Mukhannathun
Encyclopedia
Mukhannathun is classical Arabic for people who would now be called transgender women
, perhaps poorly distinguished from eunuch
s. Various "mukhannathun" appear in several hadith
. In one hadith the prophet Muhammad
banishes a mukhannath to a region near Medina
, but prohibits people from killing them. They could be said to be Muslim transwomen accepted as they are "within the boundaries of Medina and Mecca". Outside of the religious text they are strongly associated with music and entertainment.
Two reliable hadith are.
According to the scholar and hadith collector An-Nawawi:
Furthermore there is the observation of Ibn Abd Al-Barr who was a contemporary of An-Nawawi:
In the current era, scholars in Iran
, and Egypt have issued Fatwas supporting the right for those who fit the description of Mukhanathun to have sex reassignment surgery
. In Pakistan to this day, there live Hijras
. The Muslim Hijras have been known to refer to themselves as Mukhannathun when speaking Arabic.
or sexuality
used in the West at this time. While they were certainly not straight, it cannot be said that they were simply homosexual males. While they are gender variant, it seems that the intensity differs from one mukhannath to the next.
According to Imam Muhsin Hendricks:
, reportedly ordered that all Mukhannathun should be castrated. He had been angered by them in some way or other - the motive varies between the different accounts. According to Rowson:
Interestingly Rowson goes on to write about this story:
Trans woman
A trans woman is a male-to-female transsexual or transgender person and the term trans woman is preferred by some individuals over various medical terms. Other non-medical terms include t-girl, tg-girl and ts-girl...
, perhaps poorly distinguished from eunuch
Eunuch
A eunuch is a person born male most commonly castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences...
s. Various "mukhannathun" appear in several hadith
Hadith
The term Hadīth is used to denote a saying or an act or tacit approval or criticism ascribed either validly or invalidly to the Islamic prophet Muhammad....
. In one hadith the prophet Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad |ligature]] at U+FDF4 ;Arabic pronunciation varies regionally; the first vowel ranges from ~~; the second and the last vowel: ~~~. There are dialects which have no stress. In Egypt, it is pronounced not in religious contexts...
banishes a mukhannath to a region near Medina
Medina
Medina , or ; also transliterated as Madinah, or madinat al-nabi "the city of the prophet") is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and serves as the capital of the Al Madinah Province. It is the second holiest city in Islam, and the burial place of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and...
, but prohibits people from killing them. They could be said to be Muslim transwomen accepted as they are "within the boundaries of Medina and Mecca". Outside of the religious text they are strongly associated with music and entertainment.
Reports of Mukhannathun from the Qur'an, Hadith and Sunnah
There are many references to these people, both directly and indirectly, in the Qur'an, Hadith and Sunnah. In the Qur'an:
The Qur'an Sura 24 verse 31 (as translated by Shakir):
And say to the believing women that they cast down their looks and guard their private parts and do not display their ornaments except what appears thereof, and let them wear their head-coverings over their bosoms, and not display their ornaments except to their husbands or their fathers, or the fathers of their husbands, or their sons, or the sons of their husbands, or their brothers, or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or those whom their right hands possess, or the male servants not having need (of women), or the children who have not attained knowledge of what is hidden of women; and let them not strike their feet so that what they hide of their ornaments may be known; and turn to Allah all of you, O believers! so that you may be successful.
Two reliable hadith are.
Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910:
Narrated AbuHurayrah:
A mukhannath who had dyed his hands and feet with henna was brought to the Prophet (peace_be_upon_him). He asked: What is the matter with this man? He was told: Apostle of Allah! he affects women's get-up. So he ordered regarding him and he was banished to an-Naqi'. The people said: Apostle of Allah! should we not kill him? He said: I have been prohibited from killing people who pray. AbuUsamah said: Naqi' is a region near Medina and not a Baqi (in other words not referring to Jannat al-BaqiJannat al-BaqiMaqbaratu l-Baqī is a cemetery in Medina, Saudi Arabia, located to the southeast of the Masjid al-Nabawi. The mosque is built where the Islamic prophet Muhammad used to live, built a mosque and is currently buried. The cemetery therefore holds much significance. It contains many of Muhammad's ...
cemetery.'
Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 32, Number 4095:
Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'mininAishaAisha bint Abu Bakr also transcribed as was Muhammad's favorite wife...
:
A mukhannath (eunuch) used to enter upon the wives of Prophet (peace_be_upon_him). They (the people) counted him among those who were free of physical needs. One day the Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) entered upon us when he was with one of his wives, and was describing the qualities of a woman, saying: When she comes forward, she comes forward with four (folds in her stomach), and when she goes backward, she goes backward with eight (folds in her stomach). The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: Do I not see that this (man) knows what here lies. Then they (the wives) observed veil from him.
Analysis of Scholars
This curious fact about the early history of Islam did not escape the notice of Islamic scholars past and present.According to the scholar and hadith collector An-Nawawi:
A mukhannath is the one ("male") who carries in his movements, in his appearance and in his language the characteristics of a woman. There are two types; the first is the one in whom these characteristics are innate, he did not put them on by himself, and therein is no guilt, no blame and no shame, as long as he does not perform any (illicit) act or exploit it for money (prostitution etc.). The second type acts like a woman out of immoral purposes and he is the sinner and blameworthy.
Furthermore there is the observation of Ibn Abd Al-Barr who was a contemporary of An-Nawawi:
The mukhannath is not only the one who is known to be promiscuous. The mukhannath is (also?) the one who looks so much like a woman physically that he resembles women in his softness, speech, appearance, accent and thinking. If he is like this, he would have no desire for women and he would not notice anything about them. This is one of those who have no interest in women who were permitted to enter upon women.
"
In the current era, scholars in Iran
Transsexuality in Iran
Before the Islamic Revolution in 1979, the issue of transsexuality in Iran had never been officially addressed by the government. Beginning in the mid-1980s, however, transsexual individuals were officially recognized by the government and allowed to undergo sex reassignment surgery...
, and Egypt have issued Fatwas supporting the right for those who fit the description of Mukhanathun to have sex reassignment surgery
Sex reassignment surgery
Sex reassignment surgery is a term for the surgical procedures by which a person's physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are altered to resemble...
. In Pakistan to this day, there live Hijras
Hijra (South Asia)
In the culture of South Asia, hijras or chakka in Kannada, khusra in Punjabi and kojja in Telugu are physiological males who have feminine gender identity, women's clothing and other feminine gender roles. Hijras have a long recorded history in the Indian subcontinent, from the antiquity, as...
. The Muslim Hijras have been known to refer to themselves as Mukhannathun when speaking Arabic.
Gender/sexuality
The mukhannathun as a group do not fit neatly into any one of the prevailing categories of genderGender
Gender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between males and females, particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender identity...
or sexuality
Sexual orientation
Sexual orientation describes a pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to the opposite sex, the same sex, both, or neither, and the genders that accompany them. By the convention of organized researchers, these attractions are subsumed under heterosexuality, homosexuality,...
used in the West at this time. While they were certainly not straight, it cannot be said that they were simply homosexual males. While they are gender variant, it seems that the intensity differs from one mukhannath to the next.
Sexuality
In "The Effeminates of Early Medina" Everett K. Rowson describes the very same Mukhanathun who appear in the Hadith, and who were companions of the prophet Muhammad. Rowson describes several other Mukhannathun who were contemporary to the Prophet Muhammad, in particular Tuways and Al-Dalal. Tuways was a talented musician and singer who lived to the age of 82. Tuways is known to have married and fathered children. From what is written, Al-Dalal clearly preferred men. Specifically it is written that though "Al-Dalal enjoyed women's social company any sexual demand made of her was in vain". Al-Dalal is said to have had a sexual encounter with a woman on her wedding night. Al-Dalal then later that same night had sexual relations with the groom. Similar stories exist about the other Mukhannathun of Medina.According to Imam Muhsin Hendricks:
Muhammad did deal with a group of effeminate men in Medina called “Mukhannathun”.However, while this group of Mukhannathun did possess qualities of modern gay men, it cannot be said that the Mukhannathun fully represent modern gay men, as they were involved in practices not common to contemporary gay men.
Castration
At one point in time during the Umayyad dynasty, a caliph, usually identified as Sulayman ibn Abd al-MalikSulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
Sulayman bin Abd al-Malik was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 715 until 717. His father was Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, and he was a younger brother of the previous caliph, al-Walid I.-Early years:...
, reportedly ordered that all Mukhannathun should be castrated. He had been angered by them in some way or other - the motive varies between the different accounts. According to Rowson:
Several sources name some or all of the victims (besides al-Dalal, who is almost always included). A number of these also report a series of quips said to have been pronounced by them on the occasion. The fullest version of these statements is offered by Hamza, whose list is as follows:
- Tuways: "This is simply a circumcision which we must undergo again."
- al-Dalal: "Or rather the Greater Circumcision!"
- Nasim al-Sahar: "With castration I have become a mukhannath in truth!"
- Nawmat al-Duha: "Or rather we have become women in truth!"
- Bard al-Puad: "We have been spared the trouble of carrying around a spout for urine."
- Zill al-Shajar: "What would we do with an unused weapon anyway?"
The last two statements imply that what the mukhannathiin underwent was jibdb, the more drastic form of
castration in which the penis was truncated. They serve to stress the mukhannathiin's lack of sexual interest in women, while the two preceding statements identify the essential psychological motivation behind takhannuth as gender identification with women. The flippancy of tone in these quips is of course characteristic of the mukhannath persona, and also points to the singular inappropriateness of the punishment, despite its savagery; significantly, there is no positive reference to sexual orientation, as opposed to gender identity.
Interestingly Rowson goes on to write about this story:
A third account, dependent on the "ta~hif" version of the castration story, reports that the caliph Sulayman was grieved by the accidental castration of the charming al-Dalal, and had him secretly brought to his court. When the caliph asked him how he was, al-Dalal replied, "Now that you've truncated (jababta) me in front, do you want to truncate me in back?" Sulayman laughed, and ordered him to sing. Unable to decide whether he was more charmed by his wit or his singing, the caliph kept him, with him a month, rewarded him richly, and sent him back to the Hijaz."
External links
- http://web.archive.org/web/20091027061558/http://www.geocities.com/leylasuhagi/prophet.html
- http://web.archive.org/web/20091027150144/http://www.geocities.com/leylasuhagi/hijradef.html
- Hadith on this matter, USC-MSA compendium of Muslim Text: Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 32:Clothing (Kitab Al-Libas), Number 4095
- Hadith on this matter, USC-MSA compendium of Muslim Text: Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41:General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Number 4910