Michel Maffesoli
Encyclopedia
Michel Maffesoli is a French sociologist of italian origin.

He is a former pupil of Gilbert Durand
Gilbert Durand
Gilbert Durand is a French academic known for his work on the imagination and mythology.He was teacher of philosophy from 1947 to 1956, then professor of Sociology and Anthropology at Grenoble II. Gilbert Durand was the co-founder - with Léon Cellier and Paul Deschamps in 1966 - and the director...

 and is at present a professor at the Paris Descartes University. Michel Maffesoli made a work around the issue of social link community, the prevalence of imagination and everyday life in contemporary societies. His work contributes to the postmodern paradigm approach. Director of the magazines Sociétés and Les Cahiers Européens de l'imaginaire
Cahiers Européens de l'Imaginaire
Cahiers Européens de l’Imaginaire is a French social science and humanities journal directed by Michaël V. Dandrieux and Vincenzo Susca...

, he is also the Secretary General of the Center for Research on the imagination and a member of the scientific committee of several international journals, including Social Movement Studies, Space and Culture and Sociologia Internationalis.

Maffesoli Michel was awarded the Grand Prix des Sciences de l'Académie française
Académie française
L'Académie française , also called the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII. Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution,...

 in 1992 for La transfiguration du politique. He is Vice-President of the Institut international de Sociologie, founded in 1893 by René Worms, and member of the Institut Universitaire de France
Institut Universitaire de France
The Institut Universitaire de France, abbreviated by the acronym IUF is a French service of the Ministry of Higher Education that distinguishes each year a small number of teacher-researchers for their research excellence, as evidenced by their international...

 since September 2008, after a very controversial nomination. More generally, Michel Maffesoli has been the subject of much controversy in both scientific and professional, the most famous of those is about the thesis which he directed and made to support Elizabeth Teissier.

Sociological activities

In 1972, Michel Maffesoli was co-director of the team of urban sociology in Grenoble (ESU). He developed a reflection on space which he continued in his work on nomadism (Du Nomadisme, Vagabondages initiatiques, La Table ronde, 1997). His works were marked by the stamp of Pierre Sansot and Jean Duvignaud
Jean Duvignaud
Jean Duvignaud was a French novelist and sociologist.Duvignaud was a secondary school teacher at Abbeville then at Étampes where he taught Georges Perec. After submitting his doctoral thesis he taught at the University of Tours...

, who were members of the jury of his thesis in 1978. Maffesoli gave the space a founder dimension for the social link and the expression of subjectivity forms.

In 1978, Michel Maffesoli was selected by Julien Freund as a lecturer in Strasbourg
Strasbourg
Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking,...

. Freund also proposed him to host the Institute of Polemology whose a report can be found in his later works, under the theme of the founder conflict (La violence fondatrice, 1978), the conflictual society (thesis, 1981), and the use of the myth of Dionysus
Dionysus
Dionysus was the god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness and ecstasy in Greek mythology. His name in Linear B tablets shows he was worshipped from c. 1500—1100 BC by Mycenean Greeks: other traces of Dionysian-type cult have been found in ancient Minoan Crete...

 as regenerator disorder (L’Ombre de Dionysos, 1982).

In 1982, he founded with Georges Balandier
Georges Balandier
Georges Balandier is a French sociologist, anthropologist and ethnologist noted for his research in Sub-Saharan Africa...

 the Centre d'études sur l'actuel et le quotidien (CEAQ), a research laboratory in the humanities and social sciences at the Paris Descartes University, at the Sorbonne. He is currently the leader.

Criticism from the scientific community

Within the scientific community of French sociologists, scientificity of Maffesoli's works is often questioned, especially since the issue around the thesis of Elizabeth Teissier "has created great controversy within the community [of French sociologists and beyond], and has led many sociologists to intervene in order to challenge the legitimacy ". On this controversial issue, Maffesoli presented arguments on his methods, particularly through the new edition of his epistemological book, La connaissance ordinaire, in 2007. Beyond this controversy, an opposition currently exists between the positions of Maffesoli on "sensitive thinking" and the supporters of a sociology embedded in the criteria of systematic and transparent scientificity. The conference "Raisons et Sociétés", held at the Sorbonne
Sorbonne
The Sorbonne is an edifice of the Latin Quarter, in Paris, France, which has been the historical house of the former University of Paris...

 on 18 December 2002 in order to debate the issue of methods in human sciences beyond the controversial thesis, identified differences between the various sociological traditions relating to this case.

Other controversies lead to a challenge of the institutional position of Michel Maffesoli : the scientific community also protested against his appointment to the board of the CNRS and against his appointment at the Institut Universitaire de France
Institut Universitaire de France
The Institut Universitaire de France, abbreviated by the acronym IUF is a French service of the Ministry of Higher Education that distinguishes each year a small number of teacher-researchers for their research excellence, as evidenced by their international...

. On the other hand, Maffesoli's theories were sometimes the subject of conter-inquiries, such as survey by Laurent Tessier on free parties
Free party
A free party is a party "free" from the restrictions of the legal club scene, similar to the free festival movement. It typically involves a sound system playing electronic dance music from late at night until the time when the organisers decide to go home. A free party can be composed of just one...

 in France and England.

Maffesoli's work obtain a certain success among authors including Serge Moscovici
Serge Moscovici
Serge Moscovici is a Romanian-born French social psychologist, currently the director of the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale , which he co-founded in 1974 at the Maison des sciences de l'homme in Paris...

, Edgar Morin
Edgar Morin
Edgar Morin is a French philosopher and sociologist born Edgar Nahoum in Paris on July 8, 1921. He is of Judeo-Spanish origin. He is known for the transdisciplinarity of his works.- Biography :...

, Patrick Tacussel, Philippe-Joseph Salazar
Philippe-Joseph Salazar
Philippe-Joseph Salazar is a French rhetorician and philosopher born 1955, Casablanca, Morocco. Educated at Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Alumnus of École Normale Supérieure, Paris and past director at Collège international de philosophie, Paris, founded by Jacques Derrida. Currently...

 or Patrick Watier who regularly mention him. The influence of Maffesoli's work can also be seen in various foreign journals, but this is probably his book Le Temps des tribus (1988, 1991), translated into nine languages, which made his notoriety outside France. Universities in Brazil, Korea and Italy request him for conferences. Moreover, Michel Maffesoli has received a chair that was named after him in Brazil, and a honoris causa doctorate from the University of Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....

.

His reception outside France is ambivalent. In an article published by the Sociological Review published in 1997, sociologist David Evans reviewed Maffesoli's theories and concluded that they are not a positive
Positivism
Positivism is a a view of scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information....

 sociological paradigm
Paradigm
The word paradigm has been used in science to describe distinct concepts. It comes from Greek "παράδειγμα" , "pattern, example, sample" from the verb "παραδείκνυμι" , "exhibit, represent, expose" and that from "παρά" , "beside, beyond" + "δείκνυμι" , "to show, to point out".The original Greek...

. Evans deemed the work of Michel Maffesoli as "incoherent" and "biased". The accounts of books written by foreign sociologists were less radical but sometimes, however, stressed that Maffesoli's approach was subjective and had a lack of reflexivity. A sociologist even stated that Michel Maffesoli's sociology was a "sociology of club".

Controversy about Élizabeth Teissier's thesis

The general public discovered Michel Maffesoli in April 2001 when he defended the thesis of Élizabeth Teissier about the ambivalence of the social reception of astrology, highly contentious theory that he directed and whose jury was chaired by Serge Moscovici
Serge Moscovici
Serge Moscovici is a Romanian-born French social psychologist, currently the director of the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale , which he co-founded in 1974 at the Maison des sciences de l'homme in Paris...

 at the Paris Descartes University.

The attribution to Élizabeth Teissier of doctor of sociology title at the end of the thesis "created great controversy in the [scientific] community, and led many sociologists to intervene to challenge the legitimacy". The thesis immediately aroused many criticisms in the field of French sociology, particularly that published by Le Monde
Le Monde
Le Monde is a French daily evening newspaper owned by La Vie-Le Monde Group and edited in Paris. It is one of two French newspapers of record, and has generally been well respected since its first edition under founder Hubert Beuve-Méry on 19 December 1944...

 by Christian Baudelot and Roger Establet
Roger Establet
Roger Establet is a French scholar of the sociology of education. He was a student at lycée Massena in Nice, and in khâgne at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. in 1959, he entered the École normale supérieure, where he earned degrees in philosophy and sociology. He was a professor at the...

 on 17 April 2001, and the petition of 30 April 2001 for the President of the Paris V University, and signed by 300 social scientists. Many critical comments were published in the national daily press, along with less radical comments. Beyond sociology, four French Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...

 winners (Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji is a French physicist and Nobel Laureate. He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics with Steven Chu and William Daniel Phillips for research in methods of laser cooling and trapping atoms...

, Jean-Marie Lehn
Jean-Marie Lehn
Jean-Marie Lehn is a French chemist. He received the Nobel Prize together with Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen in 1987 for his work in Chemistry, particularly his synthesis of the cryptands...

, Jean Dausset
Jean Dausset
Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset was a French immunologist born in Toulouse, France. He married Rose Mayoral in 1963, with whom he had two children, Henri and Irène...

 and Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes was a French physicist and the Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 1991.-Biography:...

) also protested against the title of "doctor" awarded to Élizabeth Teissier throughout a protest letter addressed to Jack Lang
Jack Lang (French politician)
Jack Mathieu Émile Lang is a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party, he served as France's Minister of Culture from 1981 to 1986 and 1988 to 1992, and as Minister of Education from 1992 to 1993 and 2000 to 2002. He was also the Mayor of Blois from 1989 to 2000...

, Minister of Education at the time.

The scientific, philosophical and sociological aspects of the thesis were studied by a group of scientists from several disciplines, including members of the Collège de France
Collège de France
The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement, or Latin Quarter, across the street from the historical campus of La Sorbonne at the intersection of Rue Saint-Jacques and Rue des Écoles...

. The thesis was analyzed in detail by a group of astrophysicists and astronomers (Jean-Claude Pecker
Jean-Claude Pecker
Jean-Claude Pecker is a French astronomer, member of the Académie des sciences, and former director of the Nice Observatory. He served as the secretary-general of the International Astronomical Union from 1964 to 1967. He was awarded the Prix Jules Janssen of the French Astronomical Society in...

, Jean Audouze
Jean Audouze
Jean Audouze is a French astrophysicist. He is a research director at CNRS and teaches at the Paris Institute of Political Science "Sciences po"...

, Denis Savoie), a group of sociologists (Bernard Lahire, Philippe Cibois and Dominique Desjeux), a philosopher (Jacques Bouveresse
Jacques Bouveresse
Jacques Bouveresse is a philosopher who has written on subjects including Ludwig Wittgenstein, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, philosophy of science, epistemology, philosophy of mathematics and analytical philosophy...

), and by specialists of pseudo-science (Henri Broch and Jean-Paul Krivine). From this analysis, it appeared that the thesis was not valid from any viewpoint (sociological, astrophysical, or epistemological).

In an email of 23 April 2001 addressed to many sociologists, Michel Maffesoli acknowledged that the thesis of Élizabeth Teissier included some "slippages". His email minimized the importance of these errors and denounced a fierceness on Élizabeth Teissier and him.

After this controversy, two symposia were held to discuss the thesis's content and validity :
  • A discussion-meeting entitled "La thèse de sociologie, questions épistémologiques et usages après l'affaire Teissier" was held at the Sorbonne on 12 May 2001 by the Association des sociologues enseignants du supérieur (ASES). Michel Maffesoli was present at this meeting and attended the accounts by Christian Baudelot and Lucien Karpik.
  • A symposium entitled "Raisons et Sociétés" was organized at the Sorbonne on 18 December 2002 to discuss and propose a theoretical answer to criticism. Several intellectuals and scientists participated in the meeting to bring the debate on scientific issues raised by the controversy. Edgar Morin
    Edgar Morin
    Edgar Morin is a French philosopher and sociologist born Edgar Nahoum in Paris on July 8, 1921. He is of Judeo-Spanish origin. He is known for the transdisciplinarity of his works.- Biography :...

    , physicist Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond
    Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond
    Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond, born in 1940, is a physicist and essayist.After a doctorate in Theoretical Physics at the université d’Orsay in 1965, he was successively in charge of research at CNRS, lecturer at the université de Nice, a professor at the Paris Diderot University, and at Nice, where he...

    , Mary Douglas
    Mary Douglas
    Dame Mary Douglas, DBE, FBA was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism....

    , Paolo Fabbri
    Paolo Fabbri
    Paolo Fabbri is an Italian musicologist and academic. In 1989 he was awarded the Dent Medal. He is best known for his extensive publications on the life and works of Gioachino Rossini, and for a biography of composer Claudio Monteverdi which was first published in the Italian language in Turin in...

    , Franco Ferrarotti among others were present at this meeting.


This controversy was sometimes caricatured as an opposition between positivism and phenomenology. However, criticism of Michel Maffesoli came from these two research programs, though positivist critics received more publicity.

Appointment to the board of the CNRS

Michel Maffesoli's appointment to the board of Directors of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Centre national de la recherche scientifique
The National Center of Scientific Research is the largest governmental research organization in France and the largest fundamental science agency in Europe....

 caused an outcry in the scientific community. The decree of 5 October 2005 by which the appointment was established stated that the appointment was justified "because of [his] scientific and technological competence".

A petition entitled "Un conseil d'administration du CNRS doublement inacceptable !" was launched after Maffesoli's appointment. The petitioners protested both against the non-respect for parity and the appointment of Michel Maffesoli, deemed as disrespectful of "the need for scientific credibility of the board".

From October 2005 to February 2007, the petition received over 3,000 signatures, including these of Christian Baudelot, Stéphane Beaud, François de Singly, Jean-Louis Fabiani, Bernard Lahire, Louis Pinto, Alain Trautmann, Loïc Wacquant
Loïc Wacquant
Loïc Wacquant is a sociologist, specializing in urban sociology, urban poverty, racial inequality, the body, social theory and ethnography....

 and Florence Weber. Ironically, and as an effect of the petition having two goals, it remains absolutely unclear whether the petitioners signed against Michel Maffesoli's appointment, or against the non-respect for parity.

Appointment to the Conseil National des Universités

In late 2007, when Michel Maffesoli was appointed to the Conseil National des Universités (CNU), section 19 (Sociology, Demography), the Association des Sociologues Enseignants du Supérieur (ASES) and the Association Française de Sociologie (AFS) protested against this decision.

In addition, in June 2002 and after the Teissier controversy, Michel Maffesoli himself proposed to delete the CNU, which he deemed "unnecessary". However, he participated in the work of the section 19 of the CNU, including the controversial self-promotion of its own members in June 2009.

Appointement to the Institut Universitaire de France

Maffesoli Michel was one of the persons appointed to the Institut Universitaire de France by a decree issued by the Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, Valérie Pécresse
Valérie Pécresse
Valérie Pécresse is a French politician. She has been deputy of the Yvelines since May 16, 2002, Minister for Higher Education and Research from May 18, 2007 to June 2011 and is currently in charge of the budget as the Minister of the Budget since then...

, in August 2008. This decree was the subject of a controversy over the appointment of people not selected by juries from the institute, including Michel Maffesoli. According to economist Élie Cohen, president of the jury, Michel Maffesoli "would be never accepted by the jury even if there were more places".

By Michel Maffesoli

  • Logique de la domination, Paris, PUF. (1976)
  • avec Pessin A. La violence fondatrice . Paris, Champ Urbain Ed. (1978).
  • La Violence totalitaire, Paris. PUF. (1979) Reed. (1994) La Violence totalitaire. Essai d'anthropologie politique. Paris, Méridiens/Klincksieck.
  • La Conquête du présent. Pour une sociologie de la vie quotidienne. Paris, PUF. (1979)
  • La Dynamique sociale. La société conflictuelle . Thèse d'État, Lille, Service des publications des thèses.(1981)
  • L'Ombre de Dionysos (1982), Le Livre de Poche, reed. 1991
  • Essai sur la violence banale et fondatrice, (1984) Paris, Librairie Méridiens/Klincksieck.
  • La Connaissance ordinaire. Précis de sociologie compréhensive. (1985), Paris, Librairie des Méridiens. Paris ed., Klincksieck, 2007.
  • La société est plusieurs, in : Une anthropologie des turbulences. Maffesoli M. (under the direction of) (1985), Berg International Ed., 175-180.
  • Le Temps des tribus (1988), Le Livre de Poche, 1991.
  • Au creux des apparences. Pour une éthique de l'esthétique.(1990), Paris, Plon. Reed. (1993) Le Livre de Poche,
  • La Transfiguration du politique (La Table Ronde, 1992), Le Livre de Poche, 1995.
  • La Contemplation du monde (1993), Le Livre de Poche, 1996.
  • Eloge de la raison sensible. Paris, Grasset.(1996)
  • Du nomadisme. Vagabondages initiatiques. Paris, Le Livre de Poche, Biblio-Essais,(1997)
  • La part du diable précis de subversion postmoderne, Flammarion (2002)
  • L'instant éternel. Le retour du tragique dans les sociétés postmodernes. Paris, La Table Ronde, (2003)
  • Le rythme de vie - Variation sur l'imaginaire post-moderne, Paris, Ed. Table Ronde, Collection Contretemps, 2004, 260 pages.
  • Pouvoir des hauts lieux (14p.) dans Pierre Delorme (dir.) La ville autrement, Ste-Foy, Ed. Presse de l'Université du Québec, 2005, 300 pages.
  • Le réenchantement du monde - Morales, éthiques, déontologies, Paris, Table Ronde ed., 2007.
  • Iconologies. Nos idol@tries postmodernes, Paris, Albin Michel, 2008.
  • Après la modernité ? - La conquête du présent, La violence totalitaire, La logique de la domination, Paris, CNRS ed., coll. Compendium, 2008.
  • La République des bons sentiments, Le Rocher ed., 2008.
  • Apocalypse, CNRS Éditions, 2009.
  • La matrimonium : De la nature des choses, CNRS Éditions, 2010.

On Michel Maffesoli

  • Dérive autour de l'œuvre de Michel Maffesoli, Ceaq (introduction by Gilbert Durand), Paris, L’Harmattan, 2004.
  • T.Keller, Ein französischer Lebenssoziologe : Michel Maffesoli, in S Moebius et L.Peter. : Französische Soziologie der Gegenwart EVK verlag . Konstanz, 2004.
  • R.Keller: Michel Maffesoli: eine Einführung, Uvk Verlags GmbH Konstanz 2006.
  • S.Curti et L.F.Clemente, Michel Maffesoli. Reliance. Itinerari tra modernità e postmodernità. Mimesis, Milano, 2007.
  • S.Curti, Le zone d'ombra. Vita quotidiana e disordine in Michel Maffesoli. Ombre Corte, Verona, 2007.
  • F. Antonelli, Caos e postmodernità. Un'analisi a partire dalla sociologia di Michel Maffesoli. Philos, Roma, 2007.
  • P. Le Quéau, L'homme en clair-obscur. Lecture de Michel Maffesoli. Les Presses de l'Université de Laval, 2007.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK