Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1
Encyclopedia
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 also known as SMAD family member 1 or SMAD1 is a protein
that in humans is encoded by the SMAD1 gene
.
, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila
gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic
' (Mad) and the C. elegans
gene Sma. The name is a combination of the two. It was found that a mutation in the 'Drosophila' gene, MAD, in the mother, repressed the gene, decapentaplegic
, in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added as a humorous approach since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues e.g. Mothers Against Drunk Driving
or (MADD).
s (BMPs), which are involved in a range of biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis
, morphogenesis
, development and immune responses. In response to BMP ligands, this protein can be phosphorylated
and activated by the BMP receptor kinase. The phosphorylated form of this protein forms a complex with SMAD4, which is important for its function in the transcription regulation. This protein is a target for SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as SMURF1
and SMURF2
, and undergoes ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.
SMAD1 is a receptor regulated SMAD
(R-SMAD
) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase.
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
that in humans is encoded by the SMAD1 gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
.
Nomenclature
SMAD1 belongs to the SMADSMAD (protein)
SMADs are intracellular proteins that transduce extracellular signals from transforming growth factor beta ligands to the nucleus where they activate downstream TGF-β gene transcription....
, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila
Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies" or more appropriately pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit...
gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic
Mothers against decapentaplegic
Mothers against decapentaplegic is a protein from the SMAD family that was discovered in Drosophila.The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the Drosophila protein "mothers against decapentaplegic" and the C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two...
' (Mad) and the C. elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living, transparent nematode , about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans was begun in 1974 by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model...
gene Sma. The name is a combination of the two. It was found that a mutation in the 'Drosophila' gene, MAD, in the mother, repressed the gene, decapentaplegic
Decapentaplegic
Decapentaplegic is a key morphogen involved in the development of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. It is known to be necessary for the correct patterning of the fifteen imaginal discs, which are tissues that will become limbs and other organs and structures in the adult fly. It has also been...
, in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added as a humorous approach since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues e.g. Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a non-profit organization in the United States that seeks to stop drunk driving, support those affected by drunk driving, prevent underage drinking, and overall push for stricter alcohol policy...
or (MADD).
Function
SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signals of the bone morphogenetic proteinBone morphogenetic protein
Bone morphogenetic proteins are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens . Originally discovered by their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue...
s (BMPs), which are involved in a range of biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...
, morphogenesis
Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis , is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape...
, development and immune responses. In response to BMP ligands, this protein can be phosphorylated
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes....
and activated by the BMP receptor kinase. The phosphorylated form of this protein forms a complex with SMAD4, which is important for its function in the transcription regulation. This protein is a target for SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as SMURF1
SMURF1
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SMURF1 gene.-Interactions:SMURF1 has been shown to interact with ARHGEF9, PLEKHO1 and SMURF2.-Further reading:...
and SMURF2
SMURF2
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SMURF2 gene.-Interactions:SMURF2 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7, SCYE1, SMURF1, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, Ubiquitin C, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog...
, and undergoes ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.
SMAD1 is a receptor regulated SMAD
R-SMAD
R-SMAD stands for receptor-regulated SMAD. Smads are transcription factors that transduce extracellular TGF-ß superfamily ligand signaling from cell membrane bound TGF-ß receptors into the nucleus where they activate transcription TGF-ß target genes...
(R-SMAD
R-SMAD
R-SMAD stands for receptor-regulated SMAD. Smads are transcription factors that transduce extracellular TGF-ß superfamily ligand signaling from cell membrane bound TGF-ß receptors into the nucleus where they activate transcription TGF-ß target genes...
) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase.