Mohammad Taghi Bahar
Encyclopedia
Mohammad-Taqí Bahār (November 6, 1884, Mashhad
, Iran
— April 22 , 1951, Tehran
, Iran), widely known as Malek o-Sho'arā (ملک الشعراء) and Malek o-Sho'arā Bahār (literally: the king of poets), is a renowned Iranian poet
and scholar, who was also a politician
, journalist
, historian
and Professor of Literature
. Although he was a 20th century poet, his poems are fairly traditional and strongly nationalistic in character.
, the capital city of the Khorasan Province in the north-east of Iran
. Bahār began his primary education
when he was 3, with his father, Mohammad Kāzem Sabouri, as his tutor
. Mohammad Kāzem Sabouri was the Poet Laureate
of the Court of Mozzafar-al-Din Shah Qajar and had the honorific title of Malek o-Sho'arā, The King of Poets.
In addition to his private schooling, Bahār attended one of the traditional schools, Maktab Khāneh, in Mashhad. To enhance his knowledge of the Persian
and Arabic
, he further attended the classes of Adib Nai'shābouri, a traditional poet and literary scholar who promoted the style of the poets of Khorasan in the early Islamic era, in the tradition of the so-called bāzgasht-e adabī (literary regress). It has been said that Bahār knew by heart a very good portion of the Koran at a very early age. According to Bahār himself, at seven he read Shahnameh
and fully grasped the meaning of Ferdowsi's Epic poems.
Bahār composed his first poem at age 8, at which time he also chose the name Bahār, meaning Spring, as his pen name (takhallos in Persian). It is known that Bahār chose this pen name after Bahār Shirvāni, a poet and close friend of his father's, after Shirvāni's death. Shirvāni was a renowned poet during Nasser-al-Din Shah Qajar.
At 14, Bahār was fluent in Arabic
, and later he in addition mastered to speak and write in French
. At 18, he lost his father and started to work as a Muslim
preacher
and clergy
. It was during this time that he composed a long ode
(Qasideh in Persian) and sent it to Mozzafar-al-Din Shah who became so deeply impressed by this ode that he immediately appointed Bahār as his Poet Laureate and by Royal Decree conferred on him, at the age of 19 (in 1903 CE
, 1282 AH
), the title of Malek o-Sho'arā.
At the onset of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran (1906–1911), Bahār laid down his position of Poet Laureateship and joined the revolutionary movement for establishing the parliamentary system of democracy
in Iran. Bahār became an active member of the Mashhad branch of Anjoman-e Sa'ādat (Society for Prosperity) that campaigned for establishment of Parliament
of Iran (Majles). He published the semi-covert newspaper Khorāsān, in collaboration with Hossein Ardebili, Nou-bahār (New Spring), and Tāzeh-bahār (Fresh Spring), both in collaboration with his cousin Haj Sheikh Ahmad Bahar
who operated a printing company and who acted as the Senior Editor first in Mashhad and later in Tehran
.
Bahār published numerous articles in his newspapers in which he passionately exhorted his readers to stand up and help bring about the establishment of a functioning Parliament. He equally forcefully advocated creation of new and reformed public institutions, a new social and political order and of new forms of expression. After the triumph of the Constitutional Revolution, Bahār was repeatedly elected as Member of Parliament.
In 1918, when Ahmad Shah Qajar
, the seventh and the last ruler of the Qajar dynasty, was in power, Bahār reinvented himself: he ceased all his clerical activities and became an entirely new man. At the same time, he together with the writer and poet Saeed Nafisi
, the poet and historian Gholam-Reza Rashid Yasemi
the historian Abbas Eqbāl Ashtiāni, and his talented friend Abdolhossein Teymourtash founded The Literary Association of Academy (Anjoman-e Adabi-ye Dāneshkadeh). The Magazine of Academy (Majaleh-ye Dāneshkadeh) was the monthly publication of this Association, in which in addition to works of prose and poetry, other very informative and useful articles were published, under such divers titles as "Literary Revolution", "How other nations view us" and "The Literary History of Iran". In fact, this magazine became Bahār's vehicle for publication of the results of his literary researches and introduction of Western Literature
to Iranians. The magazine also played a key role in developing and strengthening the present-day form of the Persian Literature.
Following establishment of Tehran University in 1934 (during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi), Bahār became Professor of Persian Literature at the Faculty of Literature of this University. In the course of his tenure as Professor, he dedicated most of his time to writing and editing books on Persian Literature and History. Notable amongst numerous works written and edited by Bahār are:
In 1945 (1324 AH
), during Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's reign, Bahār served for a short period as the Minister of Culture and Education in the Cabinet of the then Prime Minister Ahmad Ghavam (aka Ghavam o-Saltaneh). Earlier in the same year he and Ahmad Ghavam had created Tiran Democratic Party (Hezb-e Demokrāt-e Tirān).
In the last years of his life, Bahār suffered from Tuberculosis
. He sought medical treatment in Lausanne
, Switzerland
, in a sanatorium situated on the shores of Lake Geneva
, where he stayed between 1947 and 1949 (1326 - Ordibehesht
1328 AH). It was not long after his return to Iran that his health quickly deteriorated. He died on April 21, 1951, at his home in Tehran
. He is entombed in Zahir o-Dowleh Cemetery in Darband
, located in Shemiran
, north of Tehran.
, in addition to his deep passion for Iran
and his persistent opposition to fanaticism
, have indeed made him one of the greatest cultural icons of the modern Iran. Although he worked for some period of time as a clergy and preacher, his first and foremost passion had always been writing, especially of poetry, carrying out historical researches and teaching.
Through his literary magazine, Magazine of Academy (Majaleh-ye Dāneshkadeh), Bahār had a significant impact on the development of the modern Persian poetry and literature
. One may argue that, to varying degrees, almost all the early advocates of modernism in Persian Poetry and Literature had had their inspirations in the new developments and changes that had taken place in the Western literature
. Nonetheless, such inspirations would not have easily resulted in changes without the efforts and support of such figure as Bahār whose literary contributions were, and remain to be, consonant to the Iranian culture. In Bahār's collection of poems, one finds poems composed in almost every traditions of the Persian Poetry. To name, he wrote, for instance, Panegyric
(Setāyeshi or Madiheh), Epic
(Hamāsi), Patriotic (Mihaní), Heraldic and Mystic
(Ramzi or Sufi'āneh), Romantic
(Āasheghāneh), Ethical (Akhlāghi), Didactic (Āmuzeshi or Pandi), Colloquial (Goft-o-gu'í), and Satirical (Tanzi or Hajvi). Bahār's Official Website has made a selection of Bahār's poetry available to general public which the interested reader may wish to consult.
Mashhad
Mashhad , is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its...
, Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
— April 22 , 1951, Tehran
Tehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
, Iran), widely known as Malek o-Sho'arā (ملک الشعراء) and Malek o-Sho'arā Bahār (literally: the king of poets), is a renowned Iranian poet
Poet
A poet is a person who writes poetry. A poet's work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary...
and scholar, who was also a politician
Politician
A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
, journalist
Journalist
A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
, historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...
and Professor of Literature
Literature
Literature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...
. Although he was a 20th century poet, his poems are fairly traditional and strongly nationalistic in character.
Biography
Mohammad-Taqí Bahār was born on November 6, 1884 in the Sarshoor District of MashhadMashhad
Mashhad , is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its...
, the capital city of the Khorasan Province in the north-east of Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
. Bahār began his primary education
Education
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts...
when he was 3, with his father, Mohammad Kāzem Sabouri, as his tutor
Tutor
A tutor is a person employed in the education of others, either individually or in groups. To tutor is to perform the functions of a tutor.-Teaching assistance:...
. Mohammad Kāzem Sabouri was the Poet Laureate
Poet Laureate
A poet laureate is a poet officially appointed by a government and is often expected to compose poems for state occasions and other government events...
of the Court of Mozzafar-al-Din Shah Qajar and had the honorific title of Malek o-Sho'arā, The King of Poets.
In addition to his private schooling, Bahār attended one of the traditional schools, Maktab Khāneh, in Mashhad. To enhance his knowledge of the Persian
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
and Arabic
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
, he further attended the classes of Adib Nai'shābouri, a traditional poet and literary scholar who promoted the style of the poets of Khorasan in the early Islamic era, in the tradition of the so-called bāzgasht-e adabī (literary regress). It has been said that Bahār knew by heart a very good portion of the Koran at a very early age. According to Bahār himself, at seven he read Shahnameh
Shahnameh
The Shahnameh or Shah-nama is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c.977 and 1010 AD and is the national epic of Iran and related societies...
and fully grasped the meaning of Ferdowsi's Epic poems.
Bahār composed his first poem at age 8, at which time he also chose the name Bahār, meaning Spring, as his pen name (takhallos in Persian). It is known that Bahār chose this pen name after Bahār Shirvāni, a poet and close friend of his father's, after Shirvāni's death. Shirvāni was a renowned poet during Nasser-al-Din Shah Qajar.
At 14, Bahār was fluent in Arabic
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
, and later he in addition mastered to speak and write in French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
. At 18, he lost his father and started to work as a Muslim
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
preacher
Preacher
Preacher is a term for someone who preaches sermons or gives homilies. A preacher is distinct from a theologian by focusing on the communication rather than the development of doctrine. Others see preaching and theology as being intertwined...
and clergy
Clergy
Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. A clergyman, churchman or cleric is a member of the clergy, especially one who is a priest, preacher, pastor, or other religious professional....
. It was during this time that he composed a long ode
Ode
Ode is a type of lyrical verse. A classic ode is structured in three major parts: the strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode. Different forms such as the homostrophic ode and the irregular ode also exist...
(Qasideh in Persian) and sent it to Mozzafar-al-Din Shah who became so deeply impressed by this ode that he immediately appointed Bahār as his Poet Laureate and by Royal Decree conferred on him, at the age of 19 (in 1903 CE
Common Era
Common Era ,abbreviated as CE, is an alternative designation for the calendar era originally introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in the 6th century, traditionally identified with Anno Domini .Dates before the year 1 CE are indicated by the usage of BCE, short for Before the Common Era Common Era...
, 1282 AH
Iranian calendar
The Iranian calendars or sometimes called Persian calendars are a succession of calendars invented or used for over two millennia in Greater Iran...
), the title of Malek o-Sho'arā.
At the onset of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran (1906–1911), Bahār laid down his position of Poet Laureateship and joined the revolutionary movement for establishing the parliamentary system of democracy
Democracy
Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
in Iran. Bahār became an active member of the Mashhad branch of Anjoman-e Sa'ādat (Society for Prosperity) that campaigned for establishment of Parliament
Parliament
A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom. The name is derived from the French , the action of parler : a parlement is a discussion. The term came to mean a meeting at which...
of Iran (Majles). He published the semi-covert newspaper Khorāsān, in collaboration with Hossein Ardebili, Nou-bahār (New Spring), and Tāzeh-bahār (Fresh Spring), both in collaboration with his cousin Haj Sheikh Ahmad Bahar
Haj Sheikh Ahmad Bahar
Haj Sheikh Ahmad Bahar was an Iranian politician, a patriotic poet, prominent journalist writer, publisher and farmer.-Literary career:...
who operated a printing company and who acted as the Senior Editor first in Mashhad and later in Tehran
Tehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
.
Bahār published numerous articles in his newspapers in which he passionately exhorted his readers to stand up and help bring about the establishment of a functioning Parliament. He equally forcefully advocated creation of new and reformed public institutions, a new social and political order and of new forms of expression. After the triumph of the Constitutional Revolution, Bahār was repeatedly elected as Member of Parliament.
In 1918, when Ahmad Shah Qajar
Ahmad Shah Qajar
Ahmad Shah Qajar was Shah of Iran from July 16, 1909, to October 31, 1925 and the last of the Qajar dynasty.- Reign :...
, the seventh and the last ruler of the Qajar dynasty, was in power, Bahār reinvented himself: he ceased all his clerical activities and became an entirely new man. At the same time, he together with the writer and poet Saeed Nafisi
Said Nafisi
Saeed Nafisi was an Iranian scholar, fiction writer and poet. He was a prolific writer in Persian....
, the poet and historian Gholam-Reza Rashid Yasemi
Rashid Yasemi
Gholamreza Rashid Yasemi was an Iranian poet, translator and literary figure of Kurdish origin.He finished his primary education in Kermanshah and then moved to Tehran in 1912 where he resided for the rest of his life...
the historian Abbas Eqbāl Ashtiāni, and his talented friend Abdolhossein Teymourtash founded The Literary Association of Academy (Anjoman-e Adabi-ye Dāneshkadeh). The Magazine of Academy (Majaleh-ye Dāneshkadeh) was the monthly publication of this Association, in which in addition to works of prose and poetry, other very informative and useful articles were published, under such divers titles as "Literary Revolution", "How other nations view us" and "The Literary History of Iran". In fact, this magazine became Bahār's vehicle for publication of the results of his literary researches and introduction of Western Literature
Western literature
Western literature refers to the literature written in the languages of Europe, including the ones belonging to the Indo-European language family as well as several geographically or historically related languages such as Basque, Hungarian, and so forth...
to Iranians. The magazine also played a key role in developing and strengthening the present-day form of the Persian Literature.
- Tārikh-e Sistān (History of SistānSistanSīstān is a border region in eastern Iran , southwestern Afghanistan and northern tip of Southwestern Pakistan .-Etymology:...
), - Tārikh-e Mokh'tasar-e Ahzāb-e Siāssi (A Concise History of the Political Parties),
- Sabk Shenāsi (Methodology), which concerns the variety of styles and traditions of the Persian prose,
- Moj'malal ol-Tavārikh o val Qesās (Concise Histories and Tales),
- Javāme' ol-Hekāyāt (Anthology of Stories),
- Two volumes of verse, consisting of his own poems.
In 1945 (1324 AH
Iranian calendar
The Iranian calendars or sometimes called Persian calendars are a succession of calendars invented or used for over two millennia in Greater Iran...
), during Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's reign, Bahār served for a short period as the Minister of Culture and Education in the Cabinet of the then Prime Minister Ahmad Ghavam (aka Ghavam o-Saltaneh). Earlier in the same year he and Ahmad Ghavam had created Tiran Democratic Party (Hezb-e Demokrāt-e Tirān).
In the last years of his life, Bahār suffered from Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
. He sought medical treatment in Lausanne
Lausanne
Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and is the capital of the canton of Vaud. The seat of the district of Lausanne, the city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva . It faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura mountains to its north-west...
, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
, in a sanatorium situated on the shores of Lake Geneva
Lake Geneva
Lake Geneva or Lake Léman is a lake in Switzerland and France. It is one of the largest lakes in Western Europe. 59.53 % of it comes under the jurisdiction of Switzerland , and 40.47 % under France...
, where he stayed between 1947 and 1949 (1326 - Ordibehesht
Iranian calendar
The Iranian calendars or sometimes called Persian calendars are a succession of calendars invented or used for over two millennia in Greater Iran...
1328 AH). It was not long after his return to Iran that his health quickly deteriorated. He died on April 21, 1951, at his home in Tehran
Tehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
. He is entombed in Zahir o-Dowleh Cemetery in Darband
Darband
Darband may refer to:* Darband, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a Union Council of Mansehra District, Pakistan* Darband , a town or district in Tajikistan's Region of Republican Subordination* Darband , a village attached to Iran's capital Tehran...
, located in Shemiran
Shemiran
Shemiran is the capital of Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran, but is actually located just north of the borders of Tehran County along Chamran Expressway and Sadr Expressway and it is the northernmost district of the city of Tehran....
, north of Tehran.
His Poems
Although Bahār was a 20th century poet, his poems are quite traditional and decidedly patriotic. Many scholars have strongly emphasized and documented that Bahār's style of writing and the beauty of his poetryPoetry
Poetry is a form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning...
, in addition to his deep passion for Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
and his persistent opposition to fanaticism
Fanaticism
Fanaticism is a belief or behavior involving uncritical zeal, particularly for an extreme religious or political cause or in some cases sports, or with an obsessive enthusiasm for a pastime or hobby...
, have indeed made him one of the greatest cultural icons of the modern Iran. Although he worked for some period of time as a clergy and preacher, his first and foremost passion had always been writing, especially of poetry, carrying out historical researches and teaching.
Through his literary magazine, Magazine of Academy (Majaleh-ye Dāneshkadeh), Bahār had a significant impact on the development of the modern Persian poetry and literature
Persian literature
Persian literature spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within historical Persia including present-day Iran as well as regions of Central Asia where the Persian language has historically been the national language...
. One may argue that, to varying degrees, almost all the early advocates of modernism in Persian Poetry and Literature had had their inspirations in the new developments and changes that had taken place in the Western literature
Western literature
Western literature refers to the literature written in the languages of Europe, including the ones belonging to the Indo-European language family as well as several geographically or historically related languages such as Basque, Hungarian, and so forth...
. Nonetheless, such inspirations would not have easily resulted in changes without the efforts and support of such figure as Bahār whose literary contributions were, and remain to be, consonant to the Iranian culture. In Bahār's collection of poems, one finds poems composed in almost every traditions of the Persian Poetry. To name, he wrote, for instance, Panegyric
Panegyric
A panegyric is a formal public speech, or written verse, delivered in high praise of a person or thing, a generally highly studied and discriminating eulogy, not expected to be critical. It is derived from the Greek πανηγυρικός meaning "a speech fit for a general assembly"...
(Setāyeshi or Madiheh), Epic
Epic poetry
An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. Oral poetry may qualify as an epic, and Albert Lord and Milman Parry have argued that classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form...
(Hamāsi), Patriotic (Mihaní), Heraldic and Mystic
Mysticism
Mysticism is the knowledge of, and especially the personal experience of, states of consciousness, i.e. levels of being, beyond normal human perception, including experience and even communion with a supreme being.-Classical origins:...
(Ramzi or Sufi'āneh), Romantic
Romantic poetry
Romanticism, a philosophical, literary, artistic and cultural era which began in the mid/late-1700s as a reaction against the prevailing Enlightenment ideals of the day , also influenced poetry...
(Āasheghāneh), Ethical (Akhlāghi), Didactic (Āmuzeshi or Pandi), Colloquial (Goft-o-gu'í), and Satirical (Tanzi or Hajvi). Bahār's Official Website has made a selection of Bahār's poetry available to general public which the interested reader may wish to consult.
See also
- Mehrdad BaharMehrdad BaharMehrdād Bahār was a prominent Iranist, linguist, mythologist and Persian historian.Mehrdad Bahar, was the youngest son of Persian poet Mohammad Taghi Bahar. He held a PhD degree in Persian literature and Ancient Iranian languages from Tehran University...
, Mohammad-Taqi Bahār's son. - Five-MastersFive-MastersFive-Masters refers to five very influential masters of Persian literature, Badiozzaman Forouzanfar, Malekoshoara Bahar, Jalal Homaei, Abdolazim Gharib and Rashid Yasemi....
- Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh
- Abdolhossein Teymourtash
Further reading
- A Brief History of Persian Literature, Iran Chamber Society.
External links
- Malek o-Sh'sho'arā Bahār, Mohammad-Taqi Bahār's Official Website, in Persian: http://www.bahar.fr.
Note: At present this website offers the following biographical section also in French: http://www.bahar.fr/BaharZabanHaiDigar.htm. - Ali Mostafavi, editor, Selected poems from the poetical works of Malek o-Sh'sho'arā Bahār (Gozideh-ye Divān-e Ash'ār-e Malek o-Sh'sho'arā-ye Bahār), in Persian, 56 pages, Bahār's Official Website, pdf.
- M.T. Bahār, Iran Yellow Pages, Iranian Poets, http://www.iranyellowpages.net/en/about_iran/Culture/poets/iranian_poetry07.shtm.