Ministry of Awqaf (Egypt)
Encyclopedia
The Ministry of Awqaf of Egypt is one of eighteen ministries in the Egyptian government and is in charge of religious endowments. Religious endowments, awqaf, are similar to common law trusts where the trustee is the mosque or individual in charge of the waqf
and the beneficiary is usually the community as a whole. Examples of waqfs are of a plot of land, a market, a hospital, or any other building that would aid the community.
would aid the community through the endowments and remained economically separate via the revenue they earned from the awqaf. This enabled the mosque to maintain a state of independence from the dictates of the government and rulers. Mosques could use the endowments to help the community as needed. Also, because mosques were economically independent, imams could preach what they felt was important, with little to no government intervention. However, when the government effectively took over the endowments program, the people suffered greatly. They no longer had their only means of political representation and Al-Azhar’s religious influence was manipulated into producing propaganda by the state.
. He began the precedent of bringing the endowments under state control. His successors continued the process and by the time King Fuad I
was in power, Al-Azhar carried out the government’s wishes. When the king desired to be caliph some “…Al-Azhar sheikhs were ready to provide the necessary pronouncements” (Ibrahim 636). Endowments were considered a part of the state when Gamal Abdel Nasser
nationalized them in 1952. Gamal Abdel Nasser used the newly created propaganda machine of Al-Azhar to “…justify Arab Socialism and his struggle against Israel” (Ibrahim 636). Anwar Sadat
continued Nasser’s policies of using Al-Azhar for the “…sake of justifying opposing policies, including his treaty with Israel” (Ibrahim 637). Egyptian leaders systematically twisted what was once a community benefitting mosque, into a corrupt political machine that serviced their every whim.
Also, public opinion was largely against use of the Ministry of Awqaf to promote rationalism rather than supporting the cause of the poor In 1977 Jamaat al Muslimin, a guerrilla Islamic group that rose out of the Muslim Brotherhood, killed the Minister of Awqaf, Muhammad al-Dhahabi, after the arrest of its members. The Ministry of Awqaf and the mosques, which had once served the people, was now under the public perception a tool of the state.
Additionally, because the mosques were now under the state’s economic control, the imams were employees of the state. The government, for the first time, now had the authority to dictate to the imams and the mosque what could or could not be preached.
followed the precedent of his predecessors in keeping the establishment of awqaf nationalized. The government today aims to moderate the tone of the mosques and retains the ability to do so by means of the ministry. The current minister of the Ministry of Awqaf of Egypt is Dr. Mahmoud Hamdy Zakzouk. The Director General of Ministry of Awqaf for Ministers Affairs is Diaa Eddine Al Shafil. The Director of Awkaf Ministry is Showki Adbel Latif. The Director General Awkaf Ministry for Social Services is Malak Mahmoud Mostapha. The Director General of Awkaf Ministry Bar Section is Abdalah Al Haddad http://www.arabdecision.org/show_func_3_14_0_1_4_261.htm. The ministry also serves as an archives center for various awqaf legal documents over the past hundreds of years. http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/1046708?seq=3&Search=yes&term=awqaf&term=ministry&term=egypt&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dministry%2Bof%2Bawqaf%2Begypt%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=6&ttl=123&returnArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle
mosques, where inlaid wood panels from the minbars were stolen. Thieves were also caught red handed trying to steal an ironwork grill window from the sabil kuttab of Rokaya Dudu. The Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) blames the Ministry of Awqaf for the incidents, stating that the role of the SCA is only to restore mosques and give then back to the Awqaf, who are then in charge of security. Yet, legally the SCA is in charge of security of monuments and archaeological sites http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/903/eg8.htm. The SCA and Ministry of Awqaf were set to meet later in the year to discuss the issue.
Waqf
A waqf also spelled wakf formally known as wakf-alal-aulad is an inalienable religious endowment in Islamic law, typically denoting a building or plot of land for Muslim religious or charitable purposes. The donated assets are held by a charitable trust...
and the beneficiary is usually the community as a whole. Examples of waqfs are of a plot of land, a market, a hospital, or any other building that would aid the community.
Before Muhammad Ali
Before the nationalization of the awqaf, the mosques helped in lending the poorer citizens a voice. For example, Al-Azhar mosqueAl-Azhar Mosque
Al-Azhar Mosque is a mosque in Islamic Cairo in Egypt. Al-Mu‘izz li-Dīn Allāh of the Fatimid Caliphate commissioned its construction for the newly established capital city in 970. Its name is usually thought to allude to the Islamic prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatimah, a revered figure in Islam...
would aid the community through the endowments and remained economically separate via the revenue they earned from the awqaf. This enabled the mosque to maintain a state of independence from the dictates of the government and rulers. Mosques could use the endowments to help the community as needed. Also, because mosques were economically independent, imams could preach what they felt was important, with little to no government intervention. However, when the government effectively took over the endowments program, the people suffered greatly. They no longer had their only means of political representation and Al-Azhar’s religious influence was manipulated into producing propaganda by the state.
Nationalization of Awqaf
The first Egyptian leader to nationalize waqfs was Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali is an American former professional boxer, philanthropist and social activist...
. He began the precedent of bringing the endowments under state control. His successors continued the process and by the time King Fuad I
Fuad I of Egypt
Fuad I was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan, and Darfur. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, he became Sultan of Egypt and Sudan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Sultan Hussein Kamel...
was in power, Al-Azhar carried out the government’s wishes. When the king desired to be caliph some “…Al-Azhar sheikhs were ready to provide the necessary pronouncements” (Ibrahim 636). Endowments were considered a part of the state when Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. A colonel in the Egyptian army, Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 along with Muhammad Naguib, the first president, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and heralded a new period of...
nationalized them in 1952. Gamal Abdel Nasser used the newly created propaganda machine of Al-Azhar to “…justify Arab Socialism and his struggle against Israel” (Ibrahim 636). Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat
Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981...
continued Nasser’s policies of using Al-Azhar for the “…sake of justifying opposing policies, including his treaty with Israel” (Ibrahim 637). Egyptian leaders systematically twisted what was once a community benefitting mosque, into a corrupt political machine that serviced their every whim.
Also, public opinion was largely against use of the Ministry of Awqaf to promote rationalism rather than supporting the cause of the poor In 1977 Jamaat al Muslimin, a guerrilla Islamic group that rose out of the Muslim Brotherhood, killed the Minister of Awqaf, Muhammad al-Dhahabi, after the arrest of its members. The Ministry of Awqaf and the mosques, which had once served the people, was now under the public perception a tool of the state.
Additionally, because the mosques were now under the state’s economic control, the imams were employees of the state. The government, for the first time, now had the authority to dictate to the imams and the mosque what could or could not be preached.
Present Day
The deposed President Hosni MubarakHosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak is a former Egyptian politician and military commander. He served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011....
followed the precedent of his predecessors in keeping the establishment of awqaf nationalized. The government today aims to moderate the tone of the mosques and retains the ability to do so by means of the ministry. The current minister of the Ministry of Awqaf of Egypt is Dr. Mahmoud Hamdy Zakzouk. The Director General of Ministry of Awqaf for Ministers Affairs is Diaa Eddine Al Shafil. The Director of Awkaf Ministry is Showki Adbel Latif. The Director General Awkaf Ministry for Social Services is Malak Mahmoud Mostapha. The Director General of Awkaf Ministry Bar Section is Abdalah Al Haddad http://www.arabdecision.org/show_func_3_14_0_1_4_261.htm. The ministry also serves as an archives center for various awqaf legal documents over the past hundreds of years. http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/1046708?seq=3&Search=yes&term=awqaf&term=ministry&term=egypt&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dministry%2Bof%2Bawqaf%2Begypt%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=6&ttl=123&returnArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle
Crime at Awqaf Mosques
In the year 2008 growing concern erupted in Egypt over the increase of thefts from Awqaf mosques in Egypt, such as Ganim Al_Bahlawan and Altinbugha Al-MaridaniMosque of Amir al-Maridani
The Mosque of Amir Altinbugha al-Maridani, dating from 1340 CE, is a mosque from the era of the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, Egypt. Located just outside of the Bab Zuweila, it was built on the outskirts of medieval Cairo by Amir Altinbugha al-Maridani, with significant help from Sultan al-Nasir...
mosques, where inlaid wood panels from the minbars were stolen. Thieves were also caught red handed trying to steal an ironwork grill window from the sabil kuttab of Rokaya Dudu. The Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) blames the Ministry of Awqaf for the incidents, stating that the role of the SCA is only to restore mosques and give then back to the Awqaf, who are then in charge of security. Yet, legally the SCA is in charge of security of monuments and archaeological sites http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/903/eg8.htm. The SCA and Ministry of Awqaf were set to meet later in the year to discuss the issue.
External links
- Official website
- http://www.arabdecision.org/show_func_3_14_0_1_4_261.htm
- http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/3991752?seq=2&Search=yes&term=awqaf&term=ministry&term=egypt&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dministry%2Bof%2Bawqaf%2Begypt%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dministry%2Bof%2Bawqaf%2Begypt%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=9&ttl=123&returnArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle
- http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/1046708?seq=3&Search=yes&term=awqaf&term=ministry&term=egypt&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dministry%2Bof%2Bawqaf%2Begypt%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=6&ttl=123&returnArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle