Michel Chartrand
Encyclopedia
Michel Chartrand was an union activist
and leader from Quebec
.
Born in Outremont
and trained as a typography
and print worker, Chartrand become involved in union activism in the 1940s. During the Grande Noirceur
, he took part in major strike actions
such as the Asbestos Strike
in 1949, the Louiseville Strike in 1952 and the Murdochville Strike
in 1957. In 1968, he become president of the Montreal central council of the Confédération des syndicats nationaux
(CSN). In 1970, during the October crisis
, he was arrested without a warrant and put in jail for four months. He was president of the CSN Montreal central council until 1978.
During the 1980s, he took action for the rights of injured workers; he created the Fondation pour l’aide aux travailleuses et les travailleurs accidentés (FATA) in 1984. He promoted progressive values and syndicalism
in the media until the end of his life. He endorsed Québec Solidaire
.
Chartrand is considered to have been a promoter of socialism
, a severe critic of capitalism and a leading figure of syndicalism in Quebec. He was married to feminist writer and union activist Simonne Monet-Chartrand
.
neighborhood of Outremont, he studied at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf
secondary school
and collège Sainte-Thérèse. In 1933, he trained to be a Trappist monk
, but left after two years and worked with a Roman Catholic Church
youth movement. In the 1939 Quebec election
, he campaigned for the Action libérale nationale
(ALN) party. In 1940, he enrolled in a history course at the Université de Montréal
taught by Lionel Groulx
, a Quebec nationalist
Roman Catholic priest.
Chartrand is reported to have joined the Canadian Officer Training Corps in 1941 following the outbreak of World War II
in September 1939. This program, conducted across Canada, allowed university students to be credited with military service while continuing their studies without being posted to active duty. Chartrand protested that the Canadian Army documents were only in the English language
, and returned to the Trappists' monastery in the village of Oka, Quebec
.
, Michel Chartrand became an outspoken opponent and joined the Bloc populaire canadien
movement to campaign against conscription.
In February 1942, he was married to Simonne Monet by Father Lionel Groulx
at the Notre-Dame Basilica
. By the time the Parliament of Canada
put the military draft in place in November 1944, Chartrand was the father of seven children.
In the 1945 federal election
, he was the Bloc Populaire candidate in the Chambly-Rouville riding. He lost in a landslide to his Liberal Party of Canada
opponent.
by local mine workers. In 1950, he became active with the executive committee of the Catholic Workers Confederation of Canada (CTCC). Involved with a number of union operations, in 1953 Chartrand became a salaried member of the union's executive committee. After internal disputes, he was fired from his job. However, after appealing the decision, a tribunal under Pierre Trudeau
reinstated him.
In 1954, Chartrand stood for election to the post of secretary-general of the union but was defeated by Jean Marchand
. In 1956, he joined the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a social democratic
federal political party headed in Quebec by Thérèse Casgrain
. Chartrand was appointed a Quebec delegate to the party's convention in Winnipeg, Manitoba. As a result, a Quebec branch of the party was organized under the name Parti social démocratique du Québec
. Chartrand was the party's candidate in the Chambly riding in the 1956 provincial election
, but was badly defeated. His union duties involved numerous high-profile strikes, and he was seen by some as a future leader of the movement and was leader of the party from 1957 until 1960.
Chartrand ran for the CCF in the 1958 federal election
as a candidate in the town of Arvida, Quebec
. Despite a strong union base, he nevertheless lost by a wide margin. In 1959, Chartrand tried again for public office, running in a Quebec provincial by-election
in Lac Saint-Jean, Quebec, but once again was badly defeated. His frustration became evident through his growing extremist remarks, and in 1959, the union forced him to resign from its executive committee. He was then hired to work at the printing office of the Parti social-démocratique, and was a delegate again to the CCF's convention in Winnipeg.
(CSN). Chartrand took part in the Peace movement
, participating in demonstrations and marches against nuclear
proliferation and other causes. An admirer of the communist revolution in Cuba
and its leader Fidel Castro
, in 1963 Chartrand accompanied a group on a month-long visit to Cuba. On his return to Quebec, he called Cuba "a paradise" and held it out as a symbol of what Quebec should become. Chartrand then helped found the Parti socialiste du Québec (Socialist Party of Quebec), and, as its president, soon began supporting the Quebec sovereignty movement
, the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale
(RIN).
, serving in that position until 1978. By the end of the 1960s, his views had radicalized. As a member of the Quebec sovereignty movement, Chartrand staunchly supported the Front de libération du Québec
(FLQ) terrorists saying, "We are going to win because there are more boys ready to shoot Members of Parliament than there are policemen."
During the October Crisis
, when asked by a reporter about the ordeal the family of kidnapped British trade commissioner James Cross
was being put through, Chartrand stated: "I have no more sympathy for Mrs. Cross than for the wives of thousands of men without jobs in Quebec at the present time." Even after the murder of Quebec vice-premier Pierre Laporte
, Chartrand remained steadfast in his beliefs. On October 15, 1975, five years after the October Crisis, FLQ and Front de rassemblement d'action populaire members and supporters met at the Paul-Sauvé Centre in Montreal
where Michel Chartrand addressed the crowd.
In the 1998 Quebec election
, he again ran for political office. He represented the Rassemblement pour l'alternative progressiste
(now Québec solidaire
) against Lucien Bouchard
in Jonquière, finishing third with 14% of the votes.
's lives were the subject of a mini TV series broadcast in 2000 and re-broadcast in 2003 entitled Chartrand et Simonne
. Chartrand was also the subject of a 1991 National Film Board of Canada
documentary Un homme de parole.
Syndicalism
Syndicalism is a type of economic system proposed as a replacement for capitalism and an alternative to state socialism, which uses federations of collectivised trade unions or industrial unions...
and leader from Quebec
Quebec
Quebec or is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level....
.
Born in Outremont
Outremont
Outremont may refer to:*Outremont, Quebec - a borough and former town in Montreal*Outremont - a Canadian federal electoral district*Outremont - a Quebec provincial electoral district...
and trained as a typography
Typography
Typography is the art and technique of arranging type in order to make language visible. The arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading , adjusting the spaces between groups of letters and adjusting the space between pairs of letters...
and print worker, Chartrand become involved in union activism in the 1940s. During the Grande Noirceur
Grande Noirceur
The Grande Noirceur is the name that critics of Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis's regime have given to the conservative policies undertaken by the provincial government in the 1936-1939 and 1944-1959 period of Quebec history.-Rural areas:...
, he took part in major strike actions
Strike action
Strike action, also called labour strike, on strike, greve , or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labour became...
such as the Asbestos Strike
Asbestos Strike
The Asbestos Strike of 1949, based in and around Asbestos, Quebec, Canada, was a four-month labour dispute by the asbestos miners. It has traditionally been portrayed as a turning point in Quebec history that helped lead to the Quiet Revolution...
in 1949, the Louiseville Strike in 1952 and the Murdochville Strike
Murdochville strike
The Murdochville strike was a notable mining strike in Quebec during the regime of Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis. It provided the impetus and inspiration for other labour leaders to emerge and future calls for labour rights to become vocalized ....
in 1957. In 1968, he become president of the Montreal central council of the Confédération des syndicats nationaux
Confédération des Syndicats Nationaux
The Confédération des syndicats nationaux , is the second largest trade union federation in Quebec by membership.- History :...
(CSN). In 1970, during the October crisis
October Crisis
The October Crisis was a series of events triggered by two kidnappings of government officials by members of the Front de libération du Québec during October 1970 in the province of Quebec, mainly in the Montreal metropolitan area.The circumstances ultimately culminated in the only peacetime use...
, he was arrested without a warrant and put in jail for four months. He was president of the CSN Montreal central council until 1978.
During the 1980s, he took action for the rights of injured workers; he created the Fondation pour l’aide aux travailleuses et les travailleurs accidentés (FATA) in 1984. He promoted progressive values and syndicalism
Syndicalism
Syndicalism is a type of economic system proposed as a replacement for capitalism and an alternative to state socialism, which uses federations of collectivised trade unions or industrial unions...
in the media until the end of his life. He endorsed Québec Solidaire
Québec Solidaire
Québec solidaire is a democratic socialist and sovereigntist political party in Quebec, Canada, that was created on 4 February 2006 in Montreal. It was formed by the merger of the left-wing party Union des forces progressistes and the alter-globalization political movement Option Citoyenne, led...
.
Chartrand is considered to have been a promoter of socialism
Socialism
Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...
, a severe critic of capitalism and a leading figure of syndicalism in Quebec. He was married to feminist writer and union activist Simonne Monet-Chartrand
Simonne Monet-Chartrand
Simonne Monet-Chartrand was a Canadian activist. Simonne was married to Michel Chartrand. She was heavily into women rights, and feminism. She was a social activist and a speaker...
.
Education
Born in the MontrealMontreal
Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...
neighborhood of Outremont, he studied at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf
Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf
Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf is a private French-language educational institution offering secondary school and CEGEP college-level instruction in Montreal, Quebec. It is a co-ed establishment for students in their final year of secondary school and in college. It is boys-only in the first four years...
secondary school
Secondary school
Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place...
and collège Sainte-Thérèse. In 1933, he trained to be a Trappist monk
Trappists
The Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance , or Trappists, is a Roman Catholic religious order of cloistered contemplative monks who follow the Rule of St. Benedict...
, but left after two years and worked with a Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
youth movement. In the 1939 Quebec election
Quebec general election, 1939
The Quebec general election of 1939 was held on October 25, 1939 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada...
, he campaigned for the Action libérale nationale
Action libérale nationale
The Action libérale nationale was a short-lived provincial political party in Quebec, Canada. It was founded during the Great Depression and led by Paul Gouin. The ALN played an important role in the foundation of the Union Nationale.-Origin and beliefs:The party was created in 1934 by...
(ALN) party. In 1940, he enrolled in a history course at the Université de Montréal
Université de Montréal
The Université de Montréal is a public francophone research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It comprises thirteen faculties, more than sixty departments and two affiliated schools: the École Polytechnique and HEC Montréal...
taught by Lionel Groulx
Lionel Groulx
Lionel-Adolphe Groulx was a Roman Catholic priest, historian and Quebec nationalist. -Early life and ordination:Groulx was born at Chenaux, Quebec, Canada, the son of a farmer and lumberjack, and died in Vaudreuil, Quebec. After his seminary training and studies in Europe, he taught at Valleyfield...
, a Quebec nationalist
Quebec nationalism
Quebec nationalism is a nationalist movement in the Canadian province of Quebec .-1534–1774:Canada was first a french colony. Jacques Cartier claimed it for France in 1534, and permanent French settlement began in 1608. It was part of New France, which constituted all French colonies in North America...
Roman Catholic priest.
Chartrand is reported to have joined the Canadian Officer Training Corps in 1941 following the outbreak of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
in September 1939. This program, conducted across Canada, allowed university students to be credited with military service while continuing their studies without being posted to active duty. Chartrand protested that the Canadian Army documents were only in the English language
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
, and returned to the Trappists' monastery in the village of Oka, Quebec
Oka, Quebec
-References:...
.
Opponent of conscription
Following the federal government's 1942 announcement of a national plebiscite on military conscriptionConscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
, Michel Chartrand became an outspoken opponent and joined the Bloc populaire canadien
Bloc populaire canadien
The Bloc populaire canadien was a political party in the Canadian province of Quebec from 1942 to 1947. It was founded on September 8, 1942 by opponents of conscription during World War II...
movement to campaign against conscription.
In February 1942, he was married to Simonne Monet by Father Lionel Groulx
Lionel Groulx
Lionel-Adolphe Groulx was a Roman Catholic priest, historian and Quebec nationalist. -Early life and ordination:Groulx was born at Chenaux, Quebec, Canada, the son of a farmer and lumberjack, and died in Vaudreuil, Quebec. After his seminary training and studies in Europe, he taught at Valleyfield...
at the Notre-Dame Basilica
Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)
Notre-Dame Basilica is a basilica in the historic district of Old Montreal, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The church is located at 110 Notre-Dame Street West, at the corner of Saint Sulpice Street...
. By the time the Parliament of Canada
Parliament of Canada
The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa. Formally, the body consists of the Canadian monarch—represented by her governor general—the Senate, and the House of Commons, each element having its own officers and...
put the military draft in place in November 1944, Chartrand was the father of seven children.
In the 1945 federal election
Canadian federal election, 1945
The Canadian federal election of 1945 was the 20th general election in Canadian history. It was held June 11, 1945 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 20th Parliament of Canada...
, he was the Bloc Populaire candidate in the Chambly-Rouville riding. He lost in a landslide to his Liberal Party of Canada
Liberal Party of Canada
The Liberal Party of Canada , colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federally registered party in Canada. In the conventional political spectrum, the party sits between the centre and the centre-left. Historically the Liberal Party has positioned itself to the left of the Conservative...
opponent.
Seeking elected office
In 1948, his fifth child was born, and the following year he went to the Asbestos Region to participate in the Asbestos StrikeAsbestos Strike
The Asbestos Strike of 1949, based in and around Asbestos, Quebec, Canada, was a four-month labour dispute by the asbestos miners. It has traditionally been portrayed as a turning point in Quebec history that helped lead to the Quiet Revolution...
by local mine workers. In 1950, he became active with the executive committee of the Catholic Workers Confederation of Canada (CTCC). Involved with a number of union operations, in 1953 Chartrand became a salaried member of the union's executive committee. After internal disputes, he was fired from his job. However, after appealing the decision, a tribunal under Pierre Trudeau
Pierre Trudeau
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, , usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 4, 1979, and again from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984.Trudeau began his political career campaigning for socialist ideals,...
reinstated him.
In 1954, Chartrand stood for election to the post of secretary-general of the union but was defeated by Jean Marchand
Jean Marchand
Jean Marchand, PC, CC was a well known French Canadian public figure, trade unionist and politician in Quebec, Canada....
. In 1956, he joined the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a social democratic
Social democracy
Social democracy is a political ideology of the center-left on the political spectrum. Social democracy is officially a form of evolutionary reformist socialism. It supports class collaboration as the course to achieve socialism...
federal political party headed in Quebec by Thérèse Casgrain
Thérèse Casgrain
Marie Thérèse Forget Casgrain, was a feminist, reformer, politician and senator in Quebec, Canada.Thérèse Casgrain was raised in a wealthy family, the daughter of Lady Blanche MacDonald and Sir Rodolphe Forget...
. Chartrand was appointed a Quebec delegate to the party's convention in Winnipeg, Manitoba. As a result, a Quebec branch of the party was organized under the name Parti social démocratique du Québec
Parti social démocratique du Québec
The Parti social démocratique du Québec was the Quebec wing of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. It was founded in 1939 as the Fédération du Commonwealth Coopératif and was led by Thérèse Casgrain from 1951 to 1957 and by Michel Chartrand from 1957 to 1960...
. Chartrand was the party's candidate in the Chambly riding in the 1956 provincial election
Quebec general election, 1956
The Quebec general election of 1956 was held on June 20, 1956 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis, won re-election, defeating the Quebec Liberal Party, led by Georges-Émile Lapalme.This was the fifth and final...
, but was badly defeated. His union duties involved numerous high-profile strikes, and he was seen by some as a future leader of the movement and was leader of the party from 1957 until 1960.
Chartrand ran for the CCF in the 1958 federal election
Canadian federal election, 1958
The Canadian federal election of 1958 was the 24th general election in Canada's history. It was held to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 24th Parliament of Canada on March 31, 1958, just nine months after the 23rd election...
as a candidate in the town of Arvida, Quebec
Jonquière, Quebec
Jonquière was a city on the Saguenay River in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada, near Chicoutimi. In 2002, Jonquière became an arrondissement, or borough, of the merged city of Saguenay....
. Despite a strong union base, he nevertheless lost by a wide margin. In 1959, Chartrand tried again for public office, running in a Quebec provincial by-election
By-election
A by-election is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections....
in Lac Saint-Jean, Quebec, but once again was badly defeated. His frustration became evident through his growing extremist remarks, and in 1959, the union forced him to resign from its executive committee. He was then hired to work at the printing office of the Parti social-démocratique, and was a delegate again to the CCF's convention in Winnipeg.
Peace advocacy and socialism
In 1960, the Confederation of Catholic Workers of Canada changed its name to the Confédération des syndicats nationauxConfédération des Syndicats Nationaux
The Confédération des syndicats nationaux , is the second largest trade union federation in Quebec by membership.- History :...
(CSN). Chartrand took part in the Peace movement
Peace movement
A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war , minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace...
, participating in demonstrations and marches against nuclear
Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. The first fission bomb test released the same amount...
proliferation and other causes. An admirer of the communist revolution in Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
and its leader Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a Cuban revolutionary and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's foundation in 1961 until 2011...
, in 1963 Chartrand accompanied a group on a month-long visit to Cuba. On his return to Quebec, he called Cuba "a paradise" and held it out as a symbol of what Quebec should become. Chartrand then helped found the Parti socialiste du Québec (Socialist Party of Quebec), and, as its president, soon began supporting the Quebec sovereignty movement
Quebec sovereignty movement
The Quebec sovereignty movement refers to both the political movement and the ideology of values, concepts and ideas that promote the secession of the province of Quebec from the rest of Canada...
, the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale
Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale
The Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale was a political organization dedicated to the promotion of Quebec national independence from Canada.-History:...
(RIN).
Radicalism
In 1968, Michel Chartrand was elected president of the Montréal Central Council of the Confédération des syndicats nationauxConfédération des Syndicats Nationaux
The Confédération des syndicats nationaux , is the second largest trade union federation in Quebec by membership.- History :...
, serving in that position until 1978. By the end of the 1960s, his views had radicalized. As a member of the Quebec sovereignty movement, Chartrand staunchly supported the Front de libération du Québec
Front de libération du Québec
The Front de libération du Québec was a left-wing Quebecois nationalist and Marxist-Leninist paramilitary group in Quebec, Canada. It was active between 1963 and 1970, and was regarded as a terrorist organization for its violent methods of action...
(FLQ) terrorists saying, "We are going to win because there are more boys ready to shoot Members of Parliament than there are policemen."
During the October Crisis
October Crisis
The October Crisis was a series of events triggered by two kidnappings of government officials by members of the Front de libération du Québec during October 1970 in the province of Quebec, mainly in the Montreal metropolitan area.The circumstances ultimately culminated in the only peacetime use...
, when asked by a reporter about the ordeal the family of kidnapped British trade commissioner James Cross
James Cross
James Richard Cross, CMG was a British diplomat in Canada who was kidnapped by the Front de libération du Québec terrorist group during the October Crisis of October 1970....
was being put through, Chartrand stated: "I have no more sympathy for Mrs. Cross than for the wives of thousands of men without jobs in Quebec at the present time." Even after the murder of Quebec vice-premier Pierre Laporte
Pierre Laporte
Pierre Laporte was a Canadian lawyer, journalist and politician who was the Deputy Premier and Minister of Labour of the province of Quebec before being kidnapped and killed by members of the group Front de libération du Québec during the October Crisis. Mr...
, Chartrand remained steadfast in his beliefs. On October 15, 1975, five years after the October Crisis, FLQ and Front de rassemblement d'action populaire members and supporters met at the Paul-Sauvé Centre in Montreal
Montreal
Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...
where Michel Chartrand addressed the crowd.
In the 1998 Quebec election
Quebec general election, 1998
The Quebec general election of 1998 was held on November 30, 1998, to elect members of the National Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Parti Québécois, led by Lucien Bouchard, won re-election, defeating the Quebec Liberal Party, led by Jean Charest.After the narrow defeat of...
, he again ran for political office. He represented the Rassemblement pour l'alternative progressiste
Rassemblement pour l'alternative progressiste
The Rassemblement pour l'alternative progressiste or RAP originated as the Rassemblement pour l'alternative politique, a social movement founded in 1996 as an attempt to unite the progressive and leftist forces in Quebec, Canada...
(now Québec solidaire
Québec Solidaire
Québec solidaire is a democratic socialist and sovereigntist political party in Quebec, Canada, that was created on 4 February 2006 in Montreal. It was formed by the merger of the left-wing party Union des forces progressistes and the alter-globalization political movement Option Citoyenne, led...
) against Lucien Bouchard
Lucien Bouchard
Lucien Bouchard, is a Canadian lawyer, diplomat, politician and former Minister of the Environment of the Canadian Federal Government. He was the Leader of Opposition in the Canadian House of Commons from 1993 to 1996, and the 27th Premier of Quebec from January 29, 1996 to March 8, 2001...
in Jonquière, finishing third with 14% of the votes.
In film
Michel Chartrand and Simonne MonetSimonne Monet-Chartrand
Simonne Monet-Chartrand was a Canadian activist. Simonne was married to Michel Chartrand. She was heavily into women rights, and feminism. She was a social activist and a speaker...
's lives were the subject of a mini TV series broadcast in 2000 and re-broadcast in 2003 entitled Chartrand et Simonne
Chartrand et Simonne
Chartrand et Simonne is a French-Canadian television mini-series which aired in 2000, exclusively on Radio-Canada. The series originally only had two parts but it was expanded into 6 parts and re-aired in 2003 on Télé-Québec. Currently, Télé-Québec airs the program on a regular basis...
. Chartrand was also the subject of a 1991 National Film Board of Canada
National Film Board of Canada
The National Film Board of Canada is Canada's twelve-time Academy Award-winning public film producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes documentary, animation, alternative drama and digital media productions...
documentary Un homme de parole.