Stones". Telquel Online. Retrieved Jan. 14, 2007.- Barry, James "The Cell Soundtrack: Review". SoundtrackNet. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2007.
- Bowles, PaulPaul BowlesPaul Frederic Bowles was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator.Following a cultured middle-class upbringing in New York City, during which he displayed a talent for music and writing, Bowles pursued his education at the University of Virginia before making various trips to Paris...
(1991). Days. The Ecco Press. ISBN 0-88001-269-2. - Burroughs, William S.William S. BurroughsWilliam Seward Burroughs II was an American novelist, poet, essayist and spoken word performer. A primary figure of the Beat Generation and a major postmodernist author, he is considered to be "one of the most politically trenchant, culturally influential, and innovative artists of the 20th...
(August 1973). "'Face to Face'", Oui. - Davis, Stephen (2001). Old Gods Almost Dead. Broadway Books, 135–37, 172, 195–201, 227; 233–34, 248–53, 270, 354, 504–05, 508.
- Fariborz, Arian (2005). "The Master Musicians of Joujouka: The Faded Myth of the Goat-God". Qantara.de. Retrieved Jan. 14, 2007.
- Gross, Jason (June 2000). "Master Musicians of Jajouka: Bachir Attar Interview". Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved Jan. 22, 2007.
- Kettlewell, Ben. "Features: The Master Musicians of Jajouka". Alternate Music Press. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2007.
- La Briola, John (August 30, 2001). Mystic Muses: Musical Shamans Keep the Flame Alive During a Rare Visit to Denver". Denver Westword. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2007.
- "The Master Musicians of Jajouka". The African Music Encyclopedia. Retrieved Jan. 14, 2007.
- "The Master Musicians of Jajouka - Biography". All About Jazz (August 31, 2001). Retrieved Jan. 14, 2007.
- "Master Musicians of Jajouka: Biography. World Music Central. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2007.
- "The Master Musicians of Jajouka Music Credits". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2007. Mellouki, Ilham (June 30, 2006). "Mémoire. Le fabuleux destin des Jajouka". Telquel Online. Retrieved Jan. 14, 2007.
- Palmer, Robert (March 23, 1989). "Into the Mystic". Rolling Stone.
- Palmer, Robert (October 14, 1971). "Jajouka: Up the Mountain". Rolling Stone.
- Palmer, Robert (December 19, 1971). "Music for a Moroccan Pan". The New York Times.
- Palmer, Robert (January 12, 1975). "Trance Music — a Trend of the 1970s". The New York Times.
- Palmer, Robert (June 11, 1992). "Up the Mountain". Rolling Stone.
- Pareles, Jon (August 27, 1989). "Still the Stones, but There's a Catch". The New York Times.
- Ranaldo, LeeLee RanaldoLee M. Ranaldo is an American singer, guitarist, writer, record producer, and visual artist, best known as a co-founder of the alternative rock band Sonic Youth...
(August 1996). "Into The Mystic". The Wire. Retrieved Jan. 14, 2007. - Rosenberg, Jeff; with Flessas, Daniel contributor (September 26, 2001). "The Masterminds: Bachir Attar and Mustapha Attar Launch the Ancient Traditions of Morocco's Mountains into the 21st Century". Willamette Week Online. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2007.
- Schuyler, Philip (2000) "Joujouka/Jajouka/Zahjoukah -- Moroccan Music and Euro-American Imagination", in Armbrust, Walter, editor. "Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond". Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
- Strauss, Neil (October 12, 1995). "The Pop Life: To Save Jajouka, How About a Mercedes in the Village?". The New York Times.
- Tsioulcas, Anastasia. "Master Musicians of Jajouka". National Geographic World Music. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2007.
- Tsioulcas, Anastasia (September 1, 2005). "World Music Features: Magical, Mystical Morocco". Global Rhythm. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2007.
- Turner, SteveSteve Turner (writer)Steve Turner is an English music journalist, biographer and poet, who grew up in Northamptonshire, England. His first published article was in the Beatles Monthly in 1969. His career as a journalist began as features editor of Beat Instrumental where he interviewed many of the prominent rock...
. "When Keef Met Mr. Kif: ... in Morocco's land of forbidden pleasures". The Mail on Sunday: 35, 37. April 20, 2008. - "Videos — Ornette: Made in America". Synergistic Press Videos. Retrieved Jan. 30, 2007.
External links
- The Master Musicians of Jajouka official web site
- Master Musicians of Jajouka official MySpace.com page
- The Hand of Fatima Film site about Master Musicians of Jajouka
- The Rolling Stones in Morocco, a segment of the BBC television film with Mick Jagger and Bachir Attar in Jajouka and Tangier, The Master Musicians of Jajouka. (YouTube.com)
- Interview with Bachir Attar Walrus, Toronto, 10 July 2008
- Letter written in November 1994 by William S. Burroughs to Cherie Nutting clearly stating that Bachir Attar is the only leader of The Master Musicians of Jajouka and that Bachir Attar's group is the real one.
- Lion-Auriga Music Publishing Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar artist page