Mayrouba
Encyclopedia
Mayrouba is a village in Keserwan District
, Mount Lebanon Governorate
, Lebanon
. It sits at an altitude of 1300 metres (4,265.1 ft). The population of Mayrouba is almost exclusively Maronite Catholic, part of the Eastern Catholic Churches. There are several Stone age
archaeological sites in the vicinity that have defined the location as the type site of the Mayroubian
culture.
by the way to Faraya. It is a large site on top of a plateau
to the north of the village situated in sandstone
at an altitude of approximately 1400 metres (4,593.2 ft). It was discovered by Paulist Fathers
from Harissa
. Collections were made from the site by P.R. Gigues and various Jesuits including Maurice Tallon
, Auguste Bergy
, Francis Hours
and Henri Fleisch
. Fleisch admitted that it was not the best choice for a type site
due to the possibility of mixed industries however he published it as a transitional site with successive occupations between peoples of the Middle Paleolithic
and Upper Paleolithic
.
Finds of predominantly blue-grey Upper Jurassic flints included an emphasized Upper Paleolithic
element with finds of two Emireh point
s by Lorraine Copeland
and R. Khawam in 1965. Artefacts included numerous burins, end scrapers, thick blades, steep scrapers, bladelet cores, tortoise cores, discoid cores, point cores and miniature flake cores. Collections from the site have been dispersed but a large number have been retained by Saint Joseph University.
and determined as a Mayroubian
site in a wooded, uncultivated area on sandstone
at an altitude of approximately 1460 metres (4,790 ft).
in 1964 and determined as a Mayroubian site and lies undisturbed amongst pine
s.
in 1964 and determined as a Mayroubian site. A collection was made by Hours, Jacques Tixier
and Lorraine Copeland
in 1965 of mostly cores and burins but including an Emireh point
. It lies undisturbed amongst screes.
, Jacques Tixier and Lorraine Copeland
. The tools found indicated it to be a Mayroubian site and included an Emireh point
, they are held by the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory
.
Keserwan District
Keserwan is a district in the Mount Lebanon Governorate , Lebanon, to the northeast of the Lebanon's capital Beirut...
, Mount Lebanon Governorate
Mount Lebanon Governorate
Mount Lebanon is one of the Governorates of Lebanon. Its capital is Baabda. The overwhelming majority of its population is Maronites, Greek Orthodox, and Melkite Greek Catholic Christians...
, Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
. It sits at an altitude of 1300 metres (4,265.1 ft). The population of Mayrouba is almost exclusively Maronite Catholic, part of the Eastern Catholic Churches. There are several Stone age
Stone Age
The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric period, lasting about 2.5 million years , during which humans and their predecessor species in the genus Homo, as well as the earlier partly contemporary genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus, widely used exclusively stone as their hard material in the...
archaeological sites in the vicinity that have defined the location as the type site of the Mayroubian
Mayroubian
The Mayroubian is a culture of the Lebanese Stone Age. Archaeological sites of this culture occur in the earliest, cretaceous, sandstone layer at altitudes of over in the districts of Meten, Chouf and Kesrouan....
culture.
Mayrouba I
Mayrouba I is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) east northeast of JunieJunie
Junie may refer to:*Junie 5, a 1981 solo album recorded by multi-instrumentalist Walter "Junie" Morrison*Junie B. Jones, a fictional character in a children's series written by Barbara Park**Junie B...
by the way to Faraya. It is a large site on top of a plateau
Plateau
In geology and earth science, a plateau , also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau...
to the north of the village situated in sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any colour, but the most common colours are tan, brown, yellow,...
at an altitude of approximately 1400 metres (4,593.2 ft). It was discovered by Paulist Fathers
Paulist Fathers
The Missionary Society of Saint Paul the Apostle, better known as the Paulist Fathers, is a Roman Catholic religious society for men founded in New York City in 1858 by Servant of God Fr. Isaac Thomas Hecker in collaboration with Fr. George Deshon, Fr. Augustine Hewit, and Fr. Francis A. Baker....
from Harissa
Harissa, Lebanon
Harissa is a mountain village in Lebanon. The village, which is located 650 meters above sea level, is home to an important Lebanese pilgrimage site, Our Lady of Lebanon. The village is located 20 km north of Beirut Beirut, and it accessible from the coastal city of Jounieh either by road...
. Collections were made from the site by P.R. Gigues and various Jesuits including Maurice Tallon
Maurice Tallon
Reverend Father Maurice Edouard Tallon, born 22 October 1906 in Mornant, France is a French Jesuit archaeologist notable for his work on prehistory in Lebanon. He was son of Edouard Tallon and attended Mongre College, .-References:...
, Auguste Bergy
Auguste Bergy
Reverend Father Auguste Bergy, born 1873 in France and died 31 August 1955 was a French Jesuit archaeologist notable for his work on prehistory in Lebanon.He is known particularly for excavations and studies at the Sands of Beirut and at Ras Beirut...
, Francis Hours
Francis Hours
Reverend Father Francis Hours, born 1921 in France and died 1987 was a French Jesuit archaeologist known for his work on prehistory in the Levant....
and Henri Fleisch
Henri Fleisch
Reverend Father Henri Fleisch, born January 1 1904 in Jonvelle , France and died 10 February 1985 in Lebanon where he was buried. He was a French archaeologist, missionary and Orientalist, known for his work on classical Arabic language and Lebanese dialect and prehistory in Lebanon.He entered the...
. Fleisch admitted that it was not the best choice for a type site
Type site
In archaeology a type site is a site that is considered the model of a particular archaeological culture...
due to the possibility of mixed industries however he published it as a transitional site with successive occupations between peoples of the Middle Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic
The Middle Paleolithic is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. The term Middle Stone Age is used as an equivalent or a synonym for the Middle Paleolithic in African archeology. The Middle Paleolithic and the Middle Stone Age...
and Upper Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
The Upper Paleolithic is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. Very broadly it dates to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago, roughly coinciding with the appearance of behavioral modernity and before the advent of...
.
Finds of predominantly blue-grey Upper Jurassic flints included an emphasized Upper Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
The Upper Paleolithic is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. Very broadly it dates to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago, roughly coinciding with the appearance of behavioral modernity and before the advent of...
element with finds of two Emireh point
Emireh point
An Emireh point is a microlith made out of a triangular flake of flint. The bulbs are eliminated or reduced via a process of retouching from both surfaces. The Emireh point is the type tool of stage one of the Upper Paleolithic, first identified in the Emirian culture....
s by Lorraine Copeland
Lorraine Copeland
Lorraine Copeland is an archaeologist specialising in the Palaeolithic period of the Near East. Her husband was Miles Axe Copeland Jr, and they had four children, all of whom have gone on to have notable careers: Miles Copeland III, Ian, Lorraine and Stewart Copeland.Lorraine Copeland was born in...
and R. Khawam in 1965. Artefacts included numerous burins, end scrapers, thick blades, steep scrapers, bladelet cores, tortoise cores, discoid cores, point cores and miniature flake cores. Collections from the site have been dispersed but a large number have been retained by Saint Joseph University.
Mayrouba II
Mayrouba II is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of Mayrouba found by Francis HoursFrancis Hours
Reverend Father Francis Hours, born 1921 in France and died 1987 was a French Jesuit archaeologist known for his work on prehistory in the Levant....
and determined as a Mayroubian
Mayroubian
The Mayroubian is a culture of the Lebanese Stone Age. Archaeological sites of this culture occur in the earliest, cretaceous, sandstone layer at altitudes of over in the districts of Meten, Chouf and Kesrouan....
site in a wooded, uncultivated area on sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any colour, but the most common colours are tan, brown, yellow,...
at an altitude of approximately 1460 metres (4,790 ft).
Mayrouba III
Mayrouba III (Ain-bou-Grasse) is on the other side of the crest of a hill from Mayrouba I in a wooded area at an altitude of approximately 1460 metres (4,790 ft). It was found by Francis HoursFrancis Hours
Reverend Father Francis Hours, born 1921 in France and died 1987 was a French Jesuit archaeologist known for his work on prehistory in the Levant....
in 1964 and determined as a Mayroubian site and lies undisturbed amongst pine
Pine
Pines are trees in the genus Pinus ,in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species.-Etymology:...
s.
Mayrouba IV
Mayrouba IV is on a small plateau north of the road between Jebel Mazloum and Mayrouba, east of a track leading to Ain-bou-Grasse, 100 metres (328.1 ft) west of Mayrouba I. It was found by Francis HoursFrancis Hours
Reverend Father Francis Hours, born 1921 in France and died 1987 was a French Jesuit archaeologist known for his work on prehistory in the Levant....
in 1964 and determined as a Mayroubian site. A collection was made by Hours, Jacques Tixier
Jacques Tixier
right|250px|thumb|Jacques TixierJacques Tixier was a French archaeologist and Prehistorian notable for his work on prehistory in Qatar and Lebanon. He led the first French archaeological mission to Qatar in 1976.-External Links:*...
and Lorraine Copeland
Lorraine Copeland
Lorraine Copeland is an archaeologist specialising in the Palaeolithic period of the Near East. Her husband was Miles Axe Copeland Jr, and they had four children, all of whom have gone on to have notable careers: Miles Copeland III, Ian, Lorraine and Stewart Copeland.Lorraine Copeland was born in...
in 1965 of mostly cores and burins but including an Emireh point
Emireh point
An Emireh point is a microlith made out of a triangular flake of flint. The bulbs are eliminated or reduced via a process of retouching from both surfaces. The Emireh point is the type tool of stage one of the Upper Paleolithic, first identified in the Emirian culture....
. It lies undisturbed amongst screes.
Mayrouba V
Mayrouba V (Ain Berdet) is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northwest of Mayrouba at an altitude of approximately 1293 metres (4,242.1 ft) on the slopes of a wooded hill. It was found by Francis Hours in 1964, determined as a Mayroubian site and lies undisturbed.Mayrouba VI
Mayrouba VI ("Site Tixier") is 100 metres (328.1 ft) south of Mayrouba I in a wood sloping towards the road to Mayrouba. It was found undisturbed in 1965 by Francis HoursFrancis Hours
Reverend Father Francis Hours, born 1921 in France and died 1987 was a French Jesuit archaeologist known for his work on prehistory in the Levant....
, Jacques Tixier and Lorraine Copeland
Lorraine Copeland
Lorraine Copeland is an archaeologist specialising in the Palaeolithic period of the Near East. Her husband was Miles Axe Copeland Jr, and they had four children, all of whom have gone on to have notable careers: Miles Copeland III, Ian, Lorraine and Stewart Copeland.Lorraine Copeland was born in...
. The tools found indicated it to be a Mayroubian site and included an Emireh point
Emireh point
An Emireh point is a microlith made out of a triangular flake of flint. The bulbs are eliminated or reduced via a process of retouching from both surfaces. The Emireh point is the type tool of stage one of the Upper Paleolithic, first identified in the Emirian culture....
, they are held by the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory
Museum of Lebanese Prehistory
The Museum of Lebanese Prehistory is a museum of prehistory and archaeology in Beirut, Lebanon.-History:...
.