Maureen Cain
Encyclopedia
Maureen Cain, PhD received her Bachelors Degree from London School of Economics
in 1959, and she attained her PhD from the London School of Economics in 1969. After graduating from LSE, Dr Cain became a professor.
Dr. Cain's three main teaching posts have been:
Some of the courses she has taught include:
Other notable facts:
Dr. Cain, also became a frequent visitor of Cambridge University between 1981 and 1987.
President of the British Society of Criminology
from 2003 to 2006.
she studied Women, Crime
and Social Harms. Cain’s original interest and her PhD dissertation was “Society and the Policeman’s Role”, which is noted for being ahead of its time in feminist criminology. Cain then moved away from criminology to look at “The main themes of Marx’s and Engels’ sociology of law” then she returned to a look into policing when she wrote “Racism, the police, and community policing: a comment on the Scarman Report”.
Cain then wrote “Orientalism, Occidentalism and the sociology of Crime” and today she is about to publish a new book called “Globality, Crime and Criminology” due to be available for sale July 30, 2010.
Cain’s major argument in Towards Transgression were that there are: three traditional approaches of feminist criminology – 1. Unequal treatment 2. The nature of female criminality and 3. Women as victims. Cain argued that each of them has tested the limits of traditional criminological formulations. And then she said there is a new emergence of an alternative approach called "Transgressive Criminology".
Cain argues that there are two parts to Feminist Criminology – 1. The traditional feminist criminology and 2. The shift towards transgression:
1. The Traditional Concerns of Feminist Criminology
Equity studies
a) Traditionally men and women have been treated differently. In the article we see that women were given lesser penalties because of their sex. A consistent finding was that girls dealt with by the courts for behavioral offences were more likely to be incarcerated than their male counterparts. These equity findings bring up many political and academic questions as to why and how the world we live in can be equalized. We (Criminologists) cannot explain why the treatment and punishment is the way it is. Lastly men and women, boys and girls are treated as categories. They are measuring the social construction of gender rather than the issue of sex differences.
Female Criminality
b) Early female criminology information was found based on self report surveys about illegal activity. The results from the self report surveys found that girls were worse than what was originally perceived, but girls still were not as bad as boys. The women studied seem to have all of the advantages possible. The self report surveys were important because they were the beginning of looking at men separately from women.
Women as victims
c) The first area of victimization that women tended to experience was when they are beaten by unsuccessful partners to re-claim dominance. The second area of victimization is that against women and children, which “touches a political nerve” and male defense claim is an unthinkable claim against women and children. This creates an uneven balance between men and women and children. The third victimization for women is rape, which tends to be quite political. It was also found that the home was the most dangerous place for women and girls to be victimized.
The fracture of criminology
d) Women seem to be “entangled in or confronted by a hegemonic web which is resistant to every attack.” Cain suggests that this demonstrates that feminist criminology must be transgressed.
2. The Transgressive Alternative
Transgressive strategies
a) Three transgressive strategies demonstrated in the article: i. Reflexivity; “enables us to see that everyone who comes into contact with women seem to be preoccupied with female sexuality and with a range of gender approved ways of behaving”, ii. Deconstruction; “the examination of discourse and the examination of internal logic and the ways it is deployed”, iii. Reconstruction; “it involves getting women or girls outside or beyond discourse and enables them to transgress”.
Studying women
b) Every woman is defined as “that which is not a man”. Hegemony is the reason women have pushed for “women only” spaces. For example in Sexual Harassment calls, women had to be uncomfortable in their jobs. Men often said that the women ‘misunderstood them’. Cain says “Speaking of the unspeakable is both difficult and dangerous”. Cain argues that Transgressive Criminology will give ‘Women only’ studies a place in criminology and give it both political and theoretical validity.
Starting from outside
c) Feminist criminology must start with the exploration of the woman’s entire life. We must look at the social construction of gender; we must look at the female penal system, and look at the conventional vs. the radical.
Studying men
d) 1. “Gender is a relational concept” – men and masculinity exist in comparison to women and femininity. If we exclude men from research then we are basically doing to men what was done to women traditionally.
2. “Women are constituted in their absence occupied by men” – Police, Judges, Lawyers are male dominated professions and the absence of women may play a role in how women are treated.
3. “We must study men because Lombroso found that most criminals are from the working class” – men dominate the working class and traditionally most criminals have been men.
Reflexivity and self help
e) Practitioners, Guards and other support staff need training, self reflection about the typical routines, need to decipher between control images and images which express reality.
Women and Politics
f) We must learn from women who have engaged in political struggle, such as resistance and repression.
Maureen Cain was successful in supporting her thesis through her claims. Cain proved that traditionally women were: treated unequally, they were segregated criminally and they were made victims in Western penal systems. Cain then proved that there is a new emergence of ‘Transgressive Criminology’ which looks deeper into women’s issues in Criminology and focuses not as women as inferior but as women as a product of their entire environment and an area needing more work.
Book Review - Society and the policeman's role
Chapter 1 – “Background”
Cain’s major themes in “Society and the Policeman’s Role” were 1. The organization and behaviour of the police and 2. Clarifying the explanation of behaviour in terms of pressures and definitions. Cain looks specifically at
1. Citizens rights and Officer Discretion – What type of power the police actually possess?
2. Why Police operate and what they can do – What is the role of the police?
3. Effects of the police action – What happens if a police officer arrests someone or charges them?
4. Use of force and social order – Amount of force needed and social control issue.
Chapter 2 – Rural Police Work
Cain looked at rural police work and noted that Police Officers in local areas must be “A Jack of All trades and Master of Many” police officers in rural communities face issues because the area that they live in is so small that they get to intimately know many of their many roles within the community. Some issues that police face are:
1. Perks – People making life pleasant so giving bribes or discounts because you are a police officer
2. Easing behaviour – a learned behaviour to get people to calm down or talk to you, such as offering a person a cup of tea or a cigarette to
3. Official Easing – Opportunities made possible by the police force such as hanging out with or playing on a sports team with some of the officers.
Chapter 3 – City Police work
City Police work is described by Cain as often challenging because of the size of the force some people often feel invisible from their senior officers. Officers have a need to maintain the ease for facilities. Officers are often dependent on other officers . City police officers tend to divide their work into two categories:”
1. Important Crime – such as homicides, rapes, etc. Well published and “blingy crime
2. Real police work – which is the paper work and the less glamorous side of policing.
Chapter 4 – interdependence with the community
Rural police tend to share a conceptual framework in which they have similar biographies, similar norms, standards and values. Urban police officers face more challenges working together because they come from more diverse backgrounds, the sheer number of pope that they are surrounded by and they different types of situations they can face in a short period of time. Rural police officers receive three major sources of community empowerment:
1. Rural officers depend socially on local people – they provide them with their food, and other necessities they need to live.
2. Officers wives and families depend on locals to survive and sustain
3. Rural Police depend on locals more in their work situations, they need them as eye witnesses, they need the locals to tell them if something is out of the ordinary and they need them to find out history of individuals in the community.
Chapter 5 – Interdependence with family
Police officers tend to have a high level of interdependence within their families. They need their families to help them feel like they are doing a good job, like they are making the right decisions and to ensure each other that they are integrating well with the members of the community. Women and wives of police officers often compared themselves to other families of similar situation to try to describe how they feel about their work, their living situation and their lives.
Chapter 6 – Interdependence with Senior Officers
Cain explains that Police Officers face a cohesion with their superiors, and it is essential for them to have good communication at all times. But in the system they use which is a hierarchical organization there is often a divide among superiors and inferior individuals.
Chapter 7 – Interdependence with Colleagues
It is very important, as Cain explains, for police officers to experience relationships with their colleagues. The relationship tends to look like the following – experienced police officers exert power over the recruits, experienced officers tend to exert power over the cadets, senior officers tend to exert over experienced officers and the government exerts power over the senior officials.
Cain also looks at women's issues in many of her articles of Transgressions in Criminology as she looks at the historical treatment of men vs women and she brings up many political questions as to the level of rights surrounding feminism.
London School of Economics
The London School of Economics and Political Science is a public research university specialised in the social sciences located in London, United Kingdom, and a constituent college of the federal University of London...
in 1959, and she attained her PhD from the London School of Economics in 1969. After graduating from LSE, Dr Cain became a professor.
Dr. Cain's three main teaching posts have been:
- A professor and reader at Brunel UniversityBrunel UniversityBrunel University is a public research university located in Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom. The university is named after the Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel....
(1968–1979). - The Chair of SociologySociologySociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
at The University of the West IndiesUniversity of the West IndiesThe University of the West Indies , is an autonomous regional institution supported by and serving 17 English-speaking countries and territories in the Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica,...
(1987–1995). - A Reader at the Law School at University of BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamThe University of Birmingham is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Birmingham, England. It received its royal charter in 1900 as a successor to Birmingham Medical School and Mason Science College . Birmingham was the first Redbrick university to gain a charter and thus...
(1995–2005 approximately) – where she still continues to supervise graduate students.
Some of the courses she has taught include:
- Sociology of LawLawLaw is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...
and CrimeCrimeCrime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction... - Sociology of Law
Other notable facts:
Dr. Cain, also became a frequent visitor of Cambridge University between 1981 and 1987.
President of the British Society of Criminology
Criminology
Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in society...
from 2003 to 2006.
Description of Research Interests
Maureen Cain’s interests have been as broad as looking and studying the major works of Marx & Engels “Sociology of Law” to looking into “Society and the Policeman’s Role”. Cain’s more current teaching and research interests have come from her years in Trinidad teaching at The University of the West Indies. While in TrinidadTrinidad
Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands and numerous landforms which make up the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago. It is the southernmost island in the Caribbean and lies just off the northeastern coast of Venezuela. With an area of it is also the fifth largest in...
she studied Women, Crime
Crime
Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction...
and Social Harms. Cain’s original interest and her PhD dissertation was “Society and the Policeman’s Role”, which is noted for being ahead of its time in feminist criminology. Cain then moved away from criminology to look at “The main themes of Marx’s and Engels’ sociology of law” then she returned to a look into policing when she wrote “Racism, the police, and community policing: a comment on the Scarman Report”.
Cain then wrote “Orientalism, Occidentalism and the sociology of Crime” and today she is about to publish a new book called “Globality, Crime and Criminology” due to be available for sale July 30, 2010.
Major works
Article Review - Towards Transgression: A new direction in feminist criminologyCain’s major argument in Towards Transgression were that there are: three traditional approaches of feminist criminology – 1. Unequal treatment 2. The nature of female criminality and 3. Women as victims. Cain argued that each of them has tested the limits of traditional criminological formulations. And then she said there is a new emergence of an alternative approach called "Transgressive Criminology".
Cain argues that there are two parts to Feminist Criminology – 1. The traditional feminist criminology and 2. The shift towards transgression:
1. The Traditional Concerns of Feminist Criminology
Equity studies
a) Traditionally men and women have been treated differently. In the article we see that women were given lesser penalties because of their sex. A consistent finding was that girls dealt with by the courts for behavioral offences were more likely to be incarcerated than their male counterparts. These equity findings bring up many political and academic questions as to why and how the world we live in can be equalized. We (Criminologists) cannot explain why the treatment and punishment is the way it is. Lastly men and women, boys and girls are treated as categories. They are measuring the social construction of gender rather than the issue of sex differences.
Female Criminality
b) Early female criminology information was found based on self report surveys about illegal activity. The results from the self report surveys found that girls were worse than what was originally perceived, but girls still were not as bad as boys. The women studied seem to have all of the advantages possible. The self report surveys were important because they were the beginning of looking at men separately from women.
Women as victims
c) The first area of victimization that women tended to experience was when they are beaten by unsuccessful partners to re-claim dominance. The second area of victimization is that against women and children, which “touches a political nerve” and male defense claim is an unthinkable claim against women and children. This creates an uneven balance between men and women and children. The third victimization for women is rape, which tends to be quite political. It was also found that the home was the most dangerous place for women and girls to be victimized.
The fracture of criminology
d) Women seem to be “entangled in or confronted by a hegemonic web which is resistant to every attack.” Cain suggests that this demonstrates that feminist criminology must be transgressed.
2. The Transgressive Alternative
Transgressive strategies
a) Three transgressive strategies demonstrated in the article: i. Reflexivity; “enables us to see that everyone who comes into contact with women seem to be preoccupied with female sexuality and with a range of gender approved ways of behaving”, ii. Deconstruction; “the examination of discourse and the examination of internal logic and the ways it is deployed”, iii. Reconstruction; “it involves getting women or girls outside or beyond discourse and enables them to transgress”.
Studying women
b) Every woman is defined as “that which is not a man”. Hegemony is the reason women have pushed for “women only” spaces. For example in Sexual Harassment calls, women had to be uncomfortable in their jobs. Men often said that the women ‘misunderstood them’. Cain says “Speaking of the unspeakable is both difficult and dangerous”. Cain argues that Transgressive Criminology will give ‘Women only’ studies a place in criminology and give it both political and theoretical validity.
Starting from outside
c) Feminist criminology must start with the exploration of the woman’s entire life. We must look at the social construction of gender; we must look at the female penal system, and look at the conventional vs. the radical.
Studying men
d) 1. “Gender is a relational concept” – men and masculinity exist in comparison to women and femininity. If we exclude men from research then we are basically doing to men what was done to women traditionally.
2. “Women are constituted in their absence occupied by men” – Police, Judges, Lawyers are male dominated professions and the absence of women may play a role in how women are treated.
3. “We must study men because Lombroso found that most criminals are from the working class” – men dominate the working class and traditionally most criminals have been men.
Reflexivity and self help
e) Practitioners, Guards and other support staff need training, self reflection about the typical routines, need to decipher between control images and images which express reality.
Women and Politics
f) We must learn from women who have engaged in political struggle, such as resistance and repression.
Maureen Cain was successful in supporting her thesis through her claims. Cain proved that traditionally women were: treated unequally, they were segregated criminally and they were made victims in Western penal systems. Cain then proved that there is a new emergence of ‘Transgressive Criminology’ which looks deeper into women’s issues in Criminology and focuses not as women as inferior but as women as a product of their entire environment and an area needing more work.
Book Review - Society and the policeman's role
Chapter 1 – “Background”
Cain’s major themes in “Society and the Policeman’s Role” were 1. The organization and behaviour of the police and 2. Clarifying the explanation of behaviour in terms of pressures and definitions. Cain looks specifically at
1. Citizens rights and Officer Discretion – What type of power the police actually possess?
2. Why Police operate and what they can do – What is the role of the police?
3. Effects of the police action – What happens if a police officer arrests someone or charges them?
4. Use of force and social order – Amount of force needed and social control issue.
Chapter 2 – Rural Police Work
Cain looked at rural police work and noted that Police Officers in local areas must be “A Jack of All trades and Master of Many” police officers in rural communities face issues because the area that they live in is so small that they get to intimately know many of their many roles within the community. Some issues that police face are:
1. Perks – People making life pleasant so giving bribes or discounts because you are a police officer
2. Easing behaviour – a learned behaviour to get people to calm down or talk to you, such as offering a person a cup of tea or a cigarette to
3. Official Easing – Opportunities made possible by the police force such as hanging out with or playing on a sports team with some of the officers.
Chapter 3 – City Police work
City Police work is described by Cain as often challenging because of the size of the force some people often feel invisible from their senior officers. Officers have a need to maintain the ease for facilities. Officers are often dependent on other officers . City police officers tend to divide their work into two categories:”
1. Important Crime – such as homicides, rapes, etc. Well published and “blingy crime
2. Real police work – which is the paper work and the less glamorous side of policing.
Chapter 4 – interdependence with the community
Rural police tend to share a conceptual framework in which they have similar biographies, similar norms, standards and values. Urban police officers face more challenges working together because they come from more diverse backgrounds, the sheer number of pope that they are surrounded by and they different types of situations they can face in a short period of time. Rural police officers receive three major sources of community empowerment:
1. Rural officers depend socially on local people – they provide them with their food, and other necessities they need to live.
2. Officers wives and families depend on locals to survive and sustain
3. Rural Police depend on locals more in their work situations, they need them as eye witnesses, they need the locals to tell them if something is out of the ordinary and they need them to find out history of individuals in the community.
Chapter 5 – Interdependence with family
Police officers tend to have a high level of interdependence within their families. They need their families to help them feel like they are doing a good job, like they are making the right decisions and to ensure each other that they are integrating well with the members of the community. Women and wives of police officers often compared themselves to other families of similar situation to try to describe how they feel about their work, their living situation and their lives.
Chapter 6 – Interdependence with Senior Officers
Cain explains that Police Officers face a cohesion with their superiors, and it is essential for them to have good communication at all times. But in the system they use which is a hierarchical organization there is often a divide among superiors and inferior individuals.
Chapter 7 – Interdependence with Colleagues
It is very important, as Cain explains, for police officers to experience relationships with their colleagues. The relationship tends to look like the following – experienced police officers exert power over the recruits, experienced officers tend to exert power over the cadets, senior officers tend to exert over experienced officers and the government exerts power over the senior officials.
Contributions to Feminist Criminology
Maureen Cain’s biggest contribution to feminist criminology was her first contribution, “Society and the Policeman’s Role”. This has been noted as being “Ahead of its feminist time”. "Society and the Policeman's Role" is just one example of her contribution to feminist criminology and because of this initial and prolific contribution Maureen Cain can be considered a pioneer in the field of feminist criminology.Cain also looks at women's issues in many of her articles of Transgressions in Criminology as she looks at the historical treatment of men vs women and she brings up many political questions as to the level of rights surrounding feminism.