Movement (music)
Encyclopedia
A movement is a self-contained part of a musical composition
or musical form
. While individual or selected movements from a composition are sometimes performed separately, a performance
of the complete work requires all the movements to be performed in succession. A movement is a section
, "a major structural unit perceived as the result of the coincidence of relatively large numbers of structural phenomena."
Often a composer attempts to interrelate the movements thematically
, or sometimes in more subtle ways, in order that the individual movements exert a cumulative effect. In some forms, composers sometimes link the movements, or ask for them to be played without a pause between them.
tradition, settings of the Mass
(examples of which have been composed from the fourteenth century to the present day) often contains a movement for each part of the Ordinary of the Mass
.
have separate conventions about the number of movements required, and their tempo
and structure. It was customary for the first movement in a symphony
to be allegro and in sonata form
, the second andante or adagio, the third a fast scherzo
or a Menuett, and the fourth a lively allegro. These conventions were not always strictly followed, however. Examples abound of symphonies from the common practice period that begin or end with a slow movement, or which have three, or even five or more movements. A three-movement version of the symphony form was conventionally used for instrumental concertos, containing only a slow central movement.
In concerts it is, these days, customary
to applaud when the entire work is completed, not between movements. During the classical era it was commonplace to applaud after each movement, and individual movements were sometimes encored.
As well as concertos and symphonies, many chamber works
also use these forms. These chamber pieces are typically named after the ensemble for which they are written: for example, string quartet
, piano trio
, wind quintet
. As with symphonies there are numerous examples of exceptions to the standard scheme: for example Beethoven
's String Quartet op. 131
is in seven movements which are played without any breaks between them.
The term 'sonata
' often denotes a multi-movement work for a solo instrument, or a solo instrument with piano; e.g. a "cello sonata
" generally refers to a multi-movement piece for cello and piano.
Musical composition
Musical composition can refer to an original piece of music, the structure of a musical piece, or the process of creating a new piece of music. People who practice composition are called composers.- Musical compositions :...
or musical form
Musical form
The term musical form refers to the overall structure or plan of a piece of music, and it describes the layout of a composition as divided into sections...
. While individual or selected movements from a composition are sometimes performed separately, a performance
Performance
A performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which a performer or group of performers behave in a particular way for another group of people, the audience. Choral music and ballet are examples. Usually the performers participate in rehearsals beforehand. Afterwards audience...
of the complete work requires all the movements to be performed in succession. A movement is a section
Section (music)
In music, a section is "a complete, but not independent musical idea". Types of sections include the introduction or intro, exposition, recapitulation, verse, chorus or refrain, conclusion, coda or outro, fadeout, bridge or interlude...
, "a major structural unit perceived as the result of the coincidence of relatively large numbers of structural phenomena."
Often a composer attempts to interrelate the movements thematically
Theme (music)
In music, a theme is the material, usually a recognizable melody, upon which part or all of a composition is based.-Characteristics:A theme may be perceivable as a complete musical expression in itself, separate from the work in which it is found . In contrast to an idea or motif, a theme is...
, or sometimes in more subtle ways, in order that the individual movements exert a cumulative effect. In some forms, composers sometimes link the movements, or ask for them to be played without a pause between them.
Liturgical music
Liturgical works are often made up of many movements, each one intended to be performed at a different place in an act of worship. For instance, in the churchChristian Church
The Christian Church is the assembly or association of followers of Jesus Christ. The Greek term ἐκκλησία that in its appearances in the New Testament is usually translated as "church" basically means "assembly"...
tradition, settings of the Mass
Mass (music)
The Mass, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that sets the invariable portions of the Eucharistic liturgy to music...
(examples of which have been composed from the fourteenth century to the present day) often contains a movement for each part of the Ordinary of the Mass
Ordinary of the Mass
The ordinary, in Roman Catholic and other Western Christian liturgies, refers to the part of the Eucharist or of the canonical hours that is reasonably constant without regard to the date on which the service is performed...
.
Classical forms
Different forms of music that were established during the common practice periodCommon practice period
The common practice period, in the history of Western art music , spanning the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic periods, lasted from c. 1600 to c. 1900.-General characteristics:...
have separate conventions about the number of movements required, and their tempo
Tempo
In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. Tempo is a crucial element of any musical composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece.-Measuring tempo:...
and structure. It was customary for the first movement in a symphony
Symphony
A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, scored almost always for orchestra. A symphony usually contains at least one movement or episode composed according to the sonata principle...
to be allegro and in sonata form
Sonata form
Sonata form is a large-scale musical structure used widely since the middle of the 18th century . While it is typically used in the first movement of multi-movement pieces, it is sometimes used in subsequent movements as well—particularly the final movement...
, the second andante or adagio, the third a fast scherzo
Scherzo
A scherzo is a piece of music, often a movement from a larger piece such as a symphony or a sonata. The scherzo's precise definition has varied over the years, but it often refers to a movement which replaces the minuet as the third movement in a four-movement work, such as a symphony, sonata, or...
or a Menuett, and the fourth a lively allegro. These conventions were not always strictly followed, however. Examples abound of symphonies from the common practice period that begin or end with a slow movement, or which have three, or even five or more movements. A three-movement version of the symphony form was conventionally used for instrumental concertos, containing only a slow central movement.
In concerts it is, these days, customary
Concert etiquette
Concert etiquette refers to a set of social norms of people who attend musical performances. These norms vary depending on the type of music performance and can be stringent or informal.-Western Classical music:...
to applaud when the entire work is completed, not between movements. During the classical era it was commonplace to applaud after each movement, and individual movements were sometimes encored.
As well as concertos and symphonies, many chamber works
Chamber music
Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. Most broadly, it includes any art music that is performed by a small number of performers with one performer to a part...
also use these forms. These chamber pieces are typically named after the ensemble for which they are written: for example, string quartet
String quartet
A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string players – usually two violin players, a violist and a cellist – or a piece written to be performed by such a group...
, piano trio
Piano trio
A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments, usually a violin and a cello, or a piece of music written for such a group. It is one of the most common forms found in classical chamber music...
, wind quintet
Wind quintet
A wind quintet, also sometimes known as a woodwind quintet, is a group of five wind players . The term also applies to a composition for such a group....
. As with symphonies there are numerous examples of exceptions to the standard scheme: for example Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential composers of all time.Born in Bonn, then the capital of the Electorate of Cologne and part of...
's String Quartet op. 131
String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)
The String Quartet No. 14 in C minor, Op. 131, by Ludwig van Beethoven was completed in 1826. About 40 minutes in length, it consists of seven movements to be played without a break, as follows:#Adagio ma non troppo e molto...
is in seven movements which are played without any breaks between them.
The term 'sonata
Sonata
Sonata , in music, literally means a piece played as opposed to a cantata , a piece sung. The term, being vague, naturally evolved through the history of music, designating a variety of forms prior to the Classical era...
' often denotes a multi-movement work for a solo instrument, or a solo instrument with piano; e.g. a "cello sonata
Cello sonata
A cello sonata is usually a sonata written for cello and piano, though other instrumentations are used, such as solo cello. The most famous Romantic-era cellos sonatas are those written by Johannes Brahms and Ludwig van Beethoven...
" generally refers to a multi-movement piece for cello and piano.