Maurice Kugler
Encyclopedia
Maurice Kugler is a Colombian
economist born in 1967. He received his Ph.D. in Economics from UC Berkeley in 2000, as well as a M.Sc.(Econ) and a B.Sc. (Econ) both from the London School of Economics
. He was named in 2007 to the inaugural CIGI Chair in International Public Policy by the Laurier School of Business and Economics. In 2010, CIGI, the Centre for International Governance Innovation
, jointly with University of Waterloo
and Wilfrid Laurier University
launched the Balsillie School for International Affairs, under the sponsorship of the entrepreneur and philanthropist Jim Balsillie
.
, and since 2007, visiting scholar at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He has taught at Harvard, Los Andes, Southampton and Stanford Universities.
His publications can be found in the Review of Economics and Statistics (MIT Press
), the Journal of Policy Reform (Routledge
), the Journal of Public Economics (Elsevier
), the Journal of Development Economics (Elsevier
), Economic Development and Cultural Change, Economics Letters
and other prestigious academic journals.
), Kugler has shown that the presence of multinational corporation affiliates (MNC
) can yield technological opportunities for host country producers in upstream sectors, especially when the MNC subsdiary is an exporter and the potential spillover recipient firm has absorptive capacity to adopt new technology. When subsidiaries and local firms are connected through the production chain, then FDI generates transmission of technological knowhow as input suppliers are the recipients of information from their clients.
(See e.g. Maurice Kugler (2006), "Spillovers from foreign direct investment: within or between industries? Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 444–477).
Other recent evidence of the impact of FDI on Venezuelan manufacturers shows that when MNC subsidiaries use the host country as an export platform, there tends to be more scope for FDI spillovers, especially within sectors as subsidiaries do not compete for the domestic market with local firms. In particular, the fact that exporter subsidiaries are more prone to transmit information to local firms implies that vertical FDI is more likely to generate spillovers. Since vertical FDI involves the import of components and assembly for exports, the incentive to prevent technology leakages to domestic firms is diminished, as they are not in the competitive fringe.
(See e.g. Blyde, Juan, Kugler, Maurice, Stein, Ernesto (2009) "Exporting or Local Input Use by MNC Subsidiaries: Which Determines FDI Spillovers?, Working Paper, Department of Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University).
A study on the link between labor migration and FDI shows them to be complementary rather than substitutes as standard trade theory would suggest. In a neoclassical model, for the capital-labor ratios to equalize, in the presence of factor mobility, either jobs flow to workers in the form of capital inflows or workers flow to jobs in the form of migration, in countries with relatively low capital-labor ratios. In this context, migration and FDI would be substitutes. However, if migration leads to information flows about investment opportunities in the origin country of workers entering the labor force in their destination country, there can be a dynamic complementarity between migration and subsequent FDI.
(See e.g. Maurice Kugler and Hillel Rapoport (2007), "International labour and capital flows: Substitutes or complements?" Economics Letters, Vol. 92, No. 2, pp. 155–162).
(See e.g. Souraya El Yaman, Maurice Kugler and Hillel Rapoport (2006), "Migration and Foreign Investments across the European Union: What are the Links?" Revue Economique, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 725–733).
Research on the impact of remittances to mitigate brain drain analyzes conditions under which migration can have a positive impact on human capital formation. There is a direct channel as remittance recipients overcome borrowing constraints to invest in schooling. And there is an indirect channel since the greater supply of human capital can generate creation of skilled jobs, through a thick-market externality. The likelihood that new human capital formation, associated with remittances, exceeds brain drain is higher in the context of well-functioning education systems and labor markets.
(See e.g. Kugler, Maurice, and Emanuela Lotti (2007), "Migrant Remittances, Human Capital Formation and Job Creation Externalities in Central America," Integration & Trade Journal 27 (July-December): 105-134).
(See e.g. Jonathan Eaton, Marcela Eslava, Maurice Kugler and James Tybout (2007), "Export Dynamics in Colombia: Firm-Level Evidence," NBER Working Paper No. 13531).
Research on the scope for learning from successful exporters, recent evidence from Argentina points to gains for nonexporters that supply intermediate inputs to exporters. While there widespread evidence that FDI generates learning from multinational subsidiaries, there is limited evidence that exporters, which are exceptional performers, create similar opportunities for spillovers. It appears that subsidiaries of multinational corporations do not generate spillovers unless they are exporters. This suggests that exporting spillovers can be a source of productivity growth.
(See e.g. Facundo Albornoz and Maurice Kugler (2008), "Exporting Spillovers: Firm-Level Evidence from Argentina," Working Paper eg0057, Department of Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University)
, in the UK. He has been visiting professor at Harvard and Stanford University
. Kugler has been awarded research grants by the NSF
and the Tinker Foundation in the U.S. as well as DfID and the ESRC in the U.K.. His research has been published widely in top economics academic journals. He has been adviser to the Central Bank and Government of Colombia, as well as consultant for the Inter-American Development Bank
and the World Bank
.
Colombian people
Colombian people are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in South America called Colombia. Colombians are predominantly Roman Catholic and are a mixture of Europeans, Africans, and Amerindians.-Demography:...
economist born in 1967. He received his Ph.D. in Economics from UC Berkeley in 2000, as well as a M.Sc.(Econ) and a B.Sc. (Econ) both from the London School of Economics
London School of Economics
The London School of Economics and Political Science is a public research university specialised in the social sciences located in London, United Kingdom, and a constituent college of the federal University of London...
. He was named in 2007 to the inaugural CIGI Chair in International Public Policy by the Laurier School of Business and Economics. In 2010, CIGI, the Centre for International Governance Innovation
Centre for International Governance Innovation
The Centre for International Governance Innovation is an independent, non-partisan think tank on global governance. Led by experienced practitioners and academics, CIGI supports research, forms networks, advances policy debate and generates ideas for multilateral governance improvements...
, jointly with University of Waterloo
University of Waterloo
The University of Waterloo is a comprehensive public university in the city of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The school was founded in 1957 by Drs. Gerry Hagey and Ira G. Needles, and has since grown to an institution of more than 30,000 students, faculty, and staff...
and Wilfrid Laurier University
Wilfrid Laurier University
Wilfrid Laurier University is a university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It also has campuses in Brantford, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario and Toronto, Ontario and a future proposed campus in Milton, Ontario. It is named in honour of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada....
launched the Balsillie School for International Affairs, under the sponsorship of the entrepreneur and philanthropist Jim Balsillie
Jim Balsillie
James Laurence "Jim" Balsillie is a Canadian businessman and co-CEO of the Canadian company Research In Motion. He is a member of the Trilateral Commission, a private political organization...
.
Research
Currently, Kugler conducts research on international trade, foreign direct investment and skilled migration. He explores how global market integration impacts on the prospects of economic growth and convergence for the poor in nations and regions. Since 2006, he has been Research Fellow at the Growth Lab of the Center for International Development in Harvard UniversityHarvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
, and since 2007, visiting scholar at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He has taught at Harvard, Los Andes, Southampton and Stanford Universities.
His publications can be found in the Review of Economics and Statistics (MIT Press
MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts .-History:...
), the Journal of Policy Reform (Routledge
Routledge
Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge...
), the Journal of Public Economics (Elsevier
Elsevier
Elsevier is a publishing company which publishes medical and scientific literature. It is a part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has operations in the United Kingdom, USA and elsewhere....
), the Journal of Development Economics (Elsevier
Elsevier
Elsevier is a publishing company which publishes medical and scientific literature. It is a part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has operations in the United Kingdom, USA and elsewhere....
), Economic Development and Cultural Change, Economics Letters
Economics Letters
Economics Letters is a scholarly peer-reviewed journal of economics that publishes concise communications that provide a means of rapid and efficient dissemination of new results, models and methods in all fields of economic research. Published by Elsevier. The current editor of the journal is...
and other prestigious academic journals.
Foreign Direct Investment
In his work on spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDIFDI
-Medical:* FDI World Dental Federation, Fédération dentaire internationale. The World Dental Federation also have an , also known as the FDI.* first dorsal interosseous, one of the four dorsal interossei muscles of the hand -Finance:* FDi magazine, a UK-based publication that covers foreign direct...
), Kugler has shown that the presence of multinational corporation affiliates (MNC
MNC
MNC may refer to:* Media Nusantara Citra, Indonesian media company and owner of RCTI, MNC TV, Sun TV, and Indovision** MNC The Indonesian Channel* Mobile Network Code* Monday Night Combat, a video game for the Xbox 360 and PC...
) can yield technological opportunities for host country producers in upstream sectors, especially when the MNC subsdiary is an exporter and the potential spillover recipient firm has absorptive capacity to adopt new technology. When subsidiaries and local firms are connected through the production chain, then FDI generates transmission of technological knowhow as input suppliers are the recipients of information from their clients.
(See e.g. Maurice Kugler (2006), "Spillovers from foreign direct investment: within or between industries? Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 444–477).
Other recent evidence of the impact of FDI on Venezuelan manufacturers shows that when MNC subsidiaries use the host country as an export platform, there tends to be more scope for FDI spillovers, especially within sectors as subsidiaries do not compete for the domestic market with local firms. In particular, the fact that exporter subsidiaries are more prone to transmit information to local firms implies that vertical FDI is more likely to generate spillovers. Since vertical FDI involves the import of components and assembly for exports, the incentive to prevent technology leakages to domestic firms is diminished, as they are not in the competitive fringe.
(See e.g. Blyde, Juan, Kugler, Maurice, Stein, Ernesto (2009) "Exporting or Local Input Use by MNC Subsidiaries: Which Determines FDI Spillovers?, Working Paper, Department of Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University).
A study on the link between labor migration and FDI shows them to be complementary rather than substitutes as standard trade theory would suggest. In a neoclassical model, for the capital-labor ratios to equalize, in the presence of factor mobility, either jobs flow to workers in the form of capital inflows or workers flow to jobs in the form of migration, in countries with relatively low capital-labor ratios. In this context, migration and FDI would be substitutes. However, if migration leads to information flows about investment opportunities in the origin country of workers entering the labor force in their destination country, there can be a dynamic complementarity between migration and subsequent FDI.
(See e.g. Maurice Kugler and Hillel Rapoport (2007), "International labour and capital flows: Substitutes or complements?" Economics Letters, Vol. 92, No. 2, pp. 155–162).
International Migration
Research on the determinants FDI location shows evidence consistent with the incorporation of skilled migrants into business networks at the destination country. The links created by these migrants appear to create opportunities for investors in the destination country for FDI project at the migrants' countries of origin. FDI creates jobs where workers have left because those workers convey information to MNC headquarters.(See e.g. Souraya El Yaman, Maurice Kugler and Hillel Rapoport (2006), "Migration and Foreign Investments across the European Union: What are the Links?" Revue Economique, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 725–733).
Research on the impact of remittances to mitigate brain drain analyzes conditions under which migration can have a positive impact on human capital formation. There is a direct channel as remittance recipients overcome borrowing constraints to invest in schooling. And there is an indirect channel since the greater supply of human capital can generate creation of skilled jobs, through a thick-market externality. The likelihood that new human capital formation, associated with remittances, exceeds brain drain is higher in the context of well-functioning education systems and labor markets.
(See e.g. Kugler, Maurice, and Emanuela Lotti (2007), "Migrant Remittances, Human Capital Formation and Job Creation Externalities in Central America," Integration & Trade Journal 27 (July-December): 105-134).
Exports
Research on export dynamics suggests that experimentation is an important component of the investment to establish presence in a new market, understood as a product and destination combination. Exporters need to receive a profitability signal when they export in different markets in order to know whether market penetration is likely to generate enough sales to cover fixed costs of market entry. Initially they export small quantities and depending on the signal received from customers, they either expand sales or cease to export in the new market. This pattern fits the experience of Colombian exporters.(See e.g. Jonathan Eaton, Marcela Eslava, Maurice Kugler and James Tybout (2007), "Export Dynamics in Colombia: Firm-Level Evidence," NBER Working Paper No. 13531).
Research on the scope for learning from successful exporters, recent evidence from Argentina points to gains for nonexporters that supply intermediate inputs to exporters. While there widespread evidence that FDI generates learning from multinational subsidiaries, there is limited evidence that exporters, which are exceptional performers, create similar opportunities for spillovers. It appears that subsidiaries of multinational corporations do not generate spillovers unless they are exporters. This suggests that exporting spillovers can be a source of productivity growth.
(See e.g. Facundo Albornoz and Maurice Kugler (2008), "Exporting Spillovers: Firm-Level Evidence from Argentina," Working Paper eg0057, Department of Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University)
Past Activities
In the past, Kugler has held academic positions at the economics departments of Universidad de Los Andes, in Colombia, and University of SouthamptonUniversity of Southampton
The University of Southampton is a British public university located in the city of Southampton, England, a member of the Russell Group. The origins of the university can be dated back to the founding of the Hartley Institution in 1862 by Henry Robertson Hartley. In 1902, the Institution developed...
, in the UK. He has been visiting professor at Harvard and Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
. Kugler has been awarded research grants by the NSF
National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health...
and the Tinker Foundation in the U.S. as well as DfID and the ESRC in the U.K.. His research has been published widely in top economics academic journals. He has been adviser to the Central Bank and Government of Colombia, as well as consultant for the Inter-American Development Bank
Inter-American Development Bank
The Inter-American Development Bank is the largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean...
and the World Bank
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...
.
External links
- Faculty profile at Wilfrid Laurier UniversityWilfrid Laurier UniversityWilfrid Laurier University is a university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It also has campuses in Brantford, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario and Toronto, Ontario and a future proposed campus in Milton, Ontario. It is named in honour of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada....
- Papers at John F. Kennedy School of GovernmentJohn F. Kennedy School of GovernmentThe John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University is a public policy and public administration school, and one of Harvard's graduate and professional schools...
at Harvard UniversityHarvard UniversityHarvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country... - Profile and Papers at Research Papers in EconomicsResearch Papers in EconomicsResearch Papers in Economics is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in 57 countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics. The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers, preprints, journal articles and software components. The project started...
/RePEc - Publications at the National Bureau of Economic ResearchNational Bureau of Economic ResearchThe National Bureau of Economic Research is an American private nonprofit research organization "committed to undertaking and disseminating unbiased economic research among public policymakers, business professionals, and the academic community." The NBER is well known for providing start and end...