Mullard-Philips tube designation
Encyclopedia
In Europe
, the principal method of numbering vacuum tubes (or "thermionic valves", as they are referred to in Europe and Australia, etc.) was the nomenclature developed and used by Mullard
in the UK
and applied Europe-wide thanks to their parentage by Philips
who had subsidiaries in Germany (Valvo) and France (Dario), plus the support of Telefunken, from 1934. This system, in use until the end of the tube era, sought to allocate meaningful codes to tubes with a clear understanding of their function. This European common code system became the starting point for the Pro Electron
naming scheme for active devices (including tubes and transistors).
It also allowed for easy cross-referencing with the American RETMA tube designation
and other systems in use such as Marconi-Osram tube designation, and military numbering systems such as Common Valve (CV) numbering in the United Kingdom and the Joint Army-Navy (JAN) tube designation in the USA.
Although the nomenclature was agreed amongst all the tube manufacturers in Europe there were exceptions in the UK with MOV (Marconi-Osram Valve), Brimar (STC) and Mazda/Ediswan adopting their own systems. The vast majority of MOV valves (tubes) were copies of RCA
types (as the two companies had cross-licencing agreements) but with a British designation, thus a MOV X63 valve was the same as an RCA 6A8 tube, whilst Brimar, which stood for "British Manufactured American Radio" (valves), used all American designations. Brimar/STC was a UK subsidiary of the American giant ITT
(International Telephone and Telegraph).
Special quality tubes for military use were sometimes identified by placing the numerical part of the designation between the heater rating and the tube type. For example an EF80 manufactured as a special quality tube would be designated 'E80F'. The system was not universal as other special quality designation systems existed. For example, an EF91, in its special quality version was designated 'M8084' (the 'M' meant Military) as in this case the standard EF91 was derived from the M8084 military design.
Two or more elements in a single envelope were handled by adding letters after the heater identifier, in alphabetical order, so an ECH35 is a 6.3 volt heated triode plus a hexode with an octal base; a PABC80 is a noval 300mA series-heater combination of 3 low-power diodes (two sharing a common cathode), plus a triode.
Mullard initially handled semiconductor naming by using the "O" heater code (shifting "Cold Cathode" to a code of "Z"), but from 1966 the new Pro Electron
standard elegantly codified the allocation of type numbers for all active devices, notably by using initial letters "A", "B" and "C" (rarely used heaters) for germanium, silicon and other semiconductor diodes and transistors, as well as codes for integrated circuits, etc. Heater letters A, B, C, F, K, V and Y ceased to be allocated. This meant that most existing European valve type number allocations were compatible with the new system, but sometimes ambiguities could only be resolved by checking the digits in the name. For example, it might not immediately be obvious whether a (hypothetical) AD108 is a 4 volt power triode or a germanium power transistor; an AZ41 (still on sale in the 1970s) might be thought to be a germanium Zener diode
(although, with only 2 digits for the serial number, it was not really a valid Pro Electron designation). By the introduction of the Pro Electron series the vast majority of valve (tube) names started with either D, E, G, P or U, so confusion between the two systems was unlikely.
For signal pentodes, an odd numerical identifier most often identified a variable transconductance (remote-cutoff) valve whereas an even number identified a 'high slope' (sharp-cutoff) valve.
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, the principal method of numbering vacuum tubes (or "thermionic valves", as they are referred to in Europe and Australia, etc.) was the nomenclature developed and used by Mullard
Mullard
Mullard Limited was a British manufacturer of electronic components. The Mullard Radio Valve Co. Ltd. of Southfields, London, was founded in 1920 by Captain Stanley R. Mullard, who had previously designed valves for the Admiralty before becoming managing director of the Z Electric Lamp Co. The...
in the UK
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
and applied Europe-wide thanks to their parentage by Philips
Philips
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. , more commonly known as Philips, is a multinational Dutch electronics company....
who had subsidiaries in Germany (Valvo) and France (Dario), plus the support of Telefunken, from 1934. This system, in use until the end of the tube era, sought to allocate meaningful codes to tubes with a clear understanding of their function. This European common code system became the starting point for the Pro Electron
Pro Electron
Pro Electron is the European type designation and registration system for active components .Pro Electron was set up in 1966 in Brussels, Belgium...
naming scheme for active devices (including tubes and transistors).
It also allowed for easy cross-referencing with the American RETMA tube designation
RETMA tube designation
The Radio Electronics Television Manufacturers' Association was formed in 1953, as a result of mergers with other trade standards organisations.It was principally responsible for the standardised nomenclature for American vacuum tubes....
and other systems in use such as Marconi-Osram tube designation, and military numbering systems such as Common Valve (CV) numbering in the United Kingdom and the Joint Army-Navy (JAN) tube designation in the USA.
Although the nomenclature was agreed amongst all the tube manufacturers in Europe there were exceptions in the UK with MOV (Marconi-Osram Valve), Brimar (STC) and Mazda/Ediswan adopting their own systems. The vast majority of MOV valves (tubes) were copies of RCA
RCA
RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. The RCA trademark is currently owned by the French conglomerate Technicolor SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Technicolor...
types (as the two companies had cross-licencing agreements) but with a British designation, thus a MOV X63 valve was the same as an RCA 6A8 tube, whilst Brimar, which stood for "British Manufactured American Radio" (valves), used all American designations. Brimar/STC was a UK subsidiary of the American giant ITT
ITT Corporation
ITT Corporation is a global diversified manufacturing company based in the United States. ITT participates in global markets including water and fluids management, defense and security, and motion and flow control...
(International Telephone and Telegraph).
Special quality tubes for military use were sometimes identified by placing the numerical part of the designation between the heater rating and the tube type. For example an EF80 manufactured as a special quality tube would be designated 'E80F'. The system was not universal as other special quality designation systems existed. For example, an EF91, in its special quality version was designated 'M8084' (the 'M' meant Military) as in this case the standard EF91 was derived from the M8084 military design.
Two or more elements in a single envelope were handled by adding letters after the heater identifier, in alphabetical order, so an ECH35 is a 6.3 volt heated triode plus a hexode with an octal base; a PABC80 is a noval 300mA series-heater combination of 3 low-power diodes (two sharing a common cathode), plus a triode.
Mullard initially handled semiconductor naming by using the "O" heater code (shifting "Cold Cathode" to a code of "Z"), but from 1966 the new Pro Electron
Pro Electron
Pro Electron is the European type designation and registration system for active components .Pro Electron was set up in 1966 in Brussels, Belgium...
standard elegantly codified the allocation of type numbers for all active devices, notably by using initial letters "A", "B" and "C" (rarely used heaters) for germanium, silicon and other semiconductor diodes and transistors, as well as codes for integrated circuits, etc. Heater letters A, B, C, F, K, V and Y ceased to be allocated. This meant that most existing European valve type number allocations were compatible with the new system, but sometimes ambiguities could only be resolved by checking the digits in the name. For example, it might not immediately be obvious whether a (hypothetical) AD108 is a 4 volt power triode or a germanium power transistor; an AZ41 (still on sale in the 1970s) might be thought to be a germanium Zener diode
Zener diode
A Zener diode is a special kind of diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same manner as an ideal diode, but will also permit it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener...
(although, with only 2 digits for the serial number, it was not really a valid Pro Electron designation). By the introduction of the Pro Electron series the vast majority of valve (tube) names started with either D, E, G, P or U, so confusion between the two systems was unlikely.
- 1st letter: Heater rating
- A 4V
- B 180mA AC/DC
- C 200mA AC/DC
- D 0.5 - 1.5V (normally 1.4V)
- E 6.3V AC
- F 12.6V car battery
- G 5V or miscellaneous
- H 150mA AC/DC
- I 20V
- K 2V DC
- L 450mA AC/DC
- O Cold cathode (by 1955 this also included semiconductorSemiconductorA semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity due to electron flow intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator. This means a conductivity roughly in the range of 103 to 10−8 siemens per centimeter...
s as these had no heater) - P 300mA AC/DC
- T 7.4V; Misc.
- U 100mA AC/DC
- V 50mA AC/DC
- X 600mA AC/DC
- Y 450mA AC/DC
- Z Cold cathode
- Remaining letters: Type(s) of device(s)
- A diode (excluding rectifiers)
- AA double diode with separate cathodes (excluding rectifiers)
- B double diode with common cathode (excluding rectifiers)
- C Triode (excluding power and gasfilled triodes)
- D Power triode
- E Tetrode (excluding power valves)
- F Pentode (excluding power valves)
- H Hexode or Heptode (of the Hexode type)
- K Octode or Heptode (of the Octode type)
- L Output tetrode, beam tetrode or pentode
- M Tuning indicator
- N Gas filled triode or thyratron
- P Tube with secondary emission system
- Q Nonode (also called Enneode)
- S TV sync oscillator
- T Beam tube or miscellaneous
- W Gas rectifier
- X Gas fullwave rectifier
- Y Halfwave rectifier
- Z Fullwave rectifier
- Figures: Base type & serial number
- 1-9 Various side contacts, octals, specials (exceptions are ECH3G, ECH4G, EK2G, EL3G, KK2G which have octal bases)
- 10-19 8-pin German octal
- 20-29 Loctal B8G; some octal; some 8-way side contact (Exceptions are DAC21, DBC21, DCH21, DF21, DF22, DL21, DLL21, DM21 which have octal bases)
- 30-39 International Octal (IEC 67-I-5a)
- 40-49 Rimlok B8A
- 50-59 B9G; Loctal B8G; Octal; 3-pin glass; Disk-seal; German 10-pin with spigot; min. 4-pin; B26A; Magnoval B9D
- 60-69 B9G; some submins
- 70-79 Loctal Lorenz; wire submins
- 80-89 Noval B9A (9-pin; IEC 67-I-12a)
- 90-99 B7G (miniature 7-pin; IEC 67-I-10a)
- 100-109 B7G; Wermacht base; German PTT base
- 110-119 8-pin German octal; Rimlok B8A
- 130-139 Octal
- 150-159 German 10-pin with spigot; 10-pin glass with one big pin; Octal
- 160-169 Flat wire submins; 8-pin German octal
- 170-179 RFT 8-pin; RFT 11-pin all glass with one offset pin
- 180-189 Noval B9A
- 190-199 B7G
- 200-209 Decal B10B
- 230-239 Octal
- 270-279 RFT 11-pin all glass with one offset pin
- 280-289 Noval B9A
- 300-399 Octal
- 400-499 Rimlok B8A
- 500-529 Magnoval B9D; Novar
- 600-699 Flat wire-ended
- 700-799 Round wire-ended
- 800-899 Noval B9A
- 900-999 B7G
- 1000- Round wire-ended; special nuvistor
- 2000- Decal B10B
- 3000- Octal
- 5000- Magnoval B9D
- 8000- Noval B9A
For signal pentodes, an odd numerical identifier most often identified a variable transconductance (remote-cutoff) valve whereas an even number identified a 'high slope' (sharp-cutoff) valve.