Month
Encyclopedia
A month is a unit of time
, used with calendar
s, which was first used and invented in Mesopotamia, as a natural period
related to the motion of the Moon
; month and Moon are cognate
s. The traditional concept arose with the cycle of moon phases; such months (lunation
s) are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 day
s. From excavated tally stick
s, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic
age. Synodic months, based on the Moon's orbital period
, are still the basis of many calendars today, and are used to divide the year
.
(of the fixed stars, nowadays the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF)
) is known as a sidereal month because it is the time it takes the Moon to return to a given position among the star
s : 27.321661 days (27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s). This type of month has been observed among cultures in the Middle East, India, and China in the following way: they divided the sky into 27 or 28 lunar mansion
s, one for each day of the month, identified by the prominent star(s) in them.
. Because of precession
, this point moves back slowly along the ecliptic
. Therefore it takes the Moon less time to return to an ecliptic longitude of zero than to the same point amidst the fixed stars: 27.321582 days (27 d 7 h 43 min 4.7 s). This slightly shorter period is known as tropical month; cf. the analogous tropical year
of the Sun
.
: perigee
and apogee), makes a full circle (lunar precession
) in about nine years. It takes the Moon longer to return to the same apsis because it moved ahead during one revolution. This longer period is called the anomalistic month, and has an average length of 27.554551 days (27 d 13 h 18 min 33.2 s). The apparent diameter of the Moon varies with this period, and therefore this type has some relevance for the prediction of eclipse
s (see Saros
), whose extent, duration, and appearance (whether total or annular) depend on the exact apparent diameter of the Moon. The apparent diameter of the full moon
varies with the full moon cycle
which is the beat period of the synodic and anomalistic month, and also the period after which the apsides point to the Sun again.
of about five degrees. The line of intersection of these planes defines two points on the celestial sphere: the ascending node, when the moon's path crosses the ecliptic as the moon moves into the northern hemisphere, and descending node when the moon's path crosses the ecliptic as the moon moves into the southern hemisphere. The draconic or nodical month is the average interval between two successive transits of the moon through its ascending node. Because of the sun's gravitational pull on the moon, the moon's orbit gradually rotates westward on its axis, which means the nodes gradually rotate around the earth. As a result, the time it takes the moon to return to the same node is shorter than a sidereal month. It lasts 27.212220 days (27 d 5 h 5 min 35.8 s). The plane of the moon's orbit precesses
over a full circle in about 18.6 years.
Because the moon's orbit is inclined with respect to the ecliptic, the sun, moon, and earth are in line only when the moon is at one of the nodes. Whenever this happens a solar or lunar eclipse
is possible. The name "draconic" refers to a mythical dragon, said to live in the nodes and eat the sun or moon during an eclipse.
, because the Moon's appearance depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from the Earth.
While the moon is orbiting the Earth, the Earth is progressing in its orbit around the Sun. After completing a sidereal month the Moon must move a little further to reach the new position having the same angular distance from the Sun. This longer period is called the synodic month .
Because of perturbations in the orbits of the Earth and Moon, the actual time between lunation
s may range from about 29.18 to about 29.93 days. The long-term average duration is 29.530589 days (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s). The synodic month is used to calculate eclipse cycles
.
is provided:
Valid for the epoch
J2000.0 (1 January 2000 12:00 TT
):
Note: In this table, time is expressed in Ephemeris Time
(more precisely Terrestrial Time
) with days of 86,400 SI
second
s. Y is years since the epoch (2000), expressed in Julian years of 365.25 days. For calendrical calculations, one would probably use days measured in the time scale of Universal Time
, which follows the somewhat unpredictable rotation of the Earth, and progressively accumulates a difference with ephemeris time called ΔT
.
At the simplest level, all lunar calendars are based on the approximation that 2 lunations last 59 days: a 30 day full month followed by a 29 day hollow month — but this is only marginally accurate and quickly needs correction by using larger cycles, or the equivalent of leap days. One exception is the Hebrew calendar
, which was calculated very precisely over a thousand years ago, based on a lunation of 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 1/3 seconds, which differs from modern calculations by only one day in 15000 years.
Second, the synodic month does not fit easily into the year
, which makes constructing accurate, rule-based lunisolar calendars difficult. The most common solution to this problem is the Metonic cycle
, which takes advantage of the fact that 235 lunations are approximately 19 tropical year
s (which add up to not quite 6940 days). However, a Metonic calendar (such as the Hebrew calendar
) will drift against the seasons by about 1 day every 200 years.
The problems of creating reliable lunar calendars may explain why solar calendar
s, having months which no longer relate to the phase of the Moon, and being based only on the motion of the Sun against the sky, have generally replaced lunar calendars for civil use in most societies.
and the Islamic Lunar calendar
started the month with the first appearance of the thin crescent of the new moon
.
However, the motion of the Moon in its orbit
is very complicated and its period is not constant. The date and time of this actual observation depends on the exact geographical longitude as well as latitude, atmospheric conditions, the visual acuity of the observers, etc. Therefore the beginning and lengths of months in these calendars can not be accurately predicted.
While some like the Karaites Jews still rely on actual moon observations, most people use the Gregorian solar calendar
.
, the Khmer calendar consists of both a lunar calendar and a solar calendar.
, like the Julian calendar
before it, has twelve months:
The mean month length of the Gregorian calendar is 30.436875 days.
Months existing in the Roman calendar
in the past include:
The famous mnemonic
Thirty days hath September
is the most common way of teaching the lengths of the months in the English-speaking world.
Also, note that the latter 10 months of the year form a pair of 31-30-31-30-31-day 5-month cycles.
The knuckles of the four fingers of one's hand and the spaces between them can be used to remember the lengths of the months. By making a fist, each month will be listed as one proceeds across the hand. All months landing on a knuckle are 31 days long and those landing between them are not. When the knuckle of the index finger is reached (July), go back to the first knuckle (or over to the first knuckle on the other fist, held next to the first) and continue with August. This physical mnemonic has been taught to primary school students for many decades.
This cyclical pattern of month lengths matches the musical keyboard
alternation of white and black keys (with the note 'F' correlating to the month of January).
are:
!No. >
Name
Punjabi
Days
Julian Months
1
Chet
ਚੇਤ
31
14 March – 13 April
2
Vaisakh
ਵੈਸਾਖ
31
14 April – 14 May
3
Jeth
ਜੇਠ
31
15 May – 14 June
4
Harh
ਹਾੜ
31
15 June – 15 July
5
Sawan
ਸਾਵਣ
31
16 July – 15 August
6
Bhadon
ਭਾਦੋਂ
30
16 August – 14 September
7
Assu
ਅੱਸੂ
30
15 September – 14 October
8
Katak
ਕੱਤਕ
30
15 October – 13 November
9
Maghar
ਮੱਘਰ
30
14 November – 13 December
10
Poh
ਪੋਹ
30
14 December – 12 January
11
Magh
ਮਾਘ
30
13 January – 11 February
12
Phagun
ਫੱਗਣ
30/31
12 February – 13 March
. They are named as follows:
See the article Islamic calendar
for more information on the Islamic calendar.
is the calendar used by the Bahá'í Faith
. It is a solar calendar
with regular years of 365 days, and leap year
s of 366 days. Years are composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days), plus an extra period of "Intercalary Days
" (4 in regular and 5 in leap years). The months are named after the attributes of God. Days of the year begin and end at sundown.
has 12 or 13 months.
Adar 1 is only added 7 times in 19 years. In ordinary years, Adar 2 is simply called Adar.
, currently used in Iran
and Afghanistan
, also has 12 months. The Persian
names are included in the parentheses.
Grishho (Summer
)
Borsha (Rainy
)
Sharat (Autumn
)
Hemanta (Late Autumn)
Sheeth (Winter
)
Bashanta (Spring
)
has various systems of naming the months. The months in the lunar calendar are:
In Bengali reckoning, Baishakha is the first month.
These are also the names used in the Indian national calendar
for the newly redefined months.
The names in the solar calendar are just the names of the zodiac
sign in which the sun travels. They are
in Sri Lanka
with Sinhala names. Each full moon Poya
day marks the start of a Buddhist lunar month. The first month is Bak. The Sinhala and Tamil New Year Day is the start of the Hindu solar calendar
(usually 14 April), an event unrelated to the Buddhist calendar.
rather than on the same date
. Hence Þorri
always starts on a Friday sometime between January 19 and January 25 (Old style
: January 9 to January 15), Góa
always starts on a Sunday between February 18 and February 24 (Old style
: February 8 to February 14).
had their own calendar before they were Christianized which reflected native traditions and deities. These months were attested by Bede
in his work On Chronology written in the 8th century. His months are probably those as written in the Northumbria
n dialect of Old English which he was familiar with. The months were so named after the moon; the new moon
marking the end of an old month and start of a new month; the full moon
occurring in the middle of the month, after which the month was named.
Calendar coincides with the Gregorian Calendar with each month referring to the type of Harvesting that is done during the month.
Time
Time is a part of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change such as the motions of objects....
, used with calendar
Calendar
A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, and years. The name given to each day is known as a date. Periods in a calendar are usually, though not...
s, which was first used and invented in Mesopotamia, as a natural period
Orbital period
The orbital period is the time taken for a given object to make one complete orbit about another object.When mentioned without further qualification in astronomy this refers to the sidereal period of an astronomical object, which is calculated with respect to the stars.There are several kinds of...
related to the motion of the Moon
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only known natural satellite,There are a number of near-Earth asteroids including 3753 Cruithne that are co-orbital with Earth: their orbits bring them close to Earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term . These are quasi-satellites and not true moons. For more...
; month and Moon are cognate
Cognate
In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term derives from the Latin cognatus . Cognates within the same language are called doublets. Strictly speaking, loanwords from another language are usually not meant by the term, e.g...
s. The traditional concept arose with the cycle of moon phases; such months (lunation
Lunation
Lunation is the mean time for one lunar phase cycle . It is on average 29.530589 days, or 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 3 seconds...
s) are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 day
Day
A day is a unit of time, commonly defined as an interval equal to 24 hours. It also can mean that portion of the full day during which a location is illuminated by the light of the sun...
s. From excavated tally stick
Tally stick
A tally was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. Tally sticks first appear as notches carved on animal bones, in the Upper Paleolithic. A notable example is the Ishango Bone...
s, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic Age, Era or Period, is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered , and covers roughly 99% of human technological prehistory...
age. Synodic months, based on the Moon's orbital period
Orbital period
The orbital period is the time taken for a given object to make one complete orbit about another object.When mentioned without further qualification in astronomy this refers to the sidereal period of an astronomical object, which is calculated with respect to the stars.There are several kinds of...
, are still the basis of many calendars today, and are used to divide the year
Year
A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving around the Sun. For an observer on Earth, this corresponds to the period it takes the Sun to complete one course throughout the zodiac along the ecliptic....
.
Types of months
The following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy, most of them (but not the distinction between sidereal and tropical months) first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy.Sidereal month
The period of the Moon's orbit as defined with respect to the celestial sphereCelestial sphere
In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere of arbitrarily large radius, concentric with the Earth and rotating upon the same axis. All objects in the sky can be thought of as projected upon the celestial sphere. Projected upward from Earth's equator and poles are the...
(of the fixed stars, nowadays the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF)
International Celestial Reference Frame
The International Celestial Reference Frame is a quasi-inertial reference frame centered at the barycenter of the Solar System, defined by the measured positions of 212 extragalactic sources . Although relativity implies that there is no true inertial frame, the extragalactic sources used to...
) is known as a sidereal month because it is the time it takes the Moon to return to a given position among the star
Star
A star is a massive, luminous sphere of plasma held together by gravity. At the end of its lifetime, a star can also contain a proportion of degenerate matter. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on Earth...
s : 27.321661 days (27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s). This type of month has been observed among cultures in the Middle East, India, and China in the following way: they divided the sky into 27 or 28 lunar mansion
Lunar mansion
A lunar mansion is a segment of the ecliptic through which the moon moves in its orbit around the earth, often used by ancient cultures as part of their calendar system...
s, one for each day of the month, identified by the prominent star(s) in them.
Tropical month
It is customary to specify positions of celestial bodies with respect to the vernal equinoxEquinox
An equinox occurs twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth's axis is inclined neither away from nor towards the Sun, the center of the Sun being in the same plane as the Earth's equator...
. Because of precession
Precession
Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotation axis of a rotating body. It can be defined as a change in direction of the rotation axis in which the second Euler angle is constant...
, this point moves back slowly along the ecliptic
Ecliptic
The ecliptic is the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun. In more accurate terms, it is the intersection of the celestial sphere with the ecliptic plane, which is the geometric plane containing the mean orbit of the Earth around the Sun...
. Therefore it takes the Moon less time to return to an ecliptic longitude of zero than to the same point amidst the fixed stars: 27.321582 days (27 d 7 h 43 min 4.7 s). This slightly shorter period is known as tropical month; cf. the analogous tropical year
Tropical year
A tropical year , for general purposes, is the length of time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice...
of the Sun
Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is almost perfectly spherical and consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields...
.
Anomalistic month
The Moon's orbit approximates an ellipse rather than a circle. However, the orientation (as well as the shape) of this orbit is not fixed. In particular, the position of the extreme points (the line of the apsidesApsis
An apsis , plural apsides , is the point of greatest or least distance of a body from one of the foci of its elliptical orbit. In modern celestial mechanics this focus is also the center of attraction, which is usually the center of mass of the system...
: perigee
Perigee
Perigee is the point at which an object makes its closest approach to the Earth.. Often the term is used in a broader sense to define the point in an orbit where the orbiting body is closest to the body it orbits. The opposite is the apogee, the farthest or highest point.The Greek prefix "peri"...
and apogee), makes a full circle (lunar precession
Lunar precession
Precession is the rotation of a plane with respect to a reference plane. The orbit of the Moon has two important such precessional motions....
) in about nine years. It takes the Moon longer to return to the same apsis because it moved ahead during one revolution. This longer period is called the anomalistic month, and has an average length of 27.554551 days (27 d 13 h 18 min 33.2 s). The apparent diameter of the Moon varies with this period, and therefore this type has some relevance for the prediction of eclipse
Eclipse
An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer...
s (see Saros
Saros cycle
The saros is a period of 223 synodic months , that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. One saros after an eclipse, the Sun, Earth, and Moon return to approximately the same relative geometry, and a nearly identical eclipse will occur, in what is referred to as an eclipse cycle...
), whose extent, duration, and appearance (whether total or annular) depend on the exact apparent diameter of the Moon. The apparent diameter of the full moon
Full moon
Full moon lunar phase that occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun. More precisely, a full moon occurs when the geocentric apparent longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180 degrees; the Moon is then in opposition with the Sun.Lunar eclipses can only occur at...
varies with the full moon cycle
Full moon cycle
The full moon cycle is a cycle of about 14 lunations over which full moons vary in apparent size and age . The sequence is*Full moon big - *Full moon young -...
which is the beat period of the synodic and anomalistic month, and also the period after which the apsides point to the Sun again.
Draconic month
Sometimes written 'draconitic' month, and also called the nodical month. The orbit of the moon lies in a plane that is tilted with respect to the plane of the ecliptic: it has an inclinationInclination
Inclination in general is the angle between a reference plane and another plane or axis of direction.-Orbits:The inclination is one of the six orbital parameters describing the shape and orientation of a celestial orbit...
of about five degrees. The line of intersection of these planes defines two points on the celestial sphere: the ascending node, when the moon's path crosses the ecliptic as the moon moves into the northern hemisphere, and descending node when the moon's path crosses the ecliptic as the moon moves into the southern hemisphere. The draconic or nodical month is the average interval between two successive transits of the moon through its ascending node. Because of the sun's gravitational pull on the moon, the moon's orbit gradually rotates westward on its axis, which means the nodes gradually rotate around the earth. As a result, the time it takes the moon to return to the same node is shorter than a sidereal month. It lasts 27.212220 days (27 d 5 h 5 min 35.8 s). The plane of the moon's orbit precesses
Precession
Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotation axis of a rotating body. It can be defined as a change in direction of the rotation axis in which the second Euler angle is constant...
over a full circle in about 18.6 years.
Because the moon's orbit is inclined with respect to the ecliptic, the sun, moon, and earth are in line only when the moon is at one of the nodes. Whenever this happens a solar or lunar eclipse
Eclipse
An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer...
is possible. The name "draconic" refers to a mythical dragon, said to live in the nodes and eat the sun or moon during an eclipse.
Synodic month
This is the average period of the Moon's revolution with respect to the line joining the Sun and Earth. The synodic month is the period of the Moon's phasesLunar phase
A lunar phase or phase of the moon is the appearance of the illuminated portion of the Moon as seen by an observer, usually on Earth. The lunar phases change cyclically as the Moon orbits the Earth, according to the changing relative positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun...
, because the Moon's appearance depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from the Earth.
While the moon is orbiting the Earth, the Earth is progressing in its orbit around the Sun. After completing a sidereal month the Moon must move a little further to reach the new position having the same angular distance from the Sun. This longer period is called the synodic month .
Because of perturbations in the orbits of the Earth and Moon, the actual time between lunation
Lunation
Lunation is the mean time for one lunar phase cycle . It is on average 29.530589 days, or 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 3 seconds...
s may range from about 29.18 to about 29.93 days. The long-term average duration is 29.530589 days (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s). The synodic month is used to calculate eclipse cycles
Eclipse cycle
Eclipses may occur repeatedly, separated by certain intervals of time: these intervals are called eclipse cycles. The series of eclipses separated by a repeat of one of these intervals is called an eclipse series.- Eclipse conditions :...
.
Month lengths
Here is a list of the average length of the various astronomical lunar months. These are not constant, so a first-order (linear) approximation of the secular changeSecular variation
The secular variation of a time series is its long-term non-periodic variation . Whether something is perceived as a secular variation or not depends on the available timescale: a secular variation over a time scale of centuries may be part of a periodic variation over a time scale of millions of...
is provided:
Valid for the epoch
Epoch (astronomy)
In astronomy, an epoch is a moment in time used as a reference point for some time-varying astronomical quantity, such as celestial coordinates, or elliptical orbital elements of a celestial body, where these are subject to perturbations and vary with time...
J2000.0 (1 January 2000 12:00 TT
Terrestrial Time
Terrestrial Time is a modern astronomical time standard defined by the International Astronomical Union, primarily for time-measurements of astronomical observations made from the surface of the Earth....
):
| Month type | Length in days |
|---|---|
| anomalistic | 27.554549878 − 0.000000010390 × Y |
| sidereal | 27.321661547 + 0.000000001857 × Y |
| tropical | 27.321582241 + 0.000000001506 × Y |
| draconic | 27.212220817 + 0.000000003833 × Y |
| synodic | 29.530588853 + 0.000000002162 × Y |
Note: In this table, time is expressed in Ephemeris Time
Ephemeris time
The term ephemeris time can in principle refer to time in connection with any astronomical ephemeris. In practice it has been used more specifically to refer to:...
(more precisely Terrestrial Time
Terrestrial Time
Terrestrial Time is a modern astronomical time standard defined by the International Astronomical Union, primarily for time-measurements of astronomical observations made from the surface of the Earth....
) with days of 86,400 SI
Si
Si, si, or SI may refer to :- Measurement, mathematics and science :* International System of Units , the modern international standard version of the metric system...
second
Second
The second is a unit of measurement of time, and is the International System of Units base unit of time. It may be measured using a clock....
s. Y is years since the epoch (2000), expressed in Julian years of 365.25 days. For calendrical calculations, one would probably use days measured in the time scale of Universal Time
Universal Time
Universal Time is a time scale based on the rotation of the Earth. It is a modern continuation of Greenwich Mean Time , i.e., the mean solar time on the Prime Meridian at Greenwich, and GMT is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for UTC...
, which follows the somewhat unpredictable rotation of the Earth, and progressively accumulates a difference with ephemeris time called ΔT
Delta T
ΔT, Delta T, delta-T, deltaT, or DT is the time difference obtained by subtracting Universal Time from Terrestrial Time : ΔT=TT−UT....
.
Calendrical consequences
- For more details on this topic, see lunar calendarLunar calendarA lunar calendar is a calendar that is based on cycles of the lunar phase. A common purely lunar calendar is the Islamic calendar or Hijri calendar. A feature of the Islamic calendar is that a year is always 12 months, so the months are not linked with the seasons and drift each solar year by 11 to...
and lunisolar calendarLunisolar calendarA lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. If the solar year is defined as a tropical year then a lunisolar calendar will give an indication of the season; if it is taken as a sidereal year then the calendar will...
.
At the simplest level, all lunar calendars are based on the approximation that 2 lunations last 59 days: a 30 day full month followed by a 29 day hollow month — but this is only marginally accurate and quickly needs correction by using larger cycles, or the equivalent of leap days. One exception is the Hebrew calendar
Hebrew calendar
The Hebrew calendar , or Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits , and daily Psalm reading, among many ceremonial uses...
, which was calculated very precisely over a thousand years ago, based on a lunation of 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 1/3 seconds, which differs from modern calculations by only one day in 15000 years.
Second, the synodic month does not fit easily into the year
Year
A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving around the Sun. For an observer on Earth, this corresponds to the period it takes the Sun to complete one course throughout the zodiac along the ecliptic....
, which makes constructing accurate, rule-based lunisolar calendars difficult. The most common solution to this problem is the Metonic cycle
Metonic cycle
In astronomy and calendar studies, the Metonic cycle or Enneadecaeteris is a period of very close to 19 years which is remarkable for being very nearly a common multiple of the solar year and the synodic month...
, which takes advantage of the fact that 235 lunations are approximately 19 tropical year
Tropical year
A tropical year , for general purposes, is the length of time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice...
s (which add up to not quite 6940 days). However, a Metonic calendar (such as the Hebrew calendar
Hebrew calendar
The Hebrew calendar , or Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits , and daily Psalm reading, among many ceremonial uses...
) will drift against the seasons by about 1 day every 200 years.
The problems of creating reliable lunar calendars may explain why solar calendar
Solar calendar
A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the sun .-Tropical solar calendars:...
s, having months which no longer relate to the phase of the Moon, and being based only on the motion of the Sun against the sky, have generally replaced lunar calendars for civil use in most societies.
Beginning of the lunar month
The Hellenic calendars, the Hebrew Lunisolar calendarHebrew calendar
The Hebrew calendar , or Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits , and daily Psalm reading, among many ceremonial uses...
and the Islamic Lunar calendar
Islamic calendar
The Hijri calendar , also known as the Muslim calendar or Islamic calendar , is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in many Muslim countries , and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic...
started the month with the first appearance of the thin crescent of the new moon
New moon
In astronomical terminology, the new moon is the lunar phase that occurs when the Moon, in its monthly orbital motion around Earth, lies between Earth and the Sun, and is therefore in conjunction with the Sun as seen from Earth...
.
However, the motion of the Moon in its orbit
Orbit
In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of an object around a point in space, for example the orbit of a planet around the center of a star system, such as the Solar System...
is very complicated and its period is not constant. The date and time of this actual observation depends on the exact geographical longitude as well as latitude, atmospheric conditions, the visual acuity of the observers, etc. Therefore the beginning and lengths of months in these calendars can not be accurately predicted.
While some like the Karaites Jews still rely on actual moon observations, most people use the Gregorian solar calendar
Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar, also known as the Western calendar, or Christian calendar, is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter...
.
Khmer calendar
Like the Hindu calendarHindu calendar
The hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, as well as an Indian national calendar. Nepali calendar, Bengali calendar, Malayalam calendar, Tamil calendar, Telugu calendar, Kannada...
, the Khmer calendar consists of both a lunar calendar and a solar calendar.
Solar calendar
The solar calendar is used more commonly than the lunar calendar. There are 12 months and the numbers of days follow the Julian and Gregorian calendar.| Khmer Name | Transliteration | Julian and Gregorian Name | |
|---|---|---|---|
| # | មករា | Makara | January |
| # | កម្ភៈ | Kompeak | February |
| # | មិនា or មីនា | Mik Nea or Me Na | March |
| # | មេសា | Mesa | April |
| # | ឧសភា | Uk Sak Phea | May |
| # | មិថុនា | Mik Thok Na | June |
| # | កក្កដា | Kak Ka Da | July |
| # | សីហា | Seiha | August |
| # | កញ្ញា | Kagna | September |
| # | តុលា | Tola | October |
| # | វិច្ឆិកា | Vicheka | November |
| # | ធ្នូ | Thnu | December |
The Lunar Calendar
The lunar calendar contains 12 months, though, however, the eighth month is divided into 2 months in the calendar a few years ago making 13 months instead if 12 months.- មិគសិរ
- បុស
- មាគ
- ផល្គុន
- ចេត្រ
- វិសាខ/ ពិសាខ
- ជេស្ឋ
- ឤស឵ធ, divided into:
- បឋមសាធ
- ទុតិយាសាធ
- ស្រាពណ៍
- ភទ្របទ
- អស្សុច
- កត្តិក
Julian and Gregorian calendars
The Gregorian calendarGregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar, also known as the Western calendar, or Christian calendar, is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter...
, like the Julian calendar
Julian calendar
The Julian calendar began in 45 BC as a reform of the Roman calendar by Julius Caesar. It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year .The Julian calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months...
before it, has twelve months:
| Chronology | Alphabetic | Days |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | January January January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day... |
31 day Day A day is a unit of time, commonly defined as an interval equal to 24 hours. It also can mean that portion of the full day during which a location is illuminated by the light of the sun... s |
| 2 | February February February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the shortest month and the only month with fewer than 30 days. The month has 28 days in common years and 29 days in leap years... |
28 days, 29 in leap year Leap year A leap year is a year containing one extra day in order to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year... s |
| 3 | March March March is in present time held to be the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is one of the seven months which are 31 days long.... |
31 days |
| 4 | April April April is the fourth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and one of four months with a length of 30 days. April was originally the second month of the Roman calendar, before January and February were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC... |
30 days |
| 5 | May May May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days.May is a month of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere and spring in the Northern Hemisphere... |
31 days |
| 6 | June June June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and one of the four months with a length of 30 days. Ovid provides two etymologies for June's name in his poem concerning the months entitled the Fasti... |
30 days |
| 7 | July July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days. It is, on average, the warmest month in most of the Northern hemisphere and the coldest month in much of the Southern hemisphere... |
31 days |
| 8 | August August August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with a length of 31 days.This month was originally named Sextilis in Latin, because it was the sixth month in the original ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, when March was the first... |
31 days |
| 9 | September September September is the 9th month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of four months with a length of 30 days.September in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of March in the Northern Hemisphere.... |
30 days |
| 10 | October October October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old Roman calendar, October retained its name after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the... |
31 days |
| 11 | November November November is the 11th month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of four months with the length of 30 days. November was the ninth month of the ancient Roman calendar... |
30 days |
| 12 | December December December is the 12th and last month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days.December starts on the same day as September every year and ends on the same day as April every year.-Etymology:... |
31 days |
The mean month length of the Gregorian calendar is 30.436875 days.
Months existing in the Roman calendar
Roman calendar
The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the founding of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. This article generally discusses the early Roman or pre-Julian calendars...
in the past include:
- MercedoniusMercedoniusMercedonius, also known as Intercalaris, was the intercalary month added in leap years of the Roman calendar. The resulting year was either 377 or 378 days long. The exact mechanism by which this was done is not clearly specified in ancient sources. Modern scholarship holds that Februarius was...
, an occasional month after February to realign the calendar. - QuintilisQuintilisIn the 10-month calendar of ancient Rome, Quintilis follows Junius and precedes Sextilis . Quintilis is Latin for "fifth", that is, it was the fifth month in the earliest calendar attributed to Romulus, which began with the month of Martius...
, renamed to July in honour of Julius CaesarJulius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
. - SextilisSextilisSextilis was the original Latin name for the sixth month in the Roman calendar. It was renamed Augustus in 8 BC in honor of the first Roman emperor, Augustus Caesar, for two reasons...
, renamed to August in honour of AugustusAugustusAugustus ;23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian...
.
The famous mnemonic
Mnemonic
A mnemonic , or mnemonic device, is any learning technique that aids memory. To improve long term memory, mnemonic systems are used to make memorization easier. Commonly encountered mnemonics are often verbal, such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember something,...
Thirty days hath September
Thirty days hath September
Thirty days hath September is a traditional English mnemonic rhyme, of which many variants are commonly used in English-speaking countries to remember the lengths of the months in the Julian and Gregorian calendars....
is the most common way of teaching the lengths of the months in the English-speaking world.
Also, note that the latter 10 months of the year form a pair of 31-30-31-30-31-day 5-month cycles.
The knuckles of the four fingers of one's hand and the spaces between them can be used to remember the lengths of the months. By making a fist, each month will be listed as one proceeds across the hand. All months landing on a knuckle are 31 days long and those landing between them are not. When the knuckle of the index finger is reached (July), go back to the first knuckle (or over to the first knuckle on the other fist, held next to the first) and continue with August. This physical mnemonic has been taught to primary school students for many decades.
This cyclical pattern of month lengths matches the musical keyboard
Musical keyboard
A musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument, particularly the piano. Keyboards typically contain keys for playing the twelve notes of the Western musical scale, with a combination of larger, longer keys and smaller, shorter keys that repeats at the...
alternation of white and black keys (with the note 'F' correlating to the month of January).
Calends, nones, and ides
The ides occur on the thirteenth day in eight of the months, but in March, May, July, and October, they occur on the fifteenth. The nones always occur 8 days before the ides, i.e., on the fifth or the seventh. The calends are always the first day of the month.Nanakshahi calendar
The months in the Nanakshahi calendarNanakshahi calendar
The Nanakshahi calendar is a tropical solar calendar that was adopted by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee to determine the dates for important Sikh events. It was designed by Pal Singh Purewal to replace the Saka calendar and has been in use since 1998...
are:
Punjabi language
Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region . For Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all ceremonies take place. In Pakistan, Punjabi is the most widely spoken language...
Vaisakh
Vaisakh is the second month in the Nanakshahi calendar. This month coincides with April and May in the Gregorian calendar and to Vaisakha in the Hindu calendar; it comprises the time of crop-harvesting in the Punjab region....
Jeth
Jeth is a third month of the Nanakshahi calendar, which govern the activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with May and June in the Gregorian and Julian calendas and is 31 days long.-May:* May 15 - The start of the month Jeth...
Harh
Harh is the fourth month of the Nanakshahi calendar. This month coincides with June and July of the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days in length.During this month, the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev was martyred by the Mughals.-June:...
Sawan
Sawan is a fifth month in the traditional Vikrama as well as the Nanakshahi calendar, which governs the activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with July and August in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days long, like the Gregorian and Julian calendars.-July:* July 16 - The...
Bhadon
Bhadon is the sixth month of the Nanakshahi calendar. This month coincides with August and September in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days long.-August:* August 16 - The start of the month...
Assu
Assu is the seventh month of the Nanakshahi calendar, which governs the Sikh tradition. This month coincides with September and October in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 30 days long.-September:...
Katak
Katak is the eighth month of the Nanakshahi calendar. This month coincides with October and November in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 30 days long.-October:* October 15 - The start of the month Katat...
Poh
Poh is the tenth month in the Nanakshahi calendar, which governs the activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with December and January in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 30 days long.-External links:* * * *...
Magh (Sikh calendar)
Magh is the eleventh month of the Nanakshahi calendar, which governs the activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with January and February in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 30 days long.-January:...
Phagun
Phagun is the twelfth and last month of the Nanakshahi calendar, which governs activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with February and March of the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 30 or 31 days long.-February:...
Islamic calendar
There are also twelve months in the Islamic calendarIslamic calendar
The Hijri calendar , also known as the Muslim calendar or Islamic calendar , is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in many Muslim countries , and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic...
. They are named as follows:
- Muharram ul HaramMuharramMuharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is prohibited...
(or shortened to Muharram) محرّم - SafarSafarSafar is the second month in the Islamic calendar.The root of the name, صفر ṣafr, has three basic areas of meaning: 1) whistle, hiss, chirp; 2) be yellow, pale ; 3) to be empty, devoid, vacant...
صفر - Rabi`-ul-Awwal (Rabi' I) ربيع الأول
- Rabi`-ul-Akhir (or Rabi` al-Tיhaany) (Rabi' II) ربيع الآخر أو ربيع الثاني
- Jumaada-ul-Awwal (Jumaada I) جمادى الأول
- Jumaada-ul-Akhir (or Jumaada al-Thaany) (Jumaada II) جمادى الآخر أو جمادى الثاني
- RajabRajabRajab is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar. The lexical definition of Rajaba is "to respect", of which Rajab is a derivative.This month is regarded as one of the four sacred months in Islam in which battles are prohibited...
رجب - Sha'abanSha'abanSha'aban is the eighth month of the Islamic calendar.This is the month of ‘separation’, so called because the pagan Arabs used to disperse in search of water...
شعبان - RamadhanRamadanRamadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, which lasts 29 or 30 days. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, smoking and sex during daylight hours and is intended to teach Muslims about patience, spirituality, humility and...
رمضان - ShawwalShawwalShawwāl is the tenth month of the lunar Islamic calendar. Shawwāl means to ‘lift or carry’; so named because she-camels normally would be carrying a fetus at this time of year.-Fasting during Shawwāl:...
شوّال - Dhul Qadah (or Thou al-Qi`dah) ذو القعدة
- Dhul Hijja (or Thou al-Hijjah) ذو الحجة
See the article Islamic calendar
Islamic calendar
The Hijri calendar , also known as the Muslim calendar or Islamic calendar , is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in many Muslim countries , and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic...
for more information on the Islamic calendar.
Bahá'í calendar
The Bahá'í calendarBahá'í calendar
The Bahá'í calendar, also called the Badí‘ calendar , used by the Bahá'í Faith, is a solar calendar with regular years of 365 days, and leap years of 366 days. Years are composed of 19 months of 19 days each, plus an extra period of "Intercalary Days"...
is the calendar used by the Bahá'í Faith
Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith is a monotheistic religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in 19th-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind. There are an estimated five to six million Bahá'ís around the world in more than 200 countries and territories....
. It is a solar calendar
Solar calendar
A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the sun .-Tropical solar calendars:...
with regular years of 365 days, and leap year
Leap year
A leap year is a year containing one extra day in order to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year...
s of 366 days. Years are composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days), plus an extra period of "Intercalary Days
Ayyám-i-Há
Ayyám-i-Há refers to a period of four or five intercalary days in the Bahá'í calendar, where Bahá'ís celebrate the Festival of Ayyám-i-Há...
" (4 in regular and 5 in leap years). The months are named after the attributes of God. Days of the year begin and end at sundown.
Hebrew Calendar
The Hebrew calendarHebrew calendar
The Hebrew calendar , or Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits , and daily Psalm reading, among many ceremonial uses...
has 12 or 13 months.
- NisanNisanNisan is the first month of the ecclesiastical year and the seventh month of the civil year, on the Hebrew calendar. The name of the month is Babylonian; in the Torah it is called the month of the Aviv, referring to the month in which barley was ripe. It is a spring month of 30 days...
, 30 days ניסן - Iyyar, 29 days אייר
- SivanSivanSivan is the ninth month of the civil year and the third month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a spring month of 30 days...
, 30 days סיון - Tammuz, 29 days תמוז
- AvAvAv is the eleventh month of the civil year and the fifth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. The name is Babylonian in origin and appeared in the Talmud around the 3rd century. This is the only month which is not named in the Bible. It is a summer month of 30 days...
, 30 days אב - ElulElulElul is the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a summer month of 29 days...
, 29 days אלול - Tishri, 30 days תשרי
- Heshvan, 29/30 days חשון
- KislevKislevKislev Kislev Tiberian ; also Chislev is the third month of the civil year and the ninth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar....
, 29/30 days כסלו - TevetTevetTebet is the fourth month of the civil year and the tenth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It follows Kislev and precedes Shevat. It is a winter month of 29 days...
, 29 days טבת - ShevatShevatShevat is the fifth month of the civil year and the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a winter month of 30 days...
, 30 days שבט - Adar 1, 30 days, intercalaryIntercalationIntercalation is the insertion of a leap day, week or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of both days and months.- Solar calendars :...
month אדר א - Adar 2, 29 days אדר ב
Adar 1 is only added 7 times in 19 years. In ordinary years, Adar 2 is simply called Adar.
French Republican calendar
This calendar was proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about twelve years from late 1793. There were twelve months of 30 days each, grouped into three ten-day weeks called décades. The five or six extra days needed to approximate the tropical year were placed after the months at the end of each year. A period of four years ending on a leap day was to be called a Franciade. It began at the autumn equinox:- Autumn:
- VendémiaireVendémiaireVendémiaire was the first month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word vendange .Vendémiaire was the first month of the autumn quarter . It started on the day of the autumnal equinox, which fell between 22 September and 24 September, inclusive. It thus ended...
- BrumaireBrumaireBrumaire was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word brume which occurs frequently in France at that time of the year....
- FrimaireFrimaireFrimaire was the third month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word frimas, which means frost.Frimaire was the third month of the autumn quarter . It started between November 21 and November 23. It ended between December 20 and December 22...
- Winter:
- NivôseNivôseFor the frigate of the French Navy, see Nivôse Nivôse was the fourth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word nivosus, which means snow....
- PluviôsePluviôsePluviôse was the fifth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word pluviosus, which means rainy....
- VentôseVentôseVentôse was the sixth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ventosus, which means windy.Ventôse was the third month of the winter quarter . It started between 19 February and 21 February. It ended between 20 March and 21 March...
- Spring:
- GerminalGerminal (French Republican Calendar)Germinal was the seventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word germen, which means germination...
- FloréalFloréalFor the ship class, see Floréal class frigateFloréal was the eighth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word flos, which means flowering....
- PrairialPrairialPrairial was the ninth month in the French Republican Calendar. This month was named after the French word prairie, which means meadow. It was the name given to several ships....
- Summer:
- MessidorMessidorMessidor was the tenth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word messis, which means harvest....
- ThermidorThermidorThermidor was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word thermal which comes from the Greek word "thermos" which means heat....
- FructidorFructidorFructidor is the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word fructus, which means "fruit".Fructidor is the third month of the summer quarter . By the Gregorian calendar, Fructidor starts on either August 18 or August 19 and ends exactly thirty days...
Iranian/Persian calendar
The Iranian / Persian calendarIranian calendar
The Iranian calendars or sometimes called Persian calendars are a succession of calendars invented or used for over two millennia in Greater Iran...
, currently used in Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
and Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
, also has 12 months. The Persian
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
names are included in the parentheses.
- FarvardinFarvardinFarvardin is the first month of the Iranian civil calendar of 1925. Farvardin has 31 days and in 75 years of 100 years begins on 21 March and ends on 20 April. In 25 years, Farvardin begins on 19 or 22 March and ends on 18 or 21 April. Farvardin is the first month of spring, and is followed by...
(31 days, فروردین) - OrdibeheshtOrdibeheshtOrdibehesht is the 2nd month of the Iranian civil calendar of 1925. Ordibehesht has 31 days and begins in April and ends in May. Ordibehesht is the 2nd month of spring....
(31 days, اردیبهشت) - KhordadKhordadKhordad is the 3rd month of the Iranian civil calendar of 1925.khordad has 31 days and begins on May and ends on June. Khordad is the 3rd month of spring....
(31 days, خرداد) - TirTIRTir, tir or TIR may mean:* The French term for Schützenfest, a target-shooting competition* Tir , the fourth month in the Iranian calendar* Occasional spelling of the Old Norse theonym Tyr...
(31 days, تیر) - MordadMordadMordad is the fifth month of the Iranian civil calendar of 1925. Mordad has 31 days and in more years begins on 23 July and ends on 22 August. In some years, Mordad begins on 22 July and ends on 21 August...
(31 days, مرداد) - ShahrivarShahrivarShahrivar is the 6th month of the Iranian civil calendar of 1925. Shahrivar has 31 days and begins on August and ends on September. Shahrivar is the 3rd month of summer....
(31 days, شهریور) - MehrMehrMehr, or Mihr may refer to:Hindu / Zoroastrian names* Mehr, an alternative name for Mithra, a Hindu / Zoroastrian divinity* Mehr , the seventh month of the year and the sixteenth day of the month of the Iranian Calendar and Zoroastrian calendar, which are dedicated to the namesake divinity* Mehr's...
(30 days, مهر) - AbanAbanApas is the Avestan language term for "the waters", which—in its innumerable aggregate states—is represented by the Apas, the hypostases of the waters....
(30 days, آبان) - AzarAzarAzar is the 9th month of the Iranian civil calendar of 1925. Azar has 30 days and begins on November and ends on December. Azar is the 3rd month of Autumn....
(30 days, آذر) - DeyDeyDey was the title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers and Tripoli under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards...
(30 days, دی) - BahmanBahmanBahman may refer to:* Bahman, the Zoroastrian Amesha Spenta* Bahman, the 11th month of the year in Zoroastrian & Iranian calendars, named after the Zoroastrian concept* Kai Bahman, a mythological king of Iran...
(30 days, بهمن) - EsfandEsfandEsfand is the 12th month of the Iranian civil calendar of 1925.Esfand has 29 days and begins on February and ends on March. Esfand is the 3rd month of Winter....
(29 days- 30 days in leap year, اسفند)
Reformed Bengali calendar
The Bangla Calendar, used in Bangladesh, follows solar months and it has six seasons. The months and seasons in the calendar are:Grishho (Summer
Summer
Summer is the warmest of the four temperate seasons, between spring and autumn. At the summer solstice, the days are longest and the nights are shortest, with day-length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice...
)
- Baishakh- 31 days
- Jyoishtho- 31 days
Borsha (Rainy
Rainy
Rainy refers to an abundance of rain. It may also refer to:*Rainy season, a specific time of year with when most of a region's average annual rainfall...
)
- Aashar- 31 days
- Shrabon- 31 days
Sharat (Autumn
Autumn
Autumn is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter usually in September or March when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier....
)
- BhadroBhadroBhadro is the fifth month in the Bangla Calendar.Bhadro marks the beginning of the Autumn season. According to the modified calendar developed by the Bangla Academy, the month of Bhadro has 31 days. Bhadro spans from mid August to mid September in the Gregorian Calendar....
- 31 days - Aashwin- 30 days
Hemanta (Late Autumn)
- KartikKartikKartik may refer to:* Kartika , a month in the Indian national calendar and Bengali calendar* Kartik * Karttikeya, the brother of Ganesha in the Hindu mythology...
- 30 days - Aghrahayon- 30 days
Sheeth (Winter
Winter
Winter is the coldest season of the year in temperate climates, between autumn and spring. At the winter solstice, the days are shortest and the nights are longest, with days lengthening as the season progresses after the solstice.-Meteorology:...
)
- PoushPoushPoush is the 9th month of both the Bangla calendar and the Nepali Calendar. It overlaps December and January of the Gregorian calendar. It is the first month of the winter season....
- 30 days - MaghMaghMagh may refer to:* Magi* Magh people, the Arakanese nationalities known in Bengal as Maghs* Maagha, a month in Hindu calendar* Magh * Magh * Magh * Magha , author of Shishupala Vadha...
- 30 days
Bashanta (Spring
Spring (season)
Spring is one of the four temperate seasons, the transition period between winter and summer. Spring and "springtime" refer to the season, and broadly to ideas of rebirth, renewal and regrowth. The specific definition of the exact timing of "spring" varies according to local climate, cultures and...
)
- Falgoon- 30 days
- ChaitraChaitraChaitra is a month of the Hindu calendar....
- 30 days (31 days in leap year)
Thai Calendar
| English name | Thai name | Abbr. | Transcription | Sanskrit word | Zodiac sign |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | มกราคม | ม.ค. | mokarakhom | mokara "sea-monster" | Capricorn |
| February | กุมภาพันธ์ | ก.พ. | kumphaphan | kumbha "pitcher, water-pot" | Aquarius |
| March | มีนาคม | มี.ค. | minakhom | mīna "(a specific kind of) fish" | Pisces |
| April | เมษายน | เม.ย. | mesayon | meṣa "ram" | Aries Aries (astrology) Aries is the first astrological sign in the Zodiac, which spans the zodiac between the zero degree and the 29th degree of celestial longitude. The Sun enters Aries when it reaches the northern vernal equinox, which is usually on March 21 each year, and remains in this sign until around April 20... |
| May | พฤษภาคม | พ.ค. | phruetsaphakhom | vṛṣabha "bull" | Taurus Taurus (astrology) Taurus is the second astrological sign in the Zodiac, which spans the zodiac between the 30th and 59th degree of celestial longitude. Generally, the Sun transits this area of the zodiac between April 21 to May 21 each year... |
| June | มิถุนายน | มิ.ย. | mithunayon | mithuna "a pair" | Gemini Gemini (astrology) Gemini is the third astrological sign in the Zodiac, which spans the Zodiac between the 60th and 89th degree of celestial longitude. Generally, the Sun transits this area of the zodiac between May 21 to June 20 each year... |
| July | กรกฎาคม | ก.ค. | karakadakhom | karkaṭa "crab" | Cancer Cancer (astrology) Cancer is the fourth astrological sign in the Zodiac. It is considered a water sign and one of four cardinal signs. Cancer is ruled by the Moon. Individuals born when the Sun is in this sign are considered Cancerian individuals... |
| August | สิงหาคม | ส.ค. | singhakhom | siṃha "lion" | Leo Leo (astrology) Leo is the fifth astrological sign of the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Leo. In astrology, Leo is considered to be a "masculine", positive sign. It is also considered a fire sign and is one of four fixed signs ruled by the Sun.Individuals born when the Sun is in this sign are... |
| September | กันยายน | ก.ย. | kanyayon | kanyā "girl" | Virgo Virgo (astrology) Virgo is the sixth astrological sign in the Zodiac, which spans the zodiac between the 150th and 179th degree of celestial longitude. Generally, the Sun transits this area of the zodiac between August 23 to September 22 each year... |
| October | ตุลาคม | ต.ค. | tulakhom | tulā "balance" | Libra Libra (astrology) Libra is the seventh astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Libra. In astrology, Libra is considered a "masculine", positive sign. It is also considered an air sign and is one of four cardinal signs... |
| November | พฤศจิกายน | พ.ย. | phruetsachikayon | vṛścika "scorpion" | Scorpio Scorpio (astrology) |Infobox align="right" style="border:3px solid white;"||style="text-align: center;"|Scorpio is the eighth astrological sign in the Zodiac, which spans the zodiac between the 210th and 239th degree of celestial longitude. Generally, the Sun transits this area of the zodiac between 24 October and... |
| December | ธันวาคม | ธ.ค. | thanwakhom | dhanu "bow, arc" | Sagittarius Sagittarius (astrology) Sagittarius is the ninth astrological sign in the Zodiac, which spans the zodiac between the 240th and 269th degree of celestial longitude... |
Tongan Calendar
The Tongan Calendar are based on the cycles of the moon around the earth in one year.The following months are:- Liha Mu'a
- Liha Mui
- Vai Mu'a
- Vai Mui
- Faka'afu Mo'ui
- Faka'afu Mate
- Hilinga Kelekele
- Hilinga Mea'a
- 'Ao'ao
- Fu'ufu'unekinanga
- 'Uluenga
- Tanumanga
- 'O'oamofanongo
Hindu Calendar
The Hindu CalendarHindu calendar
The hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, as well as an Indian national calendar. Nepali calendar, Bengali calendar, Malayalam calendar, Tamil calendar, Telugu calendar, Kannada...
has various systems of naming the months. The months in the lunar calendar are:
| Sanskrit name | Bengali name | Tamil name | |
|---|---|---|---|
| # | Chaitra Chaitra Chaitra is a month of the Hindu calendar.... (चैत्र) |
Chaitra (চৈত্র) | Chitirai (சித்திரை) |
| # | Vaishaakha (वैशाख) | *Baishakha (বৈশাখ) | Vaikasi (வைகாசி) |
| # | Jyaishtha (ज्येष्ठ) | Jyaishtha (জ্যৈষ্ঠ) | Aani Aani In Ancient Egyptian religion, Aani is the dog-headed ape sacred to the Egyptian god Thoth. "One of the Egyptian names of the Cynocephalus Baboon, which was sacred to the god Thoth."... (ஆனி) |
| # | Aashaadha Aashaadha Aashaadha is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Aashaadh is the fourth month of the year, beginning on 22 June and ending on 22 July. The month is known as Aadi in Tamil... (आषाढ़) |
Ashadha (আষাঢ়) | Aadi Aadi Aadi is an Indian male name originating from the Sanskrit language. Aadi means First, beginning or initial in Sanskrit.Some people in India use it as a short name for Aditya, but now people have started using it as a complete name.*Tamil calendar... (ஆடி) |
| # | Shraavana Shraavana Shraavana is a month of the Hindu calendar, also known as Sawan. In India's national civil calendar, Shraavan is the fifth month of the Hindu year, beginning in late July and ending in the third week of August. In the Tamil calendar, it is known as Aavani and is the fifth month of the solar year... (श्रावण) |
Shravana (শ্রাবণ) | Aavani (ஆவணி) |
| # | Bhaadrapada (भाद्रपद) | Bhadra (ভাদ্র) | Purratasi (புரட்டாசி) |
| # | Aashvayuja (अश्विन) | Ashwina (আশ্বিন) | Aiypasi (ஐப்பசி) |
| # | Kaartika (कार्तिक) | Kartika (কার্তিক) | Kaarthigai (கார்த்திகை) |
| # | Maargashiirsha (मार्गशीर्ष) | Agrahayana (অগ্রহায়ণ) | Maargazhi (மார்கழி) |
| # | Pausha Pausha Pausha is a month of the Hindu calendar In the Indian national calendar, Pausha is the tenth month of the year, beginning with the solstice on 22 December and ending on 20 January.... (पौष) |
Pausha (পৌষ) | Thai Thai When used as an adjective, Thai refers to anything that originates from Thailand. As a noun it may refer to:* Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand* Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand... (தை) |
| # | Maagha Maagha Maagha is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Maagh is the eleventh month of the year, beginning in January and ending in February.... (माघ) |
Magha (মাঘ) | Maasi Maasi Maasi is a village in Orissaare Parish, Saare County, on the eastern part of Saaremaa Island, Estonia.... (மாசி) |
| # | Phaalguna (फाल्गुन) | Phalguna (ফাল্গুন) | Panguni (பங்குனி) |
In Bengali reckoning, Baishakha is the first month.
These are also the names used in the Indian national calendar
Indian national calendar
The Indian national calendar is the official civil calendar in use in India. It is used, alongside the Gregorian calendar, by The Gazette of India, news broadcasts by All India Radio, and calendars and communications issued by the Government of India.The term may also ambiguously refer to the...
for the newly redefined months.
The names in the solar calendar are just the names of the zodiac
Zodiac
In astronomy, the zodiac is a circle of twelve 30° divisions of celestial longitude which are centred upon the ecliptic: the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year...
sign in which the sun travels. They are
- MeshaAries (constellation)Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac, located between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. Its name is Latin for ram, and its symbol is , representing a ram's horns...
- VrishabhaTaurus (constellation)Taurus is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is a Latin word meaning 'bull', and its astrological symbol is a stylized bull's head:...
- MithunaGemini (constellation)Gemini is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It was one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. Its name is Latin for "twins", and it is associated with the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek mythology...
- KatakaCancer (constellation)Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as such. Its symbol is . Cancer is small and its stars are faint...
- SimhaLeo (constellation)Leo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for lion. Its symbol is . Leo lies between dim Cancer to the west and Virgo to the east.-Stars:...
- KanyaaVirgo (constellation)Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is . Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second largest constellation in the sky...
- TulaaLibra (constellation)Libra is a constellation of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for weighing scales, and its symbol is . It is fairly faint, with no first magnitude stars, and lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east.-Notable features:]...
- Vrishcika
- DhanusSagittarius (constellation)Sagittarius is a constellation of the zodiac, the one containing the galactic center. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is , a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur drawing a bow...
- Makara
- KumbhaAquarius (constellation)Aquarius is a constellation of the zodiac, situated between Capricornus and Pisces. Its name is Latin for "water-bearer" or "cup-bearer", and its symbol is , a representation of water....
- MiinaPisces (constellation)Pisces is a constellation of the zodiac. Its name is the Latin plural for fish, and its symbol is . It lies between Aquarius to the west and Aries to the east...
Sinhala calendar
The Sinhala calendar is the Buddhist calendarBuddhist calendar
The Buddhist calendar is used on mainland Southeast Asia in the countries of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma and Sri Lanka in several related forms. It is a lunisolar calendar having months that are alternately 29 and 30 days, with an intercalated day and a 30-day month added at regular intervals...
in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
with Sinhala names. Each full moon Poya
Poya
Poya or Poya Day is the name given to a Buddhist public holiday in Sri Lanka which occurs every full moon day. The Full moon is important to Buddhists all around the world, who have adopted the Lunar Calendar for their religious observances...
day marks the start of a Buddhist lunar month. The first month is Bak. The Sinhala and Tamil New Year Day is the start of the Hindu solar calendar
Hindu calendar
The hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, as well as an Indian national calendar. Nepali calendar, Bengali calendar, Malayalam calendar, Tamil calendar, Telugu calendar, Kannada...
(usually 14 April), an event unrelated to the Buddhist calendar.
- Duruthu (දුරුතු)
- Navam (නවම්)
- Medin (මැදින්)
- Bak (බක්)
- Vesak (වෙසක්)
- Poson (පොසොන්)
- Esala (ඇසල)
- Nikini (නිකිණි)
- Binara (බිනර)
- Vap (වප්)
- Il (iL) (ඉල්)
- Unduvap (උඳුවප්)
Icelandic/Old Norse calendar
The old Icelandic calendar is not in official use anymore, but some Icelandic holidays and annual feasts are still calculated from it. It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months". The calendar is peculiar in that the months always start on the same weekdayWeekday
Weekday may either refer to only a day of the week which is part of the workweek thus not part of the weekend or to any of the days of the week.-Weekday as a day of the workweek:In most countries the days of the workweek are:# Monday# Tuesday# Wednesday...
rather than on the same date
Calendar date
A date in a calendar is a reference to a particular day represented within a calendar system. The calendar date allows the specific day to be identified. The number of days between two dates may be calculated. For example, "24 " is ten days after "14 " in the Gregorian calendar. The date of a...
. Hence Þorri
Þorri
Þorri is the Icelandic name of the personification of frost or winter in Norse mythology, and also the name of the fourth winter month in the Icelandic calendar....
always starts on a Friday sometime between January 19 and January 25 (Old style
Julian calendar
The Julian calendar began in 45 BC as a reform of the Roman calendar by Julius Caesar. It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year .The Julian calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months...
: January 9 to January 15), Góa
Goa
Goa , a former Portuguese colony, is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in South West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its...
always starts on a Sunday between February 18 and February 24 (Old style
Julian calendar
The Julian calendar began in 45 BC as a reform of the Roman calendar by Julius Caesar. It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year .The Julian calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months...
: February 8 to February 14).
- Skammdegi ("Short days")
- Gormánuður (mid October - mid November, "slaughter month" or "GórGorGor , the Counter-Earth, is the alternate-world setting for a series of 30 novels by John Norman that combine philosophy, erotica and science fiction...
's month") - Ýlir (mid November - mid December, "YuleYuleYule or Yuletide is a winter festival that was initially celebrated by the historical Germanic people as a pagan religious festival, though it was later absorbed into, and equated with, the Christian festival of Christmas. The festival was originally celebrated from late December to early January...
month") - Mörsugur (mid December - mid January, "fat sucking month")
- ÞorriÞorriÞorri is the Icelandic name of the personification of frost or winter in Norse mythology, and also the name of the fourth winter month in the Icelandic calendar....
(mid January - mid February, "frozen snow month") - GóaGoaGoa , a former Portuguese colony, is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in South West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its...
(mid February - mid March, "Góa's month, see NórNórNór or Nori is firstly a mercantile title and secondly a Norse man's name. It is stated in Norse sources that Nór was the founder of Norway, from whom the land supposedly got its name...
") - Einmánuður (mid March - mid April, "lone" or "single month")
- Náttleysi ("Nightless days")
- HarpaHarpaHarpa, common name the "harp snails", is a genus of large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Harpidae.Harpa is the type genus of the family Harpidae.-Species:Species in the genus Harpa include:...
(mid April - mid May, Harpa is a female name, probably a forgotten goddess, first day of Harpa is celebrated as Sumardagurinn fyrsti - first day of summer) - Skerpla (mid May - mid June, another forgotten goddess)
- Sólmánuður (mid June - mid July, "sunSunThe Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is almost perfectly spherical and consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields...
month") - Heyannir (mid July - mid August, "hayHayHay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep. Hay is also fed to pets such as rabbits and guinea pigs...
business month") - Tvímánuður (mid August - mid September, "two" or "second month")
- Haustmánuður (mid September - mid October, "autumn month")
Old English calendar
Like the Old Norse calendar, the Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxon is a term used by historians to designate the Germanic tribes who invaded and settled the south and east of Great Britain beginning in the early 5th century AD, and the period from their creation of the English nation to the Norman conquest. The Anglo-Saxon Era denotes the period of...
had their own calendar before they were Christianized which reflected native traditions and deities. These months were attested by Bede
Bede
Bede , also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede , was a monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth, today part of Sunderland, England, and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow , both in the Kingdom of Northumbria...
in his work On Chronology written in the 8th century. His months are probably those as written in the Northumbria
Northumbria
Northumbria was a medieval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary.Northumbria was...
n dialect of Old English which he was familiar with. The months were so named after the moon; the new moon
New moon
In astronomical terminology, the new moon is the lunar phase that occurs when the Moon, in its monthly orbital motion around Earth, lies between Earth and the Sun, and is therefore in conjunction with the Sun as seen from Earth...
marking the end of an old month and start of a new month; the full moon
Full moon
Full moon lunar phase that occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun. More precisely, a full moon occurs when the geocentric apparent longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180 degrees; the Moon is then in opposition with the Sun.Lunar eclipses can only occur at...
occurring in the middle of the month, after which the month was named.
- Æfterra-ġēola mōnaþ (January, 'After-YuleYuleYule or Yuletide is a winter festival that was initially celebrated by the historical Germanic people as a pagan religious festival, though it was later absorbed into, and equated with, the Christian festival of Christmas. The festival was originally celebrated from late December to early January...
month’) - Sol-mōnaþ (February, 'Sol month')
- Hreþ-mōnaþ (March, 'HrethHrethaHrêðe is a goddess in Anglo-Saxon paganism connected with the month Hrēdmōnath. Hrêðe is attested solely by Bede in his 8th century work De temporum ratione...
month’) - Ēostur-mōnaþ (April, 'ĒosturEostreOld English Ēostre and Old High German Ôstarâ are the names of a Germanic goddess whose Anglo-Saxon month, Ēostur-monath , has given its name to the festival of Easter...
month’) - Ðrimilce-mōnaþ (May, 'Three-milkings month’)
- Ærra-Liþa (June, 'Ere-Litha')
- Æftera-Liþa (July, 'After-Litha')
- Wēod-mōnaþ (August, 'Weed month’)
- Hāliġ-mōnaþ or Hærfest-mōnaþ (September, 'Holy month’ or 'Harvest month')
- Winter-fylleþ (October, 'Winter-filleth’)
- Blōt-mōnaþ (November, 'BlótBlótThe blót was Norse pagan sacrifice to the Norse gods and the spirits of the land. The sacrifice often took the form of a sacramental meal or feast. Related religious practices were performed by other Germanic peoples, such as the pagan Anglo-Saxons...
month’) - Ærra-ġēola mōnaþ (December, 'Ere-YuleYuleYule or Yuletide is a winter festival that was initially celebrated by the historical Germanic people as a pagan religious festival, though it was later absorbed into, and equated with, the Christian festival of Christmas. The festival was originally celebrated from late December to early January...
')
Old Hungarian calendar
Historically Hungary used a 12-month calendar that appears to have been zodiacal in nature but eventually came to correspond to the Gregorian months as shown below:- Boldogasszony hava (January, ‘month of the happy/blessed lady’)
- Böjtelő hava (February, ‘month of early fasting/Lent’ or ‘month before fasting/Lent’)
- Böjtmás hava (March, ‘second month of fasting/Lent’)
- Szent György hava (April, ‘Saint George’s month)
- Pünkösd hava (May, ‘Pentecost month’)
- Szent Iván hava (June, ‘Saint John [the Baptist]’s month’)
- Szent Jakab hava (July, ‘Saint James’ month’)
- Kisasszony hava (August, ‘month of the Virgin’)
- Szent Mihály hava (September, ‘Saint Michael’s month’)
- Mindszent hava (October, ‘all saints' month’)
- Szent András hava (November, ‘Saint Andrew’s month’)
- Karácsony hava (December, ‘month of Yule/Christmas’)
Old Egyptian calendar
The ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 365 days long and was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus 5 extra days (epagomenes) at the end of the year. The months were divided into 3 "weeks" of ten days each. Because the ancient Egyptian year was almost a quarter of a day shorter than the solar year and stellar events "wandered" through the calendar, it is referred to as Annus Vagus or "Wandering Year".- Thout
- Paopi
- Hathor
- Koiak
- Tooba
- Emshir
- Paremhat
- Paremoude
- Pashons
- Paoni
- Epip
- Mesori
Nisga'a calendar
The Nisga'aNisga'a
The Nisga’a , often formerly spelled Nishga and spelled in the Nisga’a language as Nisga’a, are an Indigenous nation or First Nation in Canada. They live in the Nass River valley of northwestern British Columbia. Their name comes from a combination of two Nisga’a words: Nisk’-"top lip" and...
Calendar coincides with the Gregorian Calendar with each month referring to the type of Harvesting that is done during the month.
- K'aliiyee = Going North - referring to the Sun returning to its usual place in the sky
- Buxwlaks = Needles Blowing About - February is usually a very windy month in the Nass River Valley
- Xsaak = To Eat Oolichans - Oolichans are harvested during this month
- Mmaal = Canoes - The river has defrosted, hence canoes are used once more
- Yansa'alt = Leaves are Blooming - Warm weather has arrived and leaves on the trees begin to bloom
- Miso'o = Sockeye - majority of Sockeye Salmon runs begin this month
- Maa'y = Berries - berry picking season
- Wii Hoon = Great Salmon - referring to the abundance of Salmon that are now running
- Genuugwwikw = Trail of the Marmot - Marmots, Ermines and animals as such are hunted
- Xlaaxw = To Eat Trout - trout are mostly eaten this time of year
- Gwilatkw = To Blanket - The earth is "blanketed" with snow
- Luut'aa = Sit In - the Sun "sits" in one spot for a period of time
Arabic calendar
| Gregorian month | Arabic month | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| January January January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day... |
يناير | كانون الثاني | Kanoon Al-Thani |
| February February February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the shortest month and the only month with fewer than 30 days. The month has 28 days in common years and 29 days in leap years... |
فبراير | شباط | Shbaat |
| March March March is in present time held to be the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is one of the seven months which are 31 days long.... |
مارس | اذار | Athar |
| April April April is the fourth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and one of four months with a length of 30 days. April was originally the second month of the Roman calendar, before January and February were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC... |
ابريل | نيسان | Nissan |
| May May May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days.May is a month of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere and spring in the Northern Hemisphere... |
مايو | أيّار | Ayyar |
| June June June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and one of the four months with a length of 30 days. Ovid provides two etymologies for June's name in his poem concerning the months entitled the Fasti... |
يونيو | حزيران | Hzeiran |
| July July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days. It is, on average, the warmest month in most of the Northern hemisphere and the coldest month in much of the Southern hemisphere... |
يوليو | تمّوز | Tammuz |
| August August August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with a length of 31 days.This month was originally named Sextilis in Latin, because it was the sixth month in the original ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, when March was the first... |
أغسطس | اَب | Aab |
| September September September is the 9th month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of four months with a length of 30 days.September in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of March in the Northern Hemisphere.... |
سبتمبر | أيلول | Aylool |
| October October October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old Roman calendar, October retained its name after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the... |
أكتوبر | تشرين الأول | Tishreen Al-Awwal |
| November November November is the 11th month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of four months with the length of 30 days. November was the ninth month of the ancient Roman calendar... |
نوفمبر | تشرين الثاني | Tishreen Al-Thani |
| December December December is the 12th and last month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days.December starts on the same day as September every year and ends on the same day as April every year.-Etymology:... |
ديسمبر | كانون الأول | Kanoon Al-Awwal |
See also
- Maya calendarMaya calendarThe Maya calendar is a system of calendars and almanacs used in the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and in many modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala. and in Chiapas....
- Chinese calendarChinese calendarThe Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar, incorporating elements of a lunar calendar with those of a solar calendar. It is not exclusive to China, but followed by many other Asian cultures as well...
- Egyptian CalendarEgyptian calendarThe ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 360 days long and was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus five extra days at the end of the year. The months were divided into three weeks of ten days each...
- List of months by year: 2000–2050