Mount Carroll Seminary
Encyclopedia
The Mount Carroll Seminary was the name of Shimer College
from 1853 to 1896. The Seminary was located in Mount Carroll, Illinois
, in the United States. A pioneering institution in its time and place, the Mount Carroll Seminary served as a center of culture and education in 19th-century northwestern Illinois. Despite frequent prognostications of failure, it grew from 11 students in a single room to more than 100 students on a spacious campus with four principal buildings. Unusually for the time, the school was governed entirely by women, most notably the founder Frances Wood Shimer, who was the chief administrator throughout the Seminary's entire existence.
population. In the 1850s, along with the nationwide boom in primary education, there was also a trend towards women's higher education through seminaries and normal schools, particularly in the Midwest. However, such institutions were considered an unusual phenomenon in western Illinois. At the time there were few teacher training institutions in the region at all, and there was widespread opposition to higher education for women. In addition, the novelty of women succeeding in business was a source of considerable hostility from the local community. From the time of its founding, there were frequent predictions that the seminary would fail.
The charter for the Mount Carroll Seminary was granted by the Illinois General Assembly
on June 18, 1852. This act had been drafted by Judge John Wilson, then clerk of the Carroll County court and a strong advocate of education, and was submitted by State Representative William T. Miller of Mount Carroll. The original board of trustees had nine members including Wilson.
The Seminary now existing on paper, it was necessary to find teachers. Judge Wilson corresponded with Isaac Nash, a wealthy farmer in Saratoga County, New York
. Boarding in Nash's house at the time were Frances Wood
(later Frances Shimer) and Cindarella Gregory, recent graduates of the New York State Normal School. Wood was at the time suffering from tuberculosis
, and seeking a change of climate. The two were persuaded to be the founding teachers of the new seminary.
Upon the arrival of Gregory and Wood in Mount Carroll, classes began in a single room in the Presbyterian church on May 11, 1853, with 11 students. Enrollment rose in the course of the year, and the school moved to another temporary location in the more substantial Ashway Building. When the school opened in its own building in October 1854, there were 75 students. The Seminary now having teachers and students as well as a legal existence, it was necessary for it to have a physical location. To this end a system of funding by subscription was used, with $5 shares being offered as investments that would bear 6% interest "until dividends shall be declared by the board of trustees, out of profits arising from said seminary." 548 shares were subscribed, which would have amounted to $2,740; however, less than half of this amount ($960.75) was ever collected in cash. Five acres were acquired at a cost of $500 although the land had previously been valued at only $7.50 per acre; the asking price skyrocketed as soon as the intent of building the seminary there was suspected. The seminary building was constructed at a cost of $4,500, largely on credit. Additional debts were incurred for the furnishings, purchased by Wood and Gregory in New York for approximately $2,000. This growing level of debt was a source of substantial discouragement to the incorporators.
In 1855, fearing that the school would fail due to the lack of subscription revenue, the incorporators sold their shares in the college to the teachers, Wood and Gregory. This was arranged under favorable terms, with the land donated and the buildings sold at cost, on the condition that Wood and Gregory continue operating the school for at least 10 years. The transfer took effect on March 30, 1855. On February 25, 1867, the school was re-chartered by the state legislature to reflect the new arrangement.
From 1853 to 1896, Frances Shimer was the chief executive of the school; although her title was "Principal", she is conventionally regarded as the first president of Shimer College. Initially the governance of the school was in partnership with co-proprietor Cindarella Gregory, who served as the chief academic officer while Frances oversaw the finances. In July 1870, the partnership ended, when Gregory left the school to marry. The Mount Carroll Seminary subsequently remained the sole property of Frances Wood Shimer until her retirement in 1896.
Frances Shimer's exacting oversight was credited with the survival of the school. Her observance of strict economy in business affairs kept the school solvent. For most of her administration, the seminary made no effort to either recruit students or solicit donations, focusing all energy on creating a school that would "merit confidence". In retrospect, the governance of Frances Shimer and her successor William Parker McKee was looked on as a period of unparalleled calm and stability in the history of Shimer College.
, with a six-year course of study that could lead the pupil to more advanced study. Some graduates were prepared sufficiently well that they could skip the first years of college. Subjects taught included mathematics, natural science, and classical languages.
In the early 1870s, the seminary went through a transitional period, and specialized courses of study began to be provided, staffed by specialized instructors. The specialized departments of the school included a normal department
which trained schoolteachers, and a music department. An 1882 survey divided the 11 graduates from that year into those from the normal program, the collegiate program, the music program and the art program.
The normal department prepared students to become schoolteachers, which was widely regarded as the only proper occupation for a woman outside the home. The demand for teachers trained by the Seminary was high. At the end of each term, large numbers of the seminary's students found immediate employment in teaching, even without formally graduating; in 1877, it was reported that 30 of those enrolled the previous term had found teaching positions. The normal department program followed the teachings of David Perkins Page
, an influential pedagogical theorist who had also been principal of the New York State Normal School when Frances Wood and Cindarella Gregory attended.
The music and arts programs were a significant attraction of the seminary. The seminary had the first piano in Carroll County. The seminary's music program began with only 3 students, but grew rapidly. By 1877, the music department had 6 instructors, and by 1883, the conservatory held nearly 40 instruments. The music program in this period was overseen by Isabel Dearborn Hazzen, a voice instructor who became well-known in the area. The music and arts programs remained strong even after the seminary became the Frances Shimer Academy of the University of Chicago in 1896. By the 1870s, there was also a literary department.
In 1878, a department of telegraphy
was established, with a single instructor. This was intended to provide the students with an option of a self-sustaining career other than teaching.
Financial aid included the equivalent of work study. The school included a Labor Department that gave students the opportunity to work off their tuition obligations. Some male students were also accepted for these positions, and were assigned to special lodgings.
Outright scholarships were also available for certain classes of students. A full scholarship to the normal department was provided for one teacher from each township of Carroll County, and one teacher from each county in the state. Full scholarships were also provided to the daughters of soldiers who died in the Civil War, and partial scholarships to daughters of clergymen. In addition, scholarships were sometimes provided to the children of creditors by way of payment.
Financial aid also sometimes took the form of loans. Credit was extended to "pupils of creditable scholarship", allowing them to pay a portion of their tuition with notes that drew no interest for a year.
Enrollment rose gradually but steadily through the 19th century, constrained largely by the available space. In the 1870s, it averaged 125 students per year.
The Seminary had a number of student organizations. One of the first of these was the Neosophic Society. Under the Shimer-Joy administration of 1870 and thereafter, campus organizations included a Reunion Club (for alumni and former students), German Club, Missionary Club, Literary Society and Oread Society.
The first student publication was the Seminary Bell, an eight-page monthly journal begun by the Neosophic Society in 1859. This was published for a time from the offices of the Carroll County Republican, which had been taken over by a faculty member named Silvernail and a student named Ladd. When the Republican became insolvent, its equipment was acquired by Mrs Shimer and moved to the Seminary, where printing was overseen by a student named George Shaw who worked as a printer. A combination of circumstances including the departure of Mr Shaw to the American Civil War
led to the cessation of publication of the Bell in 1862.
In 1868, the Oread Society began to publish the Oread, also a monthly journal. The pages of the Oread were also used to publish announcements and advertisements from the school and its proprietor. Issues were 16 pages in length in 1868, and had reached 25 pages in length by 1878.
The original brick building, constructed in 1854, was initially two and a half stories in height and 42 x 46 feet (14 m), consisting of 20 rooms. The height was subsequently increased to four stories. By 1878, the entire first floor, which had originally held seven rooms, had been opened up to form a single large dining room for the community. The second story held the library, office, reception room and music room. This library was established in 1867 after the construction of the third building, using the space formerly occupied by classrooms. It held 3000 books by 1878, and was also the designated repository for official documents from Washington, DC. The third and fourth stories of the building held private and trunk rooms in 1878, with a reading room on the third story.
The second and third buildings were constructed in 1857 and 1865-1867 respectively. The second building was 21 x 60 feet (18.3 m), two and a half stories tall, and added to the southeast of the first building. The construction of this addition in 1857 was halted by the Panic of 1857
, when only the masonry and carpentry had been completed. Wood, Gregory and their students worked together to successfully complete the construction in time for classes to start. This cost-saving pattern was followed in the subsequent expansion from 1865 to 1867.
The plans for both of these buildings were drafted by Frances Wood Shimer. In 1878 these two buildings were four stories tall. They held classrooms and recitation rooms on the first floor, as well as four private rooms for young men employed in the Labor Department. The second and third floors held dormitory rooms, and the fourth floor was devoted to studios and rooms for musical practice.
The fourth building, completed in 1876, was five stories tall. It was known as the "East Hall". The first story was occupied by utility rooms such as the kitchen, furnace room and laundry facilities. The second story was occupied on one side by music rooms and on the other by the principal's rooms and infirmary. The third and fourth floors were occupied by the dormitory rooms of students, and the fifth floor included a sunbathing room, rooms for musical practice, and large tanks for holding water.
The grounds of the campus began in 1854 with 5 acres (20,234.3 m²) of vacant land that had been used as a wheat field. By 1883, the campus covered 25 acre (10 ha), much of it planted with fruit trees. The landscaping followed the landscape gardening style of Andrew Jackson Downing
, who advocated landscapes that created images that were beautiful or picturesque, to create an idealized image of rural life. The orchards and vineyards which occupied much of the grounds served both practical and recreational purposes. Their products were not sold, but used entirely to feed the "Seminary family".
In addition to the main buildings, there were numerous outbuildings. One of these was the windmill house, near the main building and octagonal in shape. This drew water from a well 130 feet (39.6 m) deep. The 1894 Sanborn map also shows icehouses, henhouses and corn cribs.
In the 1880s, Frances Shimer became concerned about the future viability of the school, and made repeated efforts to secure an endowment. In 1886 she offered to provide the seminary to the Women's Christian Temperance Union on the condition that an endowment be raised. A similar proposal was made to the Baptist women of Illinois in 1887, with the requirement that they provide a $100,000 endowment; although a Women's Society was established to serve as a vehicle for this, the funds were never raised.
Frances Shimer's personal efforts to provide endowment funds were also frustrated. In a will authored shortly before his suicide in July 1895, her husband Henry Shimer left his entire fortune to Frances Shimer to use for educational purposes. However, the will was successfully contested by the Shimer family, and the resulting reduced endowment was never sufficient to provide meaningful financial support. Frances Shimer also expected to be able to provide endowment funds from her orange groves near De Land, Florida, but these were destroyed by a severe frost in January 1895.
On July 1, 1896, Frances Shimer transferred control of the seminary to a 15-member Board of Trustees, under an affiliation with the University of Chicago
. The school at the time had an estimated value of $250,000. The affiliation related primarily to educational standards, and did not include any financial support.
Shimer then became known as the Frances Shimer Academy of the University of Chicago. Shimer also adopted the University of Chicago's affiliation with the Baptist denomination, and required that at least two-thirds of the Board be members of a Baptist church. The membership of the Board was divided equally among representatives of the University of Chicago, graduates of the Mount Carroll Seminary, and citizens of Mount Carroll.
Shimer College
Shimer College is a very small, private, undergraduate liberal arts college in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. Founded by Frances Wood Shimer in 1853 in the frontier town of Mt. Carroll, Illinois, it was a women's school for most of its first century. It joined with the University of...
from 1853 to 1896. The Seminary was located in Mount Carroll, Illinois
Mount Carroll, Illinois
Mount Carroll is a city in Carroll County, Illinois, United States-History:Shimer College was established in Mt. Carroll in 1853, but mounting debts forced a move to Waukegan, Illinois in 1979. The campus now is home to several organizations, most notably the Campbell Center for Historic...
, in the United States. A pioneering institution in its time and place, the Mount Carroll Seminary served as a center of culture and education in 19th-century northwestern Illinois. Despite frequent prognostications of failure, it grew from 11 students in a single room to more than 100 students on a spacious campus with four principal buildings. Unusually for the time, the school was governed entirely by women, most notably the founder Frances Wood Shimer, who was the chief administrator throughout the Seminary's entire existence.
Establishment
The Mount Carroll Seminary was established before there were any graded public schools in Mount Carroll, and at a time when the need for education was not widely perceived by the pioneerAmerican pioneer
American pioneers are any of the people in American history who migrated west to join in settling and developing new areas. The term especially refers to those who were going to settle any territory which had previously not been settled or developed by European or American society, although the...
population. In the 1850s, along with the nationwide boom in primary education, there was also a trend towards women's higher education through seminaries and normal schools, particularly in the Midwest. However, such institutions were considered an unusual phenomenon in western Illinois. At the time there were few teacher training institutions in the region at all, and there was widespread opposition to higher education for women. In addition, the novelty of women succeeding in business was a source of considerable hostility from the local community. From the time of its founding, there were frequent predictions that the seminary would fail.
The charter for the Mount Carroll Seminary was granted by the Illinois General Assembly
Illinois General Assembly
The Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Illinois and comprises the Illinois House of Representatives and the Illinois Senate. The General Assembly was created by the first state constitution adopted in 1818. Illinois has 59 legislative districts, with two...
on June 18, 1852. This act had been drafted by Judge John Wilson, then clerk of the Carroll County court and a strong advocate of education, and was submitted by State Representative William T. Miller of Mount Carroll. The original board of trustees had nine members including Wilson.
The Seminary now existing on paper, it was necessary to find teachers. Judge Wilson corresponded with Isaac Nash, a wealthy farmer in Saratoga County, New York
Saratoga County, New York
Saratoga County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 219,607. It is part of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county seat is Ballston Spa...
. Boarding in Nash's house at the time were Frances Wood
Frances Shimer
Frances Shimer , born Frances Ann Wood, was an American educator. She was the founder of the Mount Carroll Seminary, which later became Shimer College, in Mount Carroll, Illinois...
(later Frances Shimer) and Cindarella Gregory, recent graduates of the New York State Normal School. Wood was at the time suffering from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
, and seeking a change of climate. The two were persuaded to be the founding teachers of the new seminary.
Upon the arrival of Gregory and Wood in Mount Carroll, classes began in a single room in the Presbyterian church on May 11, 1853, with 11 students. Enrollment rose in the course of the year, and the school moved to another temporary location in the more substantial Ashway Building. When the school opened in its own building in October 1854, there were 75 students. The Seminary now having teachers and students as well as a legal existence, it was necessary for it to have a physical location. To this end a system of funding by subscription was used, with $5 shares being offered as investments that would bear 6% interest "until dividends shall be declared by the board of trustees, out of profits arising from said seminary." 548 shares were subscribed, which would have amounted to $2,740; however, less than half of this amount ($960.75) was ever collected in cash. Five acres were acquired at a cost of $500 although the land had previously been valued at only $7.50 per acre; the asking price skyrocketed as soon as the intent of building the seminary there was suspected. The seminary building was constructed at a cost of $4,500, largely on credit. Additional debts were incurred for the furnishings, purchased by Wood and Gregory in New York for approximately $2,000. This growing level of debt was a source of substantial discouragement to the incorporators.
Governance
The school was not formally organized under its charter until October 1854, the initial "patronage" relationship between the incorporators and Shimer and Gregory having been informal in nature. Upon organization the Seminary was formally governed by a Board of Trustees, the nine incorporators named in the 1852 charter. However, this arrangement was short-lived.In 1855, fearing that the school would fail due to the lack of subscription revenue, the incorporators sold their shares in the college to the teachers, Wood and Gregory. This was arranged under favorable terms, with the land donated and the buildings sold at cost, on the condition that Wood and Gregory continue operating the school for at least 10 years. The transfer took effect on March 30, 1855. On February 25, 1867, the school was re-chartered by the state legislature to reflect the new arrangement.
From 1853 to 1896, Frances Shimer was the chief executive of the school; although her title was "Principal", she is conventionally regarded as the first president of Shimer College. Initially the governance of the school was in partnership with co-proprietor Cindarella Gregory, who served as the chief academic officer while Frances oversaw the finances. In July 1870, the partnership ended, when Gregory left the school to marry. The Mount Carroll Seminary subsequently remained the sole property of Frances Wood Shimer until her retirement in 1896.
Frances Shimer's exacting oversight was credited with the survival of the school. Her observance of strict economy in business affairs kept the school solvent. For most of her administration, the seminary made no effort to either recruit students or solicit donations, focusing all energy on creating a school that would "merit confidence". In retrospect, the governance of Frances Shimer and her successor William Parker McKee was looked on as a period of unparalleled calm and stability in the history of Shimer College.
Proprietors and notable faculty
- Principal Frances ShimerFrances ShimerFrances Shimer , born Frances Ann Wood, was an American educator. She was the founder of the Mount Carroll Seminary, which later became Shimer College, in Mount Carroll, Illinois...
was co-proprietor with Cinderella Gregory until 1870 and sole proprietor from 1870 to 1896. She was also a teacher in the initial years, but as administrative demands mounted academics were largely left to co-Principal Gregory and later Associate Principal Joy. However, she maintained a strong personal presence in the Labor Department, and oversaw all new construction and planting on the campus.
- Principal Cinderella Gregory, also often spelled Cindarella, served as co-proprietor with Frances Shimer until departing the Seminary in 1870, when she sold her shares to Frances Shimer.
- Associate Principal Adelia C. Joy joined the Seminary in 1870 and took Cinderella Gregory's place as chief academic officer. Over time, as Frances Shimer advanced in age, Joy came to play an increasingly central role in the school's financial affairs as well.
- Henry ShimerHenry ShimerHenry Shimer was a naturalist and physician in Mount Carroll, Illinois. He was also a teacher at the Mount Carroll Seminary, which later became Shimer College, and was the husband of the seminary's founder, Frances Shimer....
, a physician and naturalist, served for a time following the completion of his medical degree in 1866 as an instructor of natural sciences at the Seminary. He had married Seminary founder Frances Shimer on December 22, 1857.
- Isabel Dearborn Hazzen, also known as Mrs B.F. Dearborn Hazzen, was the director of the music program and widely known for her skills in teaching music. She became associated with the seminary in the late 1860s.
Alumni
- Gertrude Brown Murrah graduated from the Seminary in 1885 and went on the found the Creal Springs SeminaryCreal Springs SeminaryThe Creal Springs Seminary, later known as the Creal Springs College and Conservatory of Music, was an educational institution in Creal Springs, Illinois, USA from 1884 to 1916. It was headed by Principal Gertrude Brown Murrah, a graduate of the Mount Carroll Seminary in Mount Carroll, Illinois...
, later known as the Creal Springs College and Conservatory of Music, located in Creal Springs, IllinoisCreal Springs, IllinoisCreal Springs is a city in Williamson County, Illinois, United States. The population was 702 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Creal Springs is located at ....
, which thrived for a time but closed in 1916 due to financial difficulties. - Samuel W. McCallSamuel W. McCallSamuel Walker McCall was a member of the United States House of Representatives, and the 47th Governor of Massachusetts...
, governor of MassachusettsMassachusettsThe Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...
, studied at the Seminary from 1864 to 1866, when he was forced to transfer due to the school being closed to male students.
Academics
A formal course of study was adopted in 1860. The Mount Carroll Seminary thereafter functioned similarly to a preparatory schoolUniversity-preparatory school
A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school is a secondary school, usually private, designed to prepare students for a college or university education...
, with a six-year course of study that could lead the pupil to more advanced study. Some graduates were prepared sufficiently well that they could skip the first years of college. Subjects taught included mathematics, natural science, and classical languages.
In the early 1870s, the seminary went through a transitional period, and specialized courses of study began to be provided, staffed by specialized instructors. The specialized departments of the school included a normal department
Normal school
A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Its purpose is to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name...
which trained schoolteachers, and a music department. An 1882 survey divided the 11 graduates from that year into those from the normal program, the collegiate program, the music program and the art program.
The normal department prepared students to become schoolteachers, which was widely regarded as the only proper occupation for a woman outside the home. The demand for teachers trained by the Seminary was high. At the end of each term, large numbers of the seminary's students found immediate employment in teaching, even without formally graduating; in 1877, it was reported that 30 of those enrolled the previous term had found teaching positions. The normal department program followed the teachings of David Perkins Page
David Perkins Page
David Perkins Page was an American educator and author of the most popular 19th-century American education textbook. From 1844 to 1847, he served as the first principal of the New York State Normal School, which later became University at Albany, SUNY.Page was born to a farm family in Epping, New...
, an influential pedagogical theorist who had also been principal of the New York State Normal School when Frances Wood and Cindarella Gregory attended.
The music and arts programs were a significant attraction of the seminary. The seminary had the first piano in Carroll County. The seminary's music program began with only 3 students, but grew rapidly. By 1877, the music department had 6 instructors, and by 1883, the conservatory held nearly 40 instruments. The music program in this period was overseen by Isabel Dearborn Hazzen, a voice instructor who became well-known in the area. The music and arts programs remained strong even after the seminary became the Frances Shimer Academy of the University of Chicago in 1896. By the 1870s, there was also a literary department.
In 1878, a department of telegraphy
Telegraphy
Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages via some form of signalling technology. Telegraphy requires messages to be converted to a code which is known to both sender and receiver...
was established, with a single instructor. This was intended to provide the students with an option of a self-sustaining career other than teaching.
Admissions and financial aid
The seminary accepted any pupil who was willing to learn, and is said to have welcomed pupils as young as three. Frances Shimer herself had begun school at the age of two and a half. During and after the US Civil War, female enrollment rose while male enrollment fell. Facing space constraints due to rising demand, the formerly coeducational seminary limited residential study to women in 1866, although some men were still allowed as day students. Despite an expressed intent to reopen the school to male students, it remained a women's school throughout the seminary period and did not become coeducational again until the modern Shimer College program was established in 1950.Financial aid included the equivalent of work study. The school included a Labor Department that gave students the opportunity to work off their tuition obligations. Some male students were also accepted for these positions, and were assigned to special lodgings.
Outright scholarships were also available for certain classes of students. A full scholarship to the normal department was provided for one teacher from each township of Carroll County, and one teacher from each county in the state. Full scholarships were also provided to the daughters of soldiers who died in the Civil War, and partial scholarships to daughters of clergymen. In addition, scholarships were sometimes provided to the children of creditors by way of payment.
Financial aid also sometimes took the form of loans. Credit was extended to "pupils of creditable scholarship", allowing them to pay a portion of their tuition with notes that drew no interest for a year.
Enrollment rose gradually but steadily through the 19th century, constrained largely by the available space. In the 1870s, it averaged 125 students per year.
Student life
Student life at the Seminary involved long class days, extending from 8 AM to lights out at 9:30 PM. Life was also structured by strict rules. For example, students were not allowed to leave the school without a request from home, and the students were not permitted any visitors unless approved by their parents. Many pupils at the school were residential, but a significant number were day-students living with their families nearby. When the seminary formally opened in 1854, day-students accounted for about two-thirds of the student body. As the reputation of the seminary increased, a greater portion of students came from further away.The Seminary had a number of student organizations. One of the first of these was the Neosophic Society. Under the Shimer-Joy administration of 1870 and thereafter, campus organizations included a Reunion Club (for alumni and former students), German Club, Missionary Club, Literary Society and Oread Society.
The first student publication was the Seminary Bell, an eight-page monthly journal begun by the Neosophic Society in 1859. This was published for a time from the offices of the Carroll County Republican, which had been taken over by a faculty member named Silvernail and a student named Ladd. When the Republican became insolvent, its equipment was acquired by Mrs Shimer and moved to the Seminary, where printing was overseen by a student named George Shaw who worked as a printer. A combination of circumstances including the departure of Mr Shaw to the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
led to the cessation of publication of the Bell in 1862.
In 1868, the Oread Society began to publish the Oread, also a monthly journal. The pages of the Oread were also used to publish announcements and advertisements from the school and its proprietor. Issues were 16 pages in length in 1868, and had reached 25 pages in length by 1878.
Campus
Throughout the 19th century, the campus grew steadily from the original single building. By 1878, four buildings had been constructed, but the first three of these were joined together so as to give the impression of a single large building. Internally, the construction was such as to create a domestic atmosphere, with a large number of small rooms.The original brick building, constructed in 1854, was initially two and a half stories in height and 42 x 46 feet (14 m), consisting of 20 rooms. The height was subsequently increased to four stories. By 1878, the entire first floor, which had originally held seven rooms, had been opened up to form a single large dining room for the community. The second story held the library, office, reception room and music room. This library was established in 1867 after the construction of the third building, using the space formerly occupied by classrooms. It held 3000 books by 1878, and was also the designated repository for official documents from Washington, DC. The third and fourth stories of the building held private and trunk rooms in 1878, with a reading room on the third story.
The second and third buildings were constructed in 1857 and 1865-1867 respectively. The second building was 21 x 60 feet (18.3 m), two and a half stories tall, and added to the southeast of the first building. The construction of this addition in 1857 was halted by the Panic of 1857
Panic of 1857
The Panic of 1857 was a financial panic in the United States caused by the declining international economy and over-expansion of the domestic economy. Indeed, because of the interconnectedness of the world economy by the time of the 1850s, the financial crisis which began in the autumn of 1857 was...
, when only the masonry and carpentry had been completed. Wood, Gregory and their students worked together to successfully complete the construction in time for classes to start. This cost-saving pattern was followed in the subsequent expansion from 1865 to 1867.
The plans for both of these buildings were drafted by Frances Wood Shimer. In 1878 these two buildings were four stories tall. They held classrooms and recitation rooms on the first floor, as well as four private rooms for young men employed in the Labor Department. The second and third floors held dormitory rooms, and the fourth floor was devoted to studios and rooms for musical practice.
The fourth building, completed in 1876, was five stories tall. It was known as the "East Hall". The first story was occupied by utility rooms such as the kitchen, furnace room and laundry facilities. The second story was occupied on one side by music rooms and on the other by the principal's rooms and infirmary. The third and fourth floors were occupied by the dormitory rooms of students, and the fifth floor included a sunbathing room, rooms for musical practice, and large tanks for holding water.
The grounds of the campus began in 1854 with 5 acres (20,234.3 m²) of vacant land that had been used as a wheat field. By 1883, the campus covered 25 acre (10 ha), much of it planted with fruit trees. The landscaping followed the landscape gardening style of Andrew Jackson Downing
Andrew Jackson Downing
Andrew Jackson Downing was an American landscape designer, horticulturalist, and writer, a prominent advocate of the Gothic Revival style in the United States, and editor of The Horticulturist magazine...
, who advocated landscapes that created images that were beautiful or picturesque, to create an idealized image of rural life. The orchards and vineyards which occupied much of the grounds served both practical and recreational purposes. Their products were not sold, but used entirely to feed the "Seminary family".
In addition to the main buildings, there were numerous outbuildings. One of these was the windmill house, near the main building and octagonal in shape. This drew water from a well 130 feet (39.6 m) deep. The 1894 Sanborn map also shows icehouses, henhouses and corn cribs.
Transition to Frances Shimer Academy
Frances Shimer's personal efforts to provide endowment funds were also frustrated. In a will authored shortly before his suicide in July 1895, her husband Henry Shimer left his entire fortune to Frances Shimer to use for educational purposes. However, the will was successfully contested by the Shimer family, and the resulting reduced endowment was never sufficient to provide meaningful financial support. Frances Shimer also expected to be able to provide endowment funds from her orange groves near De Land, Florida, but these were destroyed by a severe frost in January 1895.
On July 1, 1896, Frances Shimer transferred control of the seminary to a 15-member Board of Trustees, under an affiliation with the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
. The school at the time had an estimated value of $250,000. The affiliation related primarily to educational standards, and did not include any financial support.
Shimer then became known as the Frances Shimer Academy of the University of Chicago. Shimer also adopted the University of Chicago's affiliation with the Baptist denomination, and required that at least two-thirds of the Board be members of a Baptist church. The membership of the Board was divided equally among representatives of the University of Chicago, graduates of the Mount Carroll Seminary, and citizens of Mount Carroll.