Mir Bahadur Ali
Encyclopedia
The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim (original Spanish
title: El acercamiento a Almotásim) is a fantasy
short story
written in 1935 by Argentine
writer Jorge Luis Borges
. In his autobiographical essay, Borges wrote about The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim, "it now seems to me to foreshadow and even to set the pattern for those tales that were somehow awaiting me, and upon which my reputation as a storyteller was to be based."
when it was published in 1944.
The supposed publisher of the fake book described in the story was an actual publisher, Victor Gollancz, as was the supposed writer of the preface, Dorothy L. Sayers.
n lawyer, and published in 1934. The second edition is claimed by the narrator to be inferior to the first edition, published in 1932. Borges borrowed from Kipling for some of the plot of the fake book.
The story begins with the reviewer giving a history of the book, first describing the success of the first edition, the publishing of the second edition by a respected publisher in London, and the positive and negative reception given it by critics. The narrator then gives a summary of the plot of the novel. The book is a detective story
about a freethinking Bombay law student of Islam
ic background. He becomes involved in a sectarian riot in which he kills a Hindu. He flees to a tower where he meets a Parsee corpse-robber collecting gold teeth. He then begins a journey across the subcontinent (the geography of which Borges describes in detail), interacting with untouchables along the way. He meets a man that, though destitute, is happy and spiritual. The student encounters many such people radiating a small amount of this spiritual clarity. He decides that these people must be reflecting, through a number of intermediaries, the radiance of some higher spiritual being, the source and originator of this pure spiritual clarity called the Al-Mu'tasim. The student becomes obsessed with meeting Al-Mu'tasim and goes on a pilgrimage through Hindustan to find him. He eventually hears resounding from a hut the voice of the Al-Mu'tasim. He pulls back the curtain and goes in. The book ends at this point. The reviewer then gives his criticisms of the work.
A long footnote at the end of the review summarises The Conference of the Birds
(1177), by Farid ud-Din Attar, in which a group of birds seek a feather dropped in the middle of China by Simurg, the bird king. Thirty birds reach the mountain of Simurg and there they find through contemplation that they themselves are the Simurg.
Al-Mu'tasim means "he who goes in quest of aid." "Simurg" means "thirty birds."
Naomi Lindstrom describes the reviewer of the detective story as "a typical Borges narrator." At times he demonstrates great knowledge of detailed information, but at other times he cannot grasp the most basic concepts. His narrative is uncertain and inconstant. His confusion serves to emphasize the incomprehension of the main character of the fake book as he goes on his pilgrimage.
Borges' use of an allegory to shed light on a detective story shows his use of religious doctrines for aesthetic value.
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
title: El acercamiento a Almotásim) is a fantasy
Fantasy
Fantasy is a genre of fiction that commonly uses magic and other supernatural phenomena as a primary element of plot, theme, or setting. Many works within the genre take place in imaginary worlds where magic is common...
short story
Short story
A short story is a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, often in narrative format. This format tends to be more pointed than longer works of fiction, such as novellas and novels. Short story definitions based on length differ somewhat, even among professional writers, in part because...
written in 1935 by Argentine
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
writer Jorge Luis Borges
Jorge Luis Borges
Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo , known as Jorge Luis Borges , was an Argentine writer, essayist, poet and translator born in Buenos Aires. In 1914 his family moved to Switzerland where he attended school, receiving his baccalauréat from the Collège de Genève in 1918. The family...
. In his autobiographical essay, Borges wrote about The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim, "it now seems to me to foreshadow and even to set the pattern for those tales that were somehow awaiting me, and upon which my reputation as a storyteller was to be based."
Background
The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim was written in 1935 and was first published as an essay in a Borges' 1936 philosophical essay collection, A History of Eternity (Historia de la eternidad) . It was reclassified as a short story when it was reprinted in 1942 in Borges' first short fiction collection, The Garden of Forking Paths (El jardin de senderos que se bifurcan), which became a subsection of FiccionesFicciones
Ficciones is the most popular anthology of short stories by Argentine writer and poet Jorge Luis Borges, often considered the best introduction to his work. Ficciones should not be confused with Labyrinths, although they have much in common. Labyrinths is a separate translation of Borges' material,...
when it was published in 1944.
The supposed publisher of the fake book described in the story was an actual publisher, Victor Gollancz, as was the supposed writer of the preface, Dorothy L. Sayers.
Plot summary
Borges described his story as "both a hoax and a pseudo-essay." The story is a review of the second edition of an imaginary work of the same name written by Mir Bahadur Ali, an IndiaIndia
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
n lawyer, and published in 1934. The second edition is claimed by the narrator to be inferior to the first edition, published in 1932. Borges borrowed from Kipling for some of the plot of the fake book.
The story begins with the reviewer giving a history of the book, first describing the success of the first edition, the publishing of the second edition by a respected publisher in London, and the positive and negative reception given it by critics. The narrator then gives a summary of the plot of the novel. The book is a detective story
Detective Story
Detective Story is a film noir which tells the story of one day in the lives of the various people who populate a police detective squad. It features Kirk Douglas, Eleanor Parker, William Bendix, Cathy O'Donnell, Lee Grant, among others. The movie was adapted by Robert Wyler and Philip Yordan...
about a freethinking Bombay law student of Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
ic background. He becomes involved in a sectarian riot in which he kills a Hindu. He flees to a tower where he meets a Parsee corpse-robber collecting gold teeth. He then begins a journey across the subcontinent (the geography of which Borges describes in detail), interacting with untouchables along the way. He meets a man that, though destitute, is happy and spiritual. The student encounters many such people radiating a small amount of this spiritual clarity. He decides that these people must be reflecting, through a number of intermediaries, the radiance of some higher spiritual being, the source and originator of this pure spiritual clarity called the Al-Mu'tasim. The student becomes obsessed with meeting Al-Mu'tasim and goes on a pilgrimage through Hindustan to find him. He eventually hears resounding from a hut the voice of the Al-Mu'tasim. He pulls back the curtain and goes in. The book ends at this point. The reviewer then gives his criticisms of the work.
A long footnote at the end of the review summarises The Conference of the Birds
The Conference of the Birds
The Conference of the Birds is a book of poems in Persian by Farid ud-Din Attar of approximately 4500 lines. The poem's plot is as follows: the birds of the world gather to decide who is to be their king, as they have none. The hoopoe, the wisest of them all, suggests that they should find the...
(1177), by Farid ud-Din Attar, in which a group of birds seek a feather dropped in the middle of China by Simurg, the bird king. Thirty birds reach the mountain of Simurg and there they find through contemplation that they themselves are the Simurg.
Al-Mu'tasim means "he who goes in quest of aid." "Simurg" means "thirty birds."
Themes
The main story and the poem summarized in the footnote share a parallel theme. The clearer conclusion of The Conference of the Birds explains the ambiguous ending of "The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim." Just as the birds find they are what they seek, the law student is Al-Mu'tasim.Style
Borges' mixing of the fictional and the real, which Jaime Alazraki calls a "Borgesian device," both imparts a real feeling to the fictional, and an unreal feeling to the real. Also, the use of a summary within a summary, and the taking of those summaries and stripping them down to expose the same principle "are a form of expressing in the structure of the story the pantheistic idea that anything is all things."Naomi Lindstrom describes the reviewer of the detective story as "a typical Borges narrator." At times he demonstrates great knowledge of detailed information, but at other times he cannot grasp the most basic concepts. His narrative is uncertain and inconstant. His confusion serves to emphasize the incomprehension of the main character of the fake book as he goes on his pilgrimage.
Borges' use of an allegory to shed light on a detective story shows his use of religious doctrines for aesthetic value.
Reception
In his autobiographical essay, Borges writes that when "The Approach to al-Mu'tasim" was first published, the people who read it "took it at face value, and one of my friends even ordered a copy from London."Sources
- Rice, Thomas J. "Subtle Reflections of/upon Joyce in/by Borges." Journal of Modern Literature 24.1 (2000): 47. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 21 Oct. 2010.