Maund
Encyclopedia
Units of measurement
A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention and/or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity. Any other value of the physical quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of...
of mass
Mass
Mass can be defined as a quantitive measure of the resistance an object has to change in its velocity.In physics, mass commonly refers to any of the following three properties of matter, which have been shown experimentally to be equivalent:...
used in British India, and also in Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
, Persia
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
and Arabia
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km2...
: the same unit in the Moghul Empire was sometimes written as mun in English, while the equivalent unit in the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
and Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
was called the batman. At different times, and in different South Asian localities, the mass of the maund has varied, from as low as 25 pounds (11 kg) to as high as 160 pounds (72½ kg): even greater variation is seen in Persia and Arabia.
In British India, the maund was first standardized in the Bengal Presidency
Bengal Presidency
The Bengal Presidency originally comprising east and west Bengal, was a colonial region of the British Empire in South-Asia and beyond it. It comprised areas which are now within Bangladesh, and the present day Indian States of West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Orissa and Tripura.Penang and...
in 1833, where it was set equal to 100 Troy pounds
Pound (mass)
The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the Imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement...
(82.28 lbs.
Pound (mass)
The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the Imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement...
av.
Avoirdupois
The avoirdupois system is a system of weights based on a pound of 16 ounces. It is the everyday system of weight used in the United States and is still widely used to varying degrees by many people in Canada, the United Kingdom, and some other former British colonies despite the official adoption...
). This standard spread throughout the British Raj
British Raj
British Raj was the British rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947; The term can also refer to the period of dominion...
. After the independence of India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
and Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
, the definition formed the basis for metrication
Metrication
Metrication refers to the introduction and use of the SI metric system, the international standard for physical measurements. This has involved a long process of independent and systematic conversions of countries from various local systems of weights and measures. Metrication began in France in...
, one maund becoming exactly 37.3242 kilograms. A similar metric definition is used in Nepal
Nepal
Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...
.
Origins
Anglicized as "maund", the man as a unit of weight is thought to be of at least ChaldeaChaldea
Chaldea or Chaldaea , from Greek , Chaldaia; Akkadian ; Hebrew כשדים, Kaśdim; Aramaic: ܟܐܠܕܘ, Kaldo) was a marshy land located in modern-day southern Iraq which came to briefly rule Babylon...
n origin, with Sir Henry Yule
Henry Yule
Sir Henry Yule was a Scottish Orientalist.He was born at Inveresk, Scotland, near Edinburgh, the son of Major William Yule , translator of the Apothegms of Ali. Henry Yule was educated at Edinburgh, Addiscombe, and Chatham, and joined the Bengal Engineers in 1840...
attributing Akkadian
Akkadian language
Akkadian is an extinct Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system derived ultimately from ancient Sumerian, an unrelated language isolate...
origins to the word. The Hebrew
Hebrew language
Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such...
maneh (מנה) and the Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...
mina
Mina (unit)
The mina is an ancient Near Eastern unit of weight equivalent to 60 shekels. The mina, like the shekel, was also a unit of currency; in ancient Greece it was equal to 100 drachmae. In the first century AD, it amounted to about a fourth of the wages earned annually by an agricultural worker...
(μνᾶ) are thought to be cognate. It was originally equal to one-ninth of the weight of an artaba of water, or approximately four to seven kilogram
Kilogram
The kilogram or kilogramme , also known as the kilo, is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram , which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water...
s in modern units.
The modification of the vowel in the anglicized name is thought to be an indication that the word came into English via Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
. The Portuguese version was mão (ˈmɐ̃w̃, as in the word for "hand"), a regular [aːn] → [ɐ̃w̃] development in Portuguese.
Mughal Empire
Prinsep (1840) summarizes the evidence as to the weight of the mun (later "maund") during the reign (1556–1605) of Akbar the GreatAkbar the Great
Akbar , also known as Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam or Akbar the Great , was the third Mughal Emperor. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Emperor Humayun, and the grandson of the Mughal Emperor Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler who founded the Mughal dynasty in India...
, which comes from the Ain-i-Akbari
Ain-i-Akbari
The Ain-i-Akbari or the "Institutes of Akbar", is a 16th century, detailed document recording the administration of emperor Akbar's empire, written by his vizier, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak...
written by the vizier
Vizier
A vizier or in Arabic script ; ; sometimes spelled vazir, vizir, vasir, wazir, vesir, or vezir) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in a Muslim government....
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
Shaikh Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak also known as Abu'l-Fazl, Abu'l Fadl and Abu'l-Fadl 'Allami was the vizier of the great Mughal emperor Akbar, and author of the Akbarnama, the official history of Akbar's reign in three volumes, and a Persian translation of the Bible...
(anglicized as "Abul Fuzl"). The principal definition is that the mun is forty seers
Seer (unit)
A Seer is an obsolete unit of mass and volume that was used in parts of Asia.-India:In India, the seer was defined by the Standards of Weights and Measures Act as being exactly equal to 0.93310 kg...
; and that each seer is thirty dams.
- 1 mun = 40 seers = 1200 dams
The problem arises in assigning the values of the smaller units.
The section of the Ain-i-Akbari that defines the mun also defines the dam as five tanks. A separate section defines the tank as twenty-four ruttees. However, by the 19th century, the tank was no longer a uniform unit across the former Mughal territories: Prinsep quotes values of 50 grains (3.24 g) in Darwar
Dharwad
Dharwad, also known as Dharwar, is a city and a DISTRICT PLACE in India's Karnataka state.Dharwad is the administrative seat of the Dharwad District. The municipality of Hubli-Dharwad covers an area of 200.23 km²...
, 72 grains (4.67 g) in Bombay
Mumbai
Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million...
and 268 grains (17.37 g) in Ahmednugur.
The jilály, a square silver
Silver
Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal...
rupee
Rupee
The rupee is the common name for the monetary unit of account in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, and formerly in Burma, and Afghanistan. Historically, the first currency called "rupee" was introduced in the 16th century...
coin issued by Akbar, was said by the Ain-i-Akbari to be 11¼ mashas in weight: surviving jilály and other Mughal rupee coins weigh 170–175 Troy grains (11.02–11.34 g), so the masha, defined as eight ruttees, would be about 15½ grains (1 g). Masha weights sent back to London in 1819 agree with this value. This basis gives a mun of 34¾ lb. av. (15¾ kg).
However, in yet another section of the Ain-i-Akbari, the dam is said to be "twenty mashas seven ruttees": using this definition would imply an Imperial mass of about 47 lb. av. (21⅓ kg) for the mun. Between these two values, the maund in Central India was often found to be around 40 lb. av. (18 kg) in the East India Company
East India Company
The East India Company was an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and China...
survey of 1821.
A Maund was 55.5 British pounds under Akbar.
Nineteenth century
East India Company
The East India Company was an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and China...
in 1821. The Company's agents were asked to send back examples of the standard weights and measures used in the places they were stationed, and these were compared with the English standards in London by Patrick Kelly
Patrick Kelly (metrologist)
Patrick Kelly was a British metrologist, best known for his comparative studies of weights and measures collected in his works Universal Cambist and Oriental Metrology...
, the leading British metrologist of the time. The results were published as an appendix to the second edition of Kelly's Universal Cambist (1831), and later as a separate book entitled Oriental Metrology (1832).
It will be seen from Kelly's results below that Prinsep's generalizations are only partially correct. The Gujarat maund is more closely related to the Central Indian maund than to the standardized Bombay maund, except in the town of Anjar
Anjar, India
Anjar is a town and a municipality in Kutch district in the state of Gujarat, India. The country is dry and sandy, and entirely depends on well irrigation for its water supply. The town is situated nearly 10 miles from the Gulf of Kutch. The town was third time made capital of Kachchh on...
, except that it is divided into 40 seers instead of 20 as was found in Malwa
Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)
Malwa is a region in west-central northern India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic upland south of the Vindhya Range. Politically and administratively, the historical Malwa region includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and...
.
Central India and Gujarat
| PlaceKelly's transliterations of place names have been retained, but the transliterations of names of districts have been updated where possible. | Sub- division |
Imperial | Metric Metric system The metric system is an international decimalised system of measurement. France was first to adopt a metric system, in 1799, and a metric system is now the official system of measurement, used in almost every country in the world... kg Kilogram The kilogram or kilogramme , also known as the kilo, is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram , which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water... |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lb. Pound (mass) The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the Imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement... |
oz. Ounce The ounce is a unit of mass with several definitions, the most commonly used of which are equal to approximately 28 grams. The ounce is used in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of the imperial and United States customary systems... |
dr. Dram (unit) The dram was historically both a coin and a weight. Currently it is both a small mass in the Apothecaries' system of weights and a small unit of volume... |
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| Ahmadābād Ahmedabad Ahmedabad also known as Karnavati is the largest city in Gujarat, India. It is the former capital of Gujarat and is also the judicial capital of Gujarat as the Gujarat High Court has its seat in Ahmedabad... , in Gujarat |
40 seers | 42 | 4 | 13 | 19.817 |
| Amod Amod, Gujarat Amod is a town and capital of a taluka in Bharuch district, Gujarat, India. It is situated about a mile south of the Dhadhar River, some 30 miles south-west of Vadodara and 24 miles north of Bharuch, on the NH 228 road between Bharuch and Jambusar.Amod was the seat of a Thakore... , in Broach |
40 seers | 40 | 8 | 12 | |
| Anjar Anjar, India Anjar is a town and a municipality in Kutch district in the state of Gujarat, India. The country is dry and sandy, and entirely depends on well irrigation for its water supply. The town is situated nearly 10 miles from the Gulf of Kutch. The town was third time made capital of Kachchh on... , in Cutch |
40 seers | 27 | 3 | 8 | |
| Bairseah Berasia Berasia is a town and a nagar palika in Bhopal district in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. In September 2011 Government of Madhya Pradesh alloted Berasia and nearby areas for Industrial use.- History :... , in Malwa |
40 seers | 77 | 1 | 12 | |
| Bārdoli Bardoli Bardoli is a city and a municipality in Surat Metropolitan Region in the state of Gujarat, India. Bardoli is the east most end of the Metropolis of Surat. Bardoli is one of the primary Satellite Towns of Surat Metropolitan Region.-Geography:... , in Surat |
39¾ seers, 2 pice Paisa The paisa is a monetary unit in several countries. Linguistic variants of paisa include poisha and baisa . In India, Nepal and Pakistan, the paisa currently equals of a rupee. In Bangladesh, the poisha equals of a Bangladeshi taka... |
37 | 4 | 4¾ | |
| Broach Bharuch Bharuch , also known as Broach, is the oldest city in Gujarat, situated at the mouth of the holy river Narmada. Bharuch is the administrative headquarters of Bharuch District and a municipality of more than 1,50,000 inhabitants. As Bharuch is a major seaport city, a number of trade activities have... , in Gujarat |
40 seers | 40 | 8 | 12 | |
| Baroda Vadodara Vadodara formerly known as Baroda is the third most populated city in the Indian State of Gujarat . It is one of the four cities with the population of over 1 million... , in Gujarat |
42 seers | 44 | 9 | 10 | |
| Cambay Khambhat Khambhat , formerly known as Cambay, is a city and a municipality in Anand district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was formerly an important trading center, although its harbour has gradually silted up, and the maritime trade has moved elsewhere... , in Gujarat |
40 seers | 37 | 8 | 0 | |
| Chanadore, Central Provinces | 64 seers | 149 | 12 | 0 | |
| Dewas Dewas Dewas is an ancient town situated on the Malwa plateau in the West-central part of Indian state called Madhya Pradesh, about 160 km south west from state capital, Bhopal. It is the administrative center of the Dewas District, and was formerly the seat of two princely states during the British... , in Malwa |
64 seers | 137 | 8 | 2 | |
| Doongurpoor Dungarpur Dungarpur is a city in the southernmost part of Rajasthan state of India. It is the administrative headquarters of Dungarpur District. The rail line between Udaipur and Himatnagar in Gujarat runs through the town, shortest distance to the National Highway 8 from Dungapur town is... , in Rajputana |
40 seers | 50 | 1 | 14 | |
| Hānsot Hansot Hansot is a village in Bharuch district, Gujarat, India, situated about 15 miles south west of Bharuch on the south bank of the Narmada River... , in Broach |
40 seers, "market" | 38 | 9 | 9 | |
| 42 seers, for oil | 40 | 8 | 6 | ||
| 40 pergunna seers | 39 | 3 | 10 | ||
| Indore Indore Indore is one of the major city in India, the largest city and commercial center of the state of Madhya Pradesh in central India. Indore is located 190 km west of the state capital Bhopal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Indore city has a population of 1,960,631... , in Malwa |
20 seers, for grain | 40 | 8 | 6 | |
| 40 seers, for opium | 81 | 0 | 12 | ||
| Jambusar Jambusar Jambusar is a city and a municipality in Bharuch district in the Indian state of Gujarat.-Geography:Jambusar is located at . It has an average elevation of 4 metres .-Demographics:... , in Broach |
40 seers, "market" | 40 | 6 | 4 | |
| 42 seers, for cotton | 42 | 6 | 9 | ||
| Kota Kota, Rajasthan Kota , formerly known as Kotah, is a city in the northern Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located south of state capital, Jaipur. Situated on the banks of Chambal River, the city is the trade centre for an area in which millet, wheat, rice, pulses, coriander and oilseeds are grown; industries... , in Rajputana |
40 seers | 30 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kumbharia Kumbharia Kumbharia or Kumbhariyu is village in Anjar Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat State of India. It is situated at a distance of 14 km from Anjar town & Taluka Headquarter.-History:... , in Surat |
40 seers 8 pice | 37 | 13 | 10 | |
| Kurod, in Surat | 40 seers 15 pice | 37 | 15 | 8½ | |
| Malwa Malwa (Madhya Pradesh) Malwa is a region in west-central northern India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic upland south of the Vindhya Range. Politically and administratively, the historical Malwa region includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and... |
20 seers | 40 | 7 | 8 | |
| Mundissor Mandsaur Mandsaur or Mandsour is a city in the Malwa region and district of Madhya Pradesh state of central India. It is the administrative headquarters of Mandsaur District.-Origin of name:... , in Malwa |
15 seers | 34 | 4 | 4½ | |
| Okalesur, in Broach | 40 seers | 38 | 8 | 13 | |
| 40 seers, "pergunna" | 40 | 6 | 13 | ||
| Omutwara Rajgarh (Madhya Pradesh) Rajgarh is a town and a nagar panchayat in Rajgarh District in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India. It is the administrative headquarters of Rajgarh District, and was a princely state under the British Raj, named Rajgarh State. The old town is surrounded by a battlemented wall.-Demographics: India... , in Malwa |
28 seers | 54 | 10 | 8 | |
| Oujein Ujjain Ujjain , is an ancient city of Malwa region in central India, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River , today part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative centre of Ujjain District and Ujjain Division.In ancient times the city was called Ujjayini... , in Malwa |
16⅞ seers | 33 | 5 | 13 | |
| Pertabgurh Pratapgarh, Rajasthan Pratapgarh, is a town in Rajasthan, India. It is the district headquarters of Pratapgarh district the newest District of Rajasthan. Famous for its Thewa art, the town is surrounded by tribal villages.- History :... , in Ajmer |
20 seers | 38 | 8 | 14 | |
| Rutlam Ratlam Ratlam , known historically as Ratnapuri, is a city in the Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. The town of Ratlam lies 480 m above sea level. It is the administrative headquarters of Ratlam District.... , in Malwa |
20 seers | 40 | 7 | 8 | |
| Surat Surat Surat , also known as Suryapur, is the commercial capital city of the Indian state of Gujarat. Surat is India's Eighth most populous city and Ninth-most populous urban agglomeration. It is also administrative capital of Surat district and one of the fastest growing cities in India. The city proper... , in Gujarat |
40 seers | 37 | 8 | 0 | |
| Source: Kelly Patrick Kelly (metrologist) Patrick Kelly was a British metrologist, best known for his comparative studies of weights and measures collected in his works Universal Cambist and Oriental Metrology... 's Oriental Metrology (1832) |
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Bombay Presidency
| Place | Sub- division |
Imperial | Metric Metric system The metric system is an international decimalised system of measurement. France was first to adopt a metric system, in 1799, and a metric system is now the official system of measurement, used in almost every country in the world... kg Kilogram The kilogram or kilogramme , also known as the kilo, is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram , which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water... |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lb. Pound (mass) The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the Imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement... |
oz. Ounce The ounce is a unit of mass with several definitions, the most commonly used of which are equal to approximately 28 grams. The ounce is used in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of the imperial and United States customary systems... |
dr. Dram (unit) The dram was historically both a coin and a weight. Currently it is both a small mass in the Apothecaries' system of weights and a small unit of volume... |
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| Ahmadnagar | 40 seers | 78 | 15 | 12 | |
| Aurangabad | 40 seers | 74 | 10 | 10 | |
| Belgaum Belgaum Belgaum is a city and a municipal corporation in Belgaum district in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the fourth largest city of the state of Karnataka, the first three being Bangalore, Mysore, Hubli-Dharwad.... |
44 seers | 26 | 3 | 15 | |
| Bombay Mumbai Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million... |
40 seers | 28 | 0 | 0 | |
| Carwar Karwar Karwar is the administrative headquarters of Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India. It is a seaside town situated on the banks of the Kali river which is on the west coast of the Indian peninsula. The town lies about 15 kilometres south of the Karnataka–Goa border and 519 km north-west... , in Kanara |
42 seers | 26 | 0 | 0 | |
| Dindoor Dindori, Maharashtra Dindori is a town and taluka in Nashik district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.Dindori is known for its grape farming. Dindori is also the center for spirituality by "Swami Samarth Kendra" which is driven by the Annasaheb more.-External links:... |
64 seers | 157 | 10 | 10 | |
| Dukhun Poona Pune District Pune District is situated in Maharashtra state of India. Pune city is the district headquarters. In the last census on 2001, the total population of the district was 7,232,555, making it the fourth most populous district in India . Urban population comprises 58.08% of the total population... |
12½ seers, for ghee Ghee Ghee is a class of clarified butter that originated in South Asia and is commonly used in South Asian cuisine.... , etc. |
24 | 10 | 4⅓ | |
| 14 seers, for metals | 27 | 9 | 9⅔ | ||
| 48 seers, for grain | 94 | 9 | 8 | ||
| Goa Goa Goa , a former Portuguese colony, is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in South West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its... (Portuguese) |
— | 24 | 12 | 0 | |
| Jamkhair Jamkhed Jamkhed is a census town in Ahmednagar district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is situated on the Ahmednagar-Beed State Highway, 78 kilometres from Ahmednagar.-Geography:... , in Ahmednagar |
64 seers | 147 | 10 | 0 | |
| Jaulnah Jalna (city) Jalna is a city and a municipal council in Jalna district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Jalna was formerly a part of Nizam State as a tahsil of Aurangabad district.... , in Hyderabad |
40 seers | 80 | 2 | 8 | |
| Onore Honavar Honavar or Honnavar , is a port town in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India. The town is the headquarters of Honnavar taluk.- History :... , in Kanara |
40–44 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Poona Pune Pune , is the eighth largest metropolis in India, the second largest in the state of Maharashtra after Mumbai, and the largest city in the Western Ghats. Once the centre of power of the Maratha Empire, it is situated 560 metres above sea level on the Deccan plateau at the confluence of the Mula ... |
12½ seers, for ghee Ghee Ghee is a class of clarified butter that originated in South Asia and is commonly used in South Asian cuisine.... , etc. |
24 | 10 | 4⅓ | |
| 14 seers, for metals | 27 | 9 | 9⅔ | ||
| 48 seers, for grain | 94 | 9 | 8 | ||
| Roombharee, in Ahmednagar | 64 seers | 160 | 13 | 8 | |
| Source: Kelly Patrick Kelly (metrologist) Patrick Kelly was a British metrologist, best known for his comparative studies of weights and measures collected in his works Universal Cambist and Oriental Metrology... 's Oriental Metrology (1832) |
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Madras Presidency
| Place | Sub- division |
Imperial | Metric Metric system The metric system is an international decimalised system of measurement. France was first to adopt a metric system, in 1799, and a metric system is now the official system of measurement, used in almost every country in the world... kg Kilogram The kilogram or kilogramme , also known as the kilo, is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram , which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water... |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lb. Pound (mass) The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the Imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement... |
oz. Ounce The ounce is a unit of mass with several definitions, the most commonly used of which are equal to approximately 28 grams. The ounce is used in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of the imperial and United States customary systems... |
dr. Dram (unit) The dram was historically both a coin and a weight. Currently it is both a small mass in the Apothecaries' system of weights and a small unit of volume... |
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| Anjengo Anchuthengu Anchuthengu, formerly known as Anjengo, is a coastal town in the Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala.This was an old Portuguese settlement lies between Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram, near Varkala. Literally the word ‘Anjuthengu’ means 'five coconut palms.’ The whole land is cultivated with... , in Travancore |
— | 28 | 0 | 0 | |
| Bangalore Bangalore Bengaluru , formerly called Bengaluru is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and... , in Mysore |
40 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Bellary Bellary Bellary is a historic city in Bellary District in Karnataka state, India.-Origins of the city's name:There are several legends about how Bellary got its name.... , in Madras |
48 seers | 25 | 6 | 0 | |
| Calicut Kozhikode Kozhikode During Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kozhikkode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. Kozhikode was once the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name and later of the erstwhile Malabar District... , in Malabar |
68 seers | 34 | 11 | 11 | |
| Cochin, in Malabar | 42½ seers | 27 | 2 | 11 | |
| Coimbatoor Coimbatore Coimbatore , also known as Kovai , is the second largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a major commercial centre in Tamil Nadu and is known as the "Manchester of South India".... , in Mysore |
40 seers | 24 | 1 | 0 | |
| Colachy Kolachal Colachal is located within the administrative jurisdiction of Kanyakumari District. Colachel is a second grade Municipal town situated on the west coast of Kanyakumari District. It is a port on the Malabar coast, 20 km north-west of Kanya Kumari , the southernmost tip of peninsular... , in Travancore |
125 pollums | 18 | 12 | 13 | |
| Hyderabad, in Madras | 12 seers, "kucha" | 23 | 13 | 0 | |
| 40 seers, "pucka" | 79 | 6 | 0 | ||
| Madras Chennai Chennai , formerly known as Madras or Madarasapatinam , is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the sixth most populous city in India... |
40 seers, or 8 vis | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Madura Madurai Madurai is the third largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It served as the capital city of the Pandyan Kingdom. It is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District and is famous for its temples built by Pandyan and... , in Carnatic |
39.244 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Mangalore Mangalore Mangalore is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about west of the state capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district in south western... |
46 seers, "market" | 28 | 2 | 4 | |
| 46 seers, "Company's" | 28 | 8 | 13 | ||
| 40 seers, for sugar | 24 | 7 | 8 | ||
| Masulipatam Machilipatnam Machilipatnam is a city and a special grade municipality in the Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located south east of state capital, Hyderabad.-History:... , in Madras |
"kucha" | 35 | 10 | 0 | |
| "pucka" | 80 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Negapatam, in Carnatic | 41.558 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Pondicherry | 8 vis | 25 | 14 | 5½ | |
| Quilon Kollam Kollam , often anglicized as ', is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram... , in Travancore |
25 old Dutch pounds | 27 | 5 | 8 | |
| Sankeridroog, in Carnatic | 41.256 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Seringapatam Srirangapatna Srirangapatna is a town in Mandya district of the Indian state of Karnataka... |
40 seers, "kucha" | 24 | 4 | 8 | |
| Tellicherry Thalassery Thalassery , also known as Tellicherry, is a city on the Malabar Coast of Kerala, India. This is the second largest city of North Malabar in terms of population. The name Tellicherry is the anglicized form of Thalassery. Thalassery municipality has a population just less than 100,000. Established... , in Malabar |
64 seers | 32 | 11 | 0 | |
| Tranquebar, in Coromandel | 68 Danish pounds | 74 | 12 | 9.6 | |
| Travancore Travancore Kingdom of Travancore was a former Hindu feudal kingdom and Indian Princely State with its capital at Padmanabhapuram or Trivandrum ruled by the Travancore Royal Family. The Kingdom of Travancore comprised most of modern day southern Kerala, Kanyakumari district, and the southernmost parts of... , in Madras |
— | 25 | 0 | 6½ | |
| Trichinopoly, in Carnatic | 13.114 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vizagapatam Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam is a major sea port on the south east coast of India. With a population of approximately 1.7 million, it is the second largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the third largest city on the east coast of India after Kolkata and Chennai. According to the history, the city was... , in Madras |
"kucha" | 35 | 10 | 0 | |
| "pucka" | 80 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Source: Kelly Patrick Kelly (metrologist) Patrick Kelly was a British metrologist, best known for his comparative studies of weights and measures collected in his works Universal Cambist and Oriental Metrology... 's Oriental Metrology (1832) |
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Bengal
| Place | Sub- division |
Imperial | Metric Metric system The metric system is an international decimalised system of measurement. France was first to adopt a metric system, in 1799, and a metric system is now the official system of measurement, used in almost every country in the world... kg Kilogram The kilogram or kilogramme , also known as the kilo, is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram , which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water... |
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| lb. Pound (mass) The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the Imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement... |
oz. Ounce The ounce is a unit of mass with several definitions, the most commonly used of which are equal to approximately 28 grams. The ounce is used in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of the imperial and United States customary systems... |
dr. Dram (unit) The dram was historically both a coin and a weight. Currently it is both a small mass in the Apothecaries' system of weights and a small unit of volume... |
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| Calcutta Kolkata Kolkata , formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it was the commercial capital of East India... |
40 seers | 82 | 4 | ||
| Luckipoor Chandpur District Chandpur is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is located at the mouth of the Meghna River. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The town of Chandpur is terminus of a metre gauge branch of Bangladesh Railways. It also has a water terminal situated here.-Geography:Chandpur district has a... , in Bengal |
as Calcutta | 82 | 4 | ||
| Source: Kelly Patrick Kelly (metrologist) Patrick Kelly was a British metrologist, best known for his comparative studies of weights and measures collected in his works Universal Cambist and Oriental Metrology... 's Oriental Metrology (1832) |
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External links
- Sizes.com
- The maund in India (historical values)