Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)
Encyclopedia
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the Egyptian government ministry
which oversees the foreign relations of Egypt
. The current Minister is Mohamed Kamel Amr
.
s established by Muhammad Ali of Egypt
. The aim of the Ministry was to organize Egypt
's internal and external affairs. It was concerned with trade and commerce and later; it became "the Divan of Foreign Affairs", and was concerned with trade and citizen's affairs. It continued to function after the Muhammad’s rule and it was one of the fundamental divans of the state. It was concerned with abolishing slavery, and following up international treaties. During the era of Sa'id of Egypt
and Isma'il Pasha
, there were some modifications in the Ministry due to the presence of the Europeans in Egypt. Till the end of the 19th century, the Armenians were in control of the Ministry, and held all the high level positions.
Due to the change of rule in Egypt in 1878, the absolute jurisdictions given to rulers were diminished, and the divans were replaced by portfolios. During this period, the foreign portfolio was headed by prominent figures such as Boutros Ghali
, who spent the longest period in office from 1894–1910.
The foreign portfolio was put to an end after the declaration of the British Protectorate over Egypt in 1914.
from Britain on 22 February 1922, the Ministry of Foreign affairs was reestablished on 15 March 1922. Ahmed Heshmat Pasha, who became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1923, laid the cornerstone of the organizational structure of the Ministry and took Al Bustan Palace in Bab El Louk, a palace owned by Fuad I of Egypt
, to be the first official headquarters to his Ministry. He divided the Ministry into four main departments, the Minister's divan, the department of political and commercial affairs, the department of consular affairs, and the department of administrative affairs.
In 1925, the first special decree regarding the consular system was issued, and also the decree regarding the system of the political positions.
Although the reestablishment of the Ministry was approved, the British occupation, imposed restrictions on the level of the Egyptian diplomatic representation abroad.
After the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936
, diplomatic representation of Egypt was raised to be at the same level as the diplomatic representation in London. Due to the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, Britain recognized Egypt's right to join the League of Nations
. This enabled Egyptian diplomacy to have a role in the international arena. Britain then allowed Egypt to raise its diplomatic representation to the level of "ambassador" which, in turn, enabled Egypt to join the League of Nations in 1937.
The Egyptian diplomatic representation spread to many parts of the world. During this period, the Egyptian consular representation spread more than the diplomatic representation due to the large number of consuls who already functioned in cities like London and Liverpool in Britain; Paris, Marseille, and Lyon in France; and Berlin and Hamburg in Germany.
The aftermath of World War II
had a great impact on the Egyptian diplomatic performance through the structural changes made by the Egyptian Ministers at that time in order to cope with the profound changes created by the war. After the end of the World War II
, the Egyptian Ministers made changes to cope with the effect of the War.
In 1979, the Egyptian foreign minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali
, decided to reorganize the Ministry to deal with the new circumstances following the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty, and the following year, foreign minister Kamal Hassan, reorganized the Ministry in order to develop the internal work mechanisms, and also worked on enhancing the Diplomatic Institute.
Hosni Mubarak became the President of Egypt on 14 October 1981. After Mubarak became the president, the Ministry went through a comprehensive reform process. For the first time in thirty years, the law related to the Diplomatic and Consular Corps was modified. Consequently, Law Number 45 for year 1982 regarding the Diplomatic and Consular Corps was issued to cope with the new prospects of the Egyptian diplomatic and consular relations, according to the two Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic and Consular Relations which Egypt joined in the 1960s.
In the 1990s, a restructuring process for the Egyptian diplomatic practice took place. This process was influenced by the factors affecting the international arena such as the information and technological revolution, the increase in the role of non-governmental organizations in international relations, and the emergence of economic globalization.
After the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the decision-making patterns in the Ministry underwent alteration. Such alteration depended mainly on the nature of the relationship between the Presidential institution and the Ministry, and on the sort of issues with which the decision-maker is dealing. The changes made to the decision-making process also took into consideration the efficiency with which the Ministry will operate if it functioned independently without obtaining assistance or information from other institutions and ministries.
The Egyptian political leadership has made way for the Ministry and other institutions to participate actively in the decision-making process through consultations, and accepting suggestions.
Traditional relationships with African and Arab countries are maintained mainly through interactions with regional organizations such as the African Union
and the Arab League
. Bilateral relations with these countries are also promoted through undertaking continuous consultations, widening the scope of cooperation in various fields, as well as exchanging expertise in the different areas of development. Egypt's strategic relationships with the United States and the European countries are also maintained by the Ministry.
The Ministry cooperates with the international community through international organizations such as the United Nations
, and tries to play an active role in the UN, its specialized agencies, and several other international institutions to foster international peace, security, and economic development.
The Ministry also helps to promote understanding of the Egyptian culture through the cultural sector of the Foreign Ministry. The cultural sector cooperates with other Egyptian institutions such as Al-Azhar University
, the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs and the Egyptian Ministry of Education to offer scholarships and training courses to African and Asian students.
Ministry (government department)
A ministry is a specialised organisation responsible for a sector of government public administration, sometimes led by a minister or a senior public servant, that can have responsibility for one or more departments, agencies, bureaus, commissions or other smaller executive, advisory, managerial or...
which oversees the foreign relations of Egypt
Foreign relations of Egypt
Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East, Africa, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a...
. The current Minister is Mohamed Kamel Amr
Mohamed Kamel Amr
Mohamed Kamel Amr is an Egyptian diplomat who is the current Foreign Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharaf's government since 18 July 2011....
.
Early history
In the 18th century, the Ministry was one of the divanDivan
A divan was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states, or its chief official .-Etymology:...
s established by Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha was a commander in the Ottoman army, who became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan...
. The aim of the Ministry was to organize Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
's internal and external affairs. It was concerned with trade and commerce and later; it became "the Divan of Foreign Affairs", and was concerned with trade and citizen's affairs. It continued to function after the Muhammad’s rule and it was one of the fundamental divans of the state. It was concerned with abolishing slavery, and following up international treaties. During the era of Sa'id of Egypt
Sa'id of Egypt
Muhammad Sa'id Pasha was the Wāli self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1854 until 1863, officially owing fealty to the Ottoman Sultan but in practice exercising virtual independence. He was the fourth son of Muhammad Ali Pasha. Sa'id was a Francophone, educated in Paris.Under Sa'id's rule...
and Isma'il Pasha
Isma'il Pasha
Isma'il Pasha , known as Ismail the Magnificent , was the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of the United Kingdom...
, there were some modifications in the Ministry due to the presence of the Europeans in Egypt. Till the end of the 19th century, the Armenians were in control of the Ministry, and held all the high level positions.
Due to the change of rule in Egypt in 1878, the absolute jurisdictions given to rulers were diminished, and the divans were replaced by portfolios. During this period, the foreign portfolio was headed by prominent figures such as Boutros Ghali
Boutros Ghali
Boutros Ghali was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1908 to 1910. He was a Coptic Christian.Ghali was accused of favouring the British in the Denshawai incident and on February 20, 1910, was assassinated by Ibrahim Nassif al-Wardani, a young pharmacology graduate who had just returned from the...
, who spent the longest period in office from 1894–1910.
The foreign portfolio was put to an end after the declaration of the British Protectorate over Egypt in 1914.
Reestablishment
After Egypt was officially granted independenceUnilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence
The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence was issued by the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 28 February 1922...
from Britain on 22 February 1922, the Ministry of Foreign affairs was reestablished on 15 March 1922. Ahmed Heshmat Pasha, who became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1923, laid the cornerstone of the organizational structure of the Ministry and took Al Bustan Palace in Bab El Louk, a palace owned by Fuad I of Egypt
Fuad I of Egypt
Fuad I was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan, and Darfur. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, he became Sultan of Egypt and Sudan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Sultan Hussein Kamel...
, to be the first official headquarters to his Ministry. He divided the Ministry into four main departments, the Minister's divan, the department of political and commercial affairs, the department of consular affairs, and the department of administrative affairs.
In 1925, the first special decree regarding the consular system was issued, and also the decree regarding the system of the political positions.
Although the reestablishment of the Ministry was approved, the British occupation, imposed restrictions on the level of the Egyptian diplomatic representation abroad.
After the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936
The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 was a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt; it is officially known as The Treaty of Alliance Between His Majesty, in Respect of the United Kingdom, and His Majesty, the King of Egypt...
, diplomatic representation of Egypt was raised to be at the same level as the diplomatic representation in London. Due to the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, Britain recognized Egypt's right to join the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
. This enabled Egyptian diplomacy to have a role in the international arena. Britain then allowed Egypt to raise its diplomatic representation to the level of "ambassador" which, in turn, enabled Egypt to join the League of Nations in 1937.
The Egyptian diplomatic representation spread to many parts of the world. During this period, the Egyptian consular representation spread more than the diplomatic representation due to the large number of consuls who already functioned in cities like London and Liverpool in Britain; Paris, Marseille, and Lyon in France; and Berlin and Hamburg in Germany.
The aftermath of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
had a great impact on the Egyptian diplomatic performance through the structural changes made by the Egyptian Ministers at that time in order to cope with the profound changes created by the war. After the end of the World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, the Egyptian Ministers made changes to cope with the effect of the War.
The Ministry after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952
The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 led to transformation of the organizational structure of the Ministry. On 21 September 1955, law number 453 was issued to define the role of the foreign ministry in implementing the Egyptian foreign policy, developing foreign relations of Egypt with foreign governments and international organizations, and protecting Egyptian interests abroad, and also issuing diplomatic passports and following up issues related to diplomatic immunities and privileges. In 1966, the Ministry set up the Institute for Diplomatic Studies.In 1979, the Egyptian foreign minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Boutros Boutros-Ghali is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1992 to December 1996...
, decided to reorganize the Ministry to deal with the new circumstances following the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty, and the following year, foreign minister Kamal Hassan, reorganized the Ministry in order to develop the internal work mechanisms, and also worked on enhancing the Diplomatic Institute.
Hosni Mubarak became the President of Egypt on 14 October 1981. After Mubarak became the president, the Ministry went through a comprehensive reform process. For the first time in thirty years, the law related to the Diplomatic and Consular Corps was modified. Consequently, Law Number 45 for year 1982 regarding the Diplomatic and Consular Corps was issued to cope with the new prospects of the Egyptian diplomatic and consular relations, according to the two Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic and Consular Relations which Egypt joined in the 1960s.
In the 1990s, a restructuring process for the Egyptian diplomatic practice took place. This process was influenced by the factors affecting the international arena such as the information and technological revolution, the increase in the role of non-governmental organizations in international relations, and the emergence of economic globalization.
Decision-making process
The Ministry is responsible for conducting the Egypt's foreign relations within the framework of the Egyptian Cabinet. It plays an essential role in collecting and evaluating political, economic, cultural, and scientific information that may affect foreign relations. It is also responsible for planning and implementing the Egyptian foreign policy, and coordinating with the other Egyptian ministries and institutions concerned.After the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the decision-making patterns in the Ministry underwent alteration. Such alteration depended mainly on the nature of the relationship between the Presidential institution and the Ministry, and on the sort of issues with which the decision-maker is dealing. The changes made to the decision-making process also took into consideration the efficiency with which the Ministry will operate if it functioned independently without obtaining assistance or information from other institutions and ministries.
The Egyptian political leadership has made way for the Ministry and other institutions to participate actively in the decision-making process through consultations, and accepting suggestions.
The role of the Ministry
The Ministry oversees the foreign relations of Egypt. It engages in Egypt's comprehensive development efforts by trying to attract foreign investments, acquire economic assistance, and facilitate technology transfer. There are specialized departments for international cooperation and economic relations have been established within the Ministry to achieve these goals. They also coordinate and cooperate with other Egyptian ministries and institutions working in those domains.Traditional relationships with African and Arab countries are maintained mainly through interactions with regional organizations such as the African Union
African Union
The African Union is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only all-African state not in the AU is Morocco. Established on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity...
and the Arab League
Arab League
The Arab League , officially called the League of Arab States , is a regional organisation of Arab states in North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia . It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan , Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a...
. Bilateral relations with these countries are also promoted through undertaking continuous consultations, widening the scope of cooperation in various fields, as well as exchanging expertise in the different areas of development. Egypt's strategic relationships with the United States and the European countries are also maintained by the Ministry.
The Ministry cooperates with the international community through international organizations such as the United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
, and tries to play an active role in the UN, its specialized agencies, and several other international institutions to foster international peace, security, and economic development.
The Ministry also helps to promote understanding of the Egyptian culture through the cultural sector of the Foreign Ministry. The cultural sector cooperates with other Egyptian institutions such as Al-Azhar University
Al-Azhar University
Al-Azhar University is an educational institute in Cairo, Egypt. Founded in 970~972 as a madrasa, it is the chief centre of Arabic literature and Islamic learning in the world. It is the oldest degree-granting university in Egypt. In 1961 non-religious subjects were added to its curriculum.It is...
, the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs and the Egyptian Ministry of Education to offer scholarships and training courses to African and Asian students.
See also
- Cabinet of EgyptCabinet of EgyptThe Cabinet of Egypt is the chief executive body of the Arabic Republic of Egypt. It consists of the Prime Minister and the cabinet ministers....
- List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Egypt