Music Center Incorporated
Encyclopedia
Music Center Incorporated (MCI) is the former name of a United States manufacturer of professional audio equipment that operated from 1955 till 1982 when it was acquired by the Sony
Corporation. The company is credited with a number of world firsts: commercialising the 24-track multi-track recorder, the tape AutoLocator and in-line mixing console.
MCI's reputation was built on technical innovation and its budget priced systems that were especially popular with independent music studios during the 1970s. At the height of MCI's success, one third of record albums on the Billboard 100 at the time were alleged recorded on MCI branded mixing consoles.
asked Harned to build some electronics for some Ampex
tape recorders and mixing consoles.
Harned supplied a growing list of customers with custom designed and builded mixing consoles, audio preamplifiers and general record electronics. Harned's expanding list of record industry contacts led to regular referrals to build mixing consoles as well as some long term service contracts. In addition he installed commercial sound systems for the Parker Playhouse, Pirate's Worlds and Fort Lauderdale International Airport amongst others. Consequently in 1965 Harned established the company Music Center Incorporated.
MCI changed direction in the coming year as Harned later recalled:
In 1968 Tom Hidley, then manager of TTG Recording Studios in Hollywood, asked Harned to build a 24-track recorder. Hidley had recently modified an Ampex 300 tape machine to accommodate 2-inch open reel magnetic tape and required a multitrack recorder
. Harned delivered a custom built 24-track unit — a modified Ampex 300 — which went into service later that year. This unit became the prototype for a new MCI product line, the JH-24 tape recorder
. He pitch an idea to Harned for a device that would allow an engineer to switch quickly and easily between monitoring audio input and track mixdown modes. In 1972 it materialised in MCI JH-400 series console, the world's first commercial mixing console
. Unlike the split mixing console design, the in-line design the 400s series consoles were standardized production' models, that offered a choice of user options and incorporated Harris 911 IC op-amps, at a lower cost than its competitors.
With the release in 1975 of its JH-500 series mixing consoles, MCI pioneered Voltage Controlled Automation (VCA)
. Console automation
, a necessity at a time when the number of mixing channels grew and there were more faders than two hands could manage. With VCA an engineer could adjust multiple channels simultaneously (in groups) and doing so with less 'scratchy' audio by moving a fader. VCA technology cost a fraction of the price of Moving Fader Automation
(the flying fader), the competing standard of the time.
The MCI tape AutoLocator, another innovation, was similar in design to a remote control though it had advanced functions such as storing a number of presets to recall a particular position of a given recording track. This proved to be a great time saver during the overdubbing process. The MCI JH-45 Autolock enabled a person with average technical experience to quickly configure two JH-24 multi-track records for synchronized recording. Other companies incorporated these features into their products but in many cases, MCI innovated first.
MCI's success could also contributable to its aggressive pricing strategy as MCI's marketing Vice President Lutz Meyer later attested.
. Rock musician Eric Clapton
recorded his 1974 album '461 Ocean Boulevard' at Criteria, which had served as the testbed for MCI's new products since the early 1960s. The Eagles recorded their best selling singles at Criteria, and likewise the Bee Gees
chose Criteria to record 'Saturday Night Fever, the biggest selling album of the 70s.
MCI branded equipment was renowned for its high build quality and features that generally gave it a competitive edge over more expensive brands such as 3M
and Studer
. These features included Autolocator, constant tension reel servos, wrap and azimuth adjustable heads, long wearing ceramic capstans and one button punch-in and punch-out. MCI marketing appeal coincided with the emergence in the mid 70s of 'independent music studio' operators. Aspiring studio operators fell into either of two categories: those with very deep pockets and could afford $US45,000 for a high-end 3M
or Studer
gear, and the remainder who couldn't. MCI placed half-page press adverts in industry magazines such as Record Engineer/Producer (RE/P)promoting comparable MCI equipment sets for as a little as $25,000-30,000.
MCi continued to grow as Harned confirmed:
By the late 1970s MCI's annual revenue stood at an estimated $20M and its products achieved a 36% market-share in the US domestic market and 45% internationally. The company had a workforce of 250 staff and dealerships in more than 30 countries. At the height of MCI's success in 1979, allegedly one third of the record albums in the Billboard 100 were recorded on MCI branded mixing consoles. Later still AC/DC
's "Back in Black" and many Queen, Led Zeppelin
, and other rock albums were recorded on the Harrison-designed MCI consoles.
, and MCI amongsts others. The year was the introduction by the 3M Corporation the world's first commercial quality 32-track digital recorder. MCI unveiled a prototype 3-inch, 32-track analog deck in 1978, which showed Harned's willingness to try new ideas though it never went into production. Later that year American artist Ry Cooder released 'Bop till you drop', the world's first digitally mastered album.
In 1980, the Sony
Corporation and Philips Consumer Electronics
(Philips) published the Red Book
for the Compact Disc, an industry standard of consumer grade digital media. Many recording studios retooled to support end to end digital production. MCI was one of several major equipment manufacturers that backed the Sony
Corporation’s new Digital Audio Stationary Head
digital recording standard. In the early 1980s Sony wanted to extend its business operations into the US manufacturing sector and approached Harned with a buyout offer. The Sony Professional Products Division was established in Fort Lauderdale specifically to accommodate this acquisition.
, who was the main engineer for Atlantic Records
, was attracted to the southern Florida weather and began working with many artists at Criteria Records including the Young Rascals, Eric Clapton
, The Allman Brothers (and many other Southern rockers) and The Bee Gees.
Sony
, commonly referred to as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan and the world's fifth largest media conglomerate measured by revenues....
Corporation. The company is credited with a number of world firsts: commercialising the 24-track multi-track recorder, the tape AutoLocator and in-line mixing console.
MCI's reputation was built on technical innovation and its budget priced systems that were especially popular with independent music studios during the 1970s. At the height of MCI's success, one third of record albums on the Billboard 100 at the time were alleged recorded on MCI branded mixing consoles.
History
During the late 1950s Grover 'Jeep' Harned, the founder of MCI, owned and operated a small record and stereo servicing outlet in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. He also built some custom audio equipment at the request of customers. Mack Emerman, the owner of the nearby Criteria Recording StudiosCriteria Studios
Criteria Studios is a music-recording studio in Miami, Florida, started in 1958 by Mack Emerman.In 1999, The Hit Factory purchased Criteria Studios, revamping and reopening the studios under the new name The Hit Factory Criteria Miami.-Notable artists:...
asked Harned to build some electronics for some Ampex
Ampex
Ampex is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff. The name AMPEX is an acronym, created by its founder, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence...
tape recorders and mixing consoles.
Harned supplied a growing list of customers with custom designed and builded mixing consoles, audio preamplifiers and general record electronics. Harned's expanding list of record industry contacts led to regular referrals to build mixing consoles as well as some long term service contracts. In addition he installed commercial sound systems for the Parker Playhouse, Pirate's Worlds and Fort Lauderdale International Airport amongst others. Consequently in 1965 Harned established the company Music Center Incorporated.
MCI changed direction in the coming year as Harned later recalled:
"I got into the tape recorder business in an interesting way. I had built a console for Sidney Nation of King Records in Cincinnati and he, Mack Emmerman, and Bob Richardson had a bunch of Ampex 350 tape recorder with transports that still ran well, but electronics that were on the verge of quitting completely. So in 1968 Sid, Bob and Mack got together and hired me to design and build some new "solid state" electronics for the old transports. My electronics proved to be quieter, had lower distortion, and they didn't have the 'Bias Rocks' common to so many earlier designs.
I filled this order for 100 units and I thought that would be the end of it, but when the word got around the industry that there was this guy in Florida building these 'solid state' electronics, a lot more people became interested in them"
In 1968 Tom Hidley, then manager of TTG Recording Studios in Hollywood, asked Harned to build a 24-track recorder. Hidley had recently modified an Ampex 300 tape machine to accommodate 2-inch open reel magnetic tape and required a multitrack recorder
Multitrack recording
Multitrack recording is a method of sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources to create a cohesive whole...
. Harned delivered a custom built 24-track unit — a modified Ampex 300 — which went into service later that year. This unit became the prototype for a new MCI product line, the JH-24 tape recorder
Technical innovation
In the late 1960s MCI established a network of dealerships across the United States to sell its own line of preamps, recording electronics and tape recorders. Studio Supply, one of these dealerships was operated by audio engineer Dave HarrisonHarrison Audio Consoles
Harrison Audio Consoles is an international company based in Nashville, Tennessee that manufactures mixing consoles and other audio technologies for the post-production, video production, broadcast, sound reinforcement and music recording industries...
. He pitch an idea to Harned for a device that would allow an engineer to switch quickly and easily between monitoring audio input and track mixdown modes. In 1972 it materialised in MCI JH-400 series console, the world's first commercial mixing console
Mixing console
In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board, mixing desk, or mixer is an electronic device for combining , routing, and changing the level, timbre and/or dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can mix analog or digital signals, depending on the type of mixer...
. Unlike the split mixing console design, the in-line design the 400s series consoles were standardized production' models, that offered a choice of user options and incorporated Harris 911 IC op-amps, at a lower cost than its competitors.
With the release in 1975 of its JH-500 series mixing consoles, MCI pioneered Voltage Controlled Automation (VCA)
Console automation
Modern digital audio consoles or mixers use automation. Automation allows the console to remember the audio engineer's adjustment of faders during the post-production editing process. A timecode is necessary for synchronization of automation.- Types of Automation :...
. Console automation
Console automation
Modern digital audio consoles or mixers use automation. Automation allows the console to remember the audio engineer's adjustment of faders during the post-production editing process. A timecode is necessary for synchronization of automation.- Types of Automation :...
, a necessity at a time when the number of mixing channels grew and there were more faders than two hands could manage. With VCA an engineer could adjust multiple channels simultaneously (in groups) and doing so with less 'scratchy' audio by moving a fader. VCA technology cost a fraction of the price of Moving Fader Automation
Console automation
Modern digital audio consoles or mixers use automation. Automation allows the console to remember the audio engineer's adjustment of faders during the post-production editing process. A timecode is necessary for synchronization of automation.- Types of Automation :...
(the flying fader), the competing standard of the time.
The MCI tape AutoLocator, another innovation, was similar in design to a remote control though it had advanced functions such as storing a number of presets to recall a particular position of a given recording track. This proved to be a great time saver during the overdubbing process. The MCI JH-45 Autolock enabled a person with average technical experience to quickly configure two JH-24 multi-track records for synchronized recording. Other companies incorporated these features into their products but in many cases, MCI innovated first.
MCI's success could also contributable to its aggressive pricing strategy as MCI's marketing Vice President Lutz Meyer later attested.
"Our competitors literally took apart our AutoLocator product but couldn't see how we could possibly price it. It had 50 Integrated Circuit chips, it was like a small computer. They couldn't make the same equipment without selling it for twice our price.
"It took AmpexAmpexAmpex is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff. The name AMPEX is an acronym, created by its founder, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence...
and 3M (many) years to realise it was our loss-leader. Every time we shipped an AutoLocator out, $700 or $800 was going out the door but recording engineers wanted it. And it worked, they are ordering other MCI products".
Commercial success
During the 1970s the MCI brand was tied to the fortunes of the Criteria StudiosCriteria Studios
Criteria Studios is a music-recording studio in Miami, Florida, started in 1958 by Mack Emerman.In 1999, The Hit Factory purchased Criteria Studios, revamping and reopening the studios under the new name The Hit Factory Criteria Miami.-Notable artists:...
. Rock musician Eric Clapton
Eric Clapton
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and...
recorded his 1974 album '461 Ocean Boulevard' at Criteria, which had served as the testbed for MCI's new products since the early 1960s. The Eagles recorded their best selling singles at Criteria, and likewise the Bee Gees
Bee Gees
The Bee Gees are a musical group that originally comprised three brothers: Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb. The trio was successful for most of their 40-plus years of recording music, but they had two distinct periods of exceptional success: as a pop act in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and as a...
chose Criteria to record 'Saturday Night Fever, the biggest selling album of the 70s.
MCI branded equipment was renowned for its high build quality and features that generally gave it a competitive edge over more expensive brands such as 3M
3M
3M Company , formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation based in Maplewood, Minnesota, United States....
and Studer
Studer
Studer is a Swiss manufacturer of professional audio equipment, founded in Zurich in 1948 by Willi Studer. It is known primarily for the design and manufacture of analog tape recorders and mixing consoles. Studer also produce other technology solutions, such as telephony management systems and...
. These features included Autolocator, constant tension reel servos, wrap and azimuth adjustable heads, long wearing ceramic capstans and one button punch-in and punch-out. MCI marketing appeal coincided with the emergence in the mid 70s of 'independent music studio' operators. Aspiring studio operators fell into either of two categories: those with very deep pockets and could afford $US45,000 for a high-end 3M
3M
3M Company , formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation based in Maplewood, Minnesota, United States....
or Studer
Studer
Studer is a Swiss manufacturer of professional audio equipment, founded in Zurich in 1948 by Willi Studer. It is known primarily for the design and manufacture of analog tape recorders and mixing consoles. Studer also produce other technology solutions, such as telephony management systems and...
gear, and the remainder who couldn't. MCI placed half-page press adverts in industry magazines such as Record Engineer/Producer (RE/P)promoting comparable MCI equipment sets for as a little as $25,000-30,000.
MCi continued to grow as Harned confirmed:
"Today, we build our own motors, make our own faders, printed circuit boards, have our own paint shop, do our own silk screening. . . in short we have almost completely integrated manufacturing capacity for professional audio equipment".
By the late 1970s MCI's annual revenue stood at an estimated $20M and its products achieved a 36% market-share in the US domestic market and 45% internationally. The company had a workforce of 250 staff and dealerships in more than 30 countries. At the height of MCI's success in 1979, allegedly one third of the record albums in the Billboard 100 were recorded on MCI branded mixing consoles. Later still AC/DC
AC/DC
AC/DC are an Australian rock band, formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young. Commonly classified as hard rock, they are considered pioneers of heavy metal, though they themselves have always classified their music as simply "rock and roll"...
's "Back in Black" and many Queen, Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin were an English rock band, active in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. Formed in 1968, they consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham...
, and other rock albums were recorded on the Harrison-designed MCI consoles.
Digital revolution
In 1977, the 2-inch analog multitrack format was well-entrenched in high-end studios, with a wide selection of competing product offerings from companies like AmpexAmpex
Ampex is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff. The name AMPEX is an acronym, created by its founder, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence...
, and MCI amongsts others. The year was the introduction by the 3M Corporation the world's first commercial quality 32-track digital recorder. MCI unveiled a prototype 3-inch, 32-track analog deck in 1978, which showed Harned's willingness to try new ideas though it never went into production. Later that year American artist Ry Cooder released 'Bop till you drop', the world's first digitally mastered album.
In 1980, the Sony
Sony
, commonly referred to as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan and the world's fifth largest media conglomerate measured by revenues....
Corporation and Philips Consumer Electronics
Philips Consumer Electronics
Philips Consumer Lifestyle is a part of Philips ; which is one of the largest electronics companies in the world. In 2005, its sales were € 30.4 billion and it employed 161,500 people in more than 60 countries. Other Philips divisions are: Philips Lighting, Philips Healthcare, Philips Domestic...
(Philips) published the Red Book
Red Book (audio CD standard)
Red Book is the standard for audio CDs . It is named after one of the Rainbow Books, a series of books that contain the technical specifications for all CD and CD-ROM formats.The first edition of the Red Book was released in 1980 by Philips and Sony; it was adopted by the Digital Audio Disc...
for the Compact Disc, an industry standard of consumer grade digital media. Many recording studios retooled to support end to end digital production. MCI was one of several major equipment manufacturers that backed the Sony
Sony
, commonly referred to as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan and the world's fifth largest media conglomerate measured by revenues....
Corporation’s new Digital Audio Stationary Head
Digital Audio Stationary Head
The Digital Audio Stationary Head or DASH standard is a reel-to-reel, digital audio tape format introduced by Sony in early 1982 for high-quality multitrack studio recording and mastering, as an alternative to analog recording methods. DASH is capable of recording two channels of audio on a...
digital recording standard. In the early 1980s Sony wanted to extend its business operations into the US manufacturing sector and approached Harned with a buyout offer. The Sony Professional Products Division was established in Fort Lauderdale specifically to accommodate this acquisition.
JH-24 Multitrack Tape Recorder
The MCI JH-24 Series of Multitrack Tape Recorders encompasses a number of products, culminating in the JH-24 designation. The different models and revisions are commonly confused. JH-24 was one of the industry standards for 24-track analog audio recording, and were installed in many audio recording studios starting in the early 70s. The JH-24 is still in use today among recording engineers and recording artists who prefer the warmer and some say superior recording quality of analog, and need 24 recording tracks at their disposal.JH-400 Series Console
The JH-416 introduced the "In Line Monitoring" configuration that became the standard for many future console designs from both MCI and other manufacturers. In 1974 the product was redesigned as the JH-428, a 24-Track Recording Console.JH-500 Series Console
This model was first produced in 1975 and became the preferred recording console for Atlantic Records in New York and Criteria Studio in Miami. In time the model range included A, B, C, & D versions offering 28, 32, 36, 38, 42, & 56 channel mainframe configurations. Metering was available as either VU or Light Meters. The 500 Series was highly configurable and was available with a wide array of customization options. The JH-556 was the first recording console designed specifically to cater for dual 24 track recording. The now famous Tom DowdTom Dowd
Tom Dowd was an American recording engineer and producer for Atlantic Records. He was credited with innovating the multi-track recording method. Dowd worked on a virtual "who's who" of recordings that encompassed blues, jazz, pop, rock and soul records.- Early years :Born in Manhattan, Dowd grew...
, who was the main engineer for Atlantic Records
Atlantic Records
Atlantic Records is an American record label best known for its many recordings of rhythm and blues, rock and roll, and jazz...
, was attracted to the southern Florida weather and began working with many artists at Criteria Records including the Young Rascals, Eric Clapton
Eric Clapton
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and...
, The Allman Brothers (and many other Southern rockers) and The Bee Gees.