Music of Tunisia
Encyclopedia
Tunisia
is a North Africa
n country with a predominantly Arabic-speaking population. The country is best known for malouf
, a kind of music imported from Andalusia
after the Spanish conquest in the 15th century. Though in its modern form, malouf is likely very dissimilar to any music played more than four centuries ago, it does have its roots in Spain and Portugal, and is closely related to genres with a similar history throughout North Africa, including malouf's Libyan cousin, Algerian gharnati and Moroccan ala or Andalusi. During the Ottoman era, malouf was highly influenced from Turkish music. Even now most of malouf examples are very similar to Turkish classical music.
20th century musicians from Tunisia include Anouar Brahem
, an oud player, Jasser Haj Youssef
, a composer and a violin player, and El Azifet, a rare all-female orchestra, as well as well-known vocalist Raoul Journo, Lotfi Bouchnak, Khemais Tarnane, Saliha
, Saleh Mehdi, Ali Riahi, Hedi Jouini, Fethia Khairi, Chikh El Ofrit, Oulaya and Neema.
Popular singers include Nabiha Karaouli http://t1.images.live.com/images/thumbnail.aspx?q=861076599545&id=6c92d48ef38aae2b2703578c41ea5352, Latifa
, Saber el Robbai, Amina
, the late Thekra
, Soufia Sedik, Amina Fakhet, Nawal Ghachem and Sonia Mbarek
21st century alternative music groups include Neshez http://www.neshez.free.fr, Zemeken http://www.zemeken.com, Aspirine, Kerkennah and Checkpoint 303
http://www.checkpoint303.com. (see Tunisian underground music
)
Modern music festival
s in Tunisia include Tabarka
Jazz
Festival http://www.scooporganisation.com/tabarka_jazz_festival/, Testour
's Arab Andalusian Music Festival and the Sahara Festival in Douz
.
in the rhythm
s, but is seen as a successor to the cultural heights reached by Muslim Andalusia. Malouf has been called "an emblem of (Tunisian) national identity" http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php?story=20030421192920196. Nevertheless, malouf can not compete commercially with popular music, much of it Egyptian, and it has only survived because of the efforts of the Tunisian government and a number of private individuals. Malouf is still performed in public, especially at wedding
s and circumcision
ceremonies, though recordings are relatively rare. The term malouf translates as familiar or customary.
Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger
is an important figure of modern Tunisian music. He collected the rules and history of malouf, which filled six volumes, and set up the Rachidia (الرشيدية), an important conservatory
which is still in use.
, which abandons many of qasidah's rules, shgul, a very traditional form, and zajal
, a modern genre with a unique format.
The most important structural element of malouf, however, is the nuba, a two-part suite in a single maqam
(an Arab mode organized by quarter-tones), which lasts about an hour. A nuba is a musical form introduced to North Africa with the migration of Muslim inhabitants of Spain in the 13 and 14th Century. It is divided to many parts :Isstifta7 Msader which are instrumental pieces Then come Attouq and the Silsla which introduce to the poems. The sung pieces begin with the Btaihia: A set of poem composed on the Main mode of the Nuba
(There are several Modes in Tunisian Music Thaiil raml Sikah tounssia Ispahan Isbaaïn) on a heavy syncoped rhythm called BtaiHi. Then come al barawil, Al khfeiif Al Akhtam which close the Nuba
. The rhythms grow fast from a component to anther of the Nuba. Each component of a Nouba has its specific rhythm which are the same in all the 13 Nouba known today.
According to legend, a distinct nuba once existed for every day, holiday and other event, though only thirteen remain. Partway through a nuba, an improvisational section was played in the maqam of the following day to ready the audience for the next performance.
. He was expelled from the city in 830, and travelled west, stopping finally at Kairouan
, the first Muslim city of great power in Africa. The city was a center for North African (Maghebian) culture, and was the capital of the Aghlabite dynasty. Ziryab crossed the Maghreb and then entered Cordoba
during a period of cultural innovation among the diverse inhabitants of the region. He became a court musician again, and used influences from the local area, the Maghreb and his native Middle East to form a distinctively Andalusian style.
Beginning in the 13th century, Muslims fleeing persection by Christians in what is now Spain and Portugal settled in cities across North Africa, including Tunis, bringing with them their music. Tunisian malouf, and its closely related cousin in Libya, was later influenced by Ottoman music. This process peaked in the middle of the 18th century, when the Bey
of Tunisia, Muhammad al-Rashid, a musician, used Turkish-style instrumental compositions in his work and firmly set the structure of the nuba. Though his system has evolved considerably, most of the instrumental sections of modern nubat are derived from al-Rashid.
After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Tunisia became a French protectorate and the declining malouf was revitalized. Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger
, a French-naturalized Bavarian living near Tunis, commission a collection of ancient works, working with Ali al-Darwish of Aleppo
. Al-Darwish and d'Erlanger's pioneering study of Tunisian music was presented at the International Congress of Arabic Music, held in 1932. Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger died only a few months after the congress, which revolutionized Arab music across the world. In Tunisia, the meeting inspired the Rachidia Institute, which was formed in 1934 to preserve the malouf
. The Rachidia Institute undertook some alterations, revising lyrics that were considered profane, and also constructed two performance spaces in the old city of Tunis. The Institute also helped to transition malouf from being performed by folk ensembles with only a few instrument (including 'ud, tar
, darbuka, rabab and bendir
) to symphonic pieces inspired by Western classical music and Egyptian ensembles.
The most influential such orchestra was called the Rashidiyya Orchestra, led by violinist Muhammad Triki. Rashidiyya Orchestra used a large chorus as well as contrabass
, cello
, violin
, nay
, qanun
and 'ud sharqi, and followed the developing rules of Arab musical theory and notation. The thirteen surviving nubat were created during this time, distilled from the highly divergent folk forms still in use. Western musical notation
was used; along with the popularization of recorded music, the use of improvisation
quickly declined. These changes helped to popularize the malouf, though not without critics, and gave the music a reputation as classical art music
.
After Tunisian independence in 1957, the country's first president, Habib Bourguiba
, promoted the malouf, recognizing its unifying potential. The then-director of the Rashidiyya Orchestra, Salah el-Mahdi, wrote the Tunisian national anthem
, and eventually also became the leader of the music department of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. His musical theories became a major part of the Orchestra, as well as its successor, Institut Supérieur de Musique.
Mezwed
Purely Tunisian music with pop Tunisian touch. Most popular mezwed singers are Habbouba, Samir Loussif, Hedi Donia,Faouzi Ben Gamra, Zina Gasriniya, Fatma Bousseha.
, and is just as ancient and authentic as a facet of the (Tunisian) national identity"
Tunisia
Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
is a North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
n country with a predominantly Arabic-speaking population. The country is best known for malouf
Malouf
Malouf may refer to:* Maalouf , the family surname.* Music of Tunisia* David Malouf, an Australian writer...
, a kind of music imported from Andalusia
Andalusia
Andalusia is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities of Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Huelva, Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga, Jaén, Granada and...
after the Spanish conquest in the 15th century. Though in its modern form, malouf is likely very dissimilar to any music played more than four centuries ago, it does have its roots in Spain and Portugal, and is closely related to genres with a similar history throughout North Africa, including malouf's Libyan cousin, Algerian gharnati and Moroccan ala or Andalusi. During the Ottoman era, malouf was highly influenced from Turkish music. Even now most of malouf examples are very similar to Turkish classical music.
20th century musicians from Tunisia include Anouar Brahem
Anouar Brahem
Anouar Brahem is an oud player and composer. He is widely acclaimed as an innovator in his field...
, an oud player, Jasser Haj Youssef
Jasser Haj Youssef
Jasser Haj Youssef is a Tunisian violinist, viola d'amore player and composer who works in wide variety of musical situations: Oriental music, contemporary classical music and jazz. Its research at the Paris 8 University and the Tunis University works on a fusion between Arabic music and jazz...
, a composer and a violin player, and El Azifet, a rare all-female orchestra, as well as well-known vocalist Raoul Journo, Lotfi Bouchnak, Khemais Tarnane, Saliha
Saliha
Saliha is one of the Seven Lebanese Villages that was later transferred to the British Mandate of Palestine. Originally part of the Jabal Amel district of South Lebanon, this term has been historically used to denote the homeland of Shi'a Muslims in Southern Lebanon...
, Saleh Mehdi, Ali Riahi, Hedi Jouini, Fethia Khairi, Chikh El Ofrit, Oulaya and Neema.
Popular singers include Nabiha Karaouli http://t1.images.live.com/images/thumbnail.aspx?q=861076599545&id=6c92d48ef38aae2b2703578c41ea5352, Latifa
Latifa
Latifa Bint Alayah Al Arfaoui , better known as Latifa , is an Arab pop music singer, Latifa standing for gentle in Arabic.-Early life:...
, Saber el Robbai, Amina
Amina (singer)
Amina Annabi is a French-Tunisian singer-songwriter and actress, most famous for finishing second in the tied 1991 Eurovision Song Contest, held in Rome. Amina finished second after a countback, scoring equal 146 points alongside Carola from Sweden.- Early life :Amina was born in a music family...
, the late Thekra
Thekra
Thekra Mohammed Abdullah Al Dali , better known as Thekra was a Tunisian singer. The word "Thekra" is Arabic for a memory or memorial.- Early life :...
, Soufia Sedik, Amina Fakhet, Nawal Ghachem and Sonia Mbarek
21st century alternative music groups include Neshez http://www.neshez.free.fr, Zemeken http://www.zemeken.com, Aspirine, Kerkennah and Checkpoint 303
Checkpoint 303
Checkpoint 303 is a non-profit musical collective from the emerging Arabic and Middle-eastern underground electronica scene. The activist musical project was launched by Tunisian SC Mocha and Palestinian SC Yosh in 2004 and has secured an avant-garde position on the Arabic underground music scene...
http://www.checkpoint303.com. (see Tunisian underground music
Tunisian underground music
Tunisian underground music refers to music performed by Tunisian artists that play or compose in a style different from the established Tunisian mainstream. Using the term underground to define a performing arts movement or scene in tha Arab world, including Tunisia, takes on a slightly different...
)
Modern music festival
Music festival
A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality or locality of musicians, or holiday. They are commonly held outdoors, and are often inclusive of other attractions such as food and merchandise vending machines,...
s in Tunisia include Tabarka
Tabarka
Tabarka is a coastal town located in north-western Tunisia, at about , close to the border with Algeria. It has been famous for its coral fishing, the Coral Festival of underwater photography and the annual jazz festival. Tabarka's history is a colorful mosaic of Phoenician, Roman, Arabic and...
Jazz
Jazz
Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States. It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th...
Festival http://www.scooporganisation.com/tabarka_jazz_festival/, Testour
Testour
Testour is a small town located in the north of Tunisia. The town is perched on the hills of Medjerda Valley, 20 km south-west of Medjez-el-Bab, the crossroads between Tunis, Béja, and the north of Tunisia...
's Arab Andalusian Music Festival and the Sahara Festival in Douz
Douz
Douz is a town in central Tunisia, known as the "gateway to the Sahara." In previous times it was an important stop on the trans-Saharan caravan routes...
.
Malouf
Malouf is played by small orchestras, consisting of violins, drums, sitars and flutes. Modern malouf has some elements of Berber musicBerber music
The Berber people is the indigenous and major ethnic group inhabiting North Africa and part of West Africa . Berbers call themselves "imazighen"...
in the rhythm
Rhythm
Rhythm may be generally defined as a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions." This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time may be applied to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or...
s, but is seen as a successor to the cultural heights reached by Muslim Andalusia. Malouf has been called "an emblem of (Tunisian) national identity" http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php?story=20030421192920196. Nevertheless, malouf can not compete commercially with popular music, much of it Egyptian, and it has only survived because of the efforts of the Tunisian government and a number of private individuals. Malouf is still performed in public, especially at wedding
Wedding
A wedding is the ceremony in which two people are united in marriage or a similar institution. Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnic groups, religions, countries, and social classes...
s and circumcision
Circumcision
Male circumcision is the surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin from the penis. The word "circumcision" comes from Latin and ....
ceremonies, though recordings are relatively rare. The term malouf translates as familiar or customary.
Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger
Rodolphe d'Erlanger
Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger was a French painter and musicologist specializing in Arabic music. He studied in Paris and London....
is an important figure of modern Tunisian music. He collected the rules and history of malouf, which filled six volumes, and set up the Rachidia (الرشيدية), an important conservatory
Music school
The term music school refers to an educational institution specialized in the study, training and research of music.Different terms refer to this concept such as school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department or conservatory.Music instruction can be provided...
which is still in use.
Structure
Malouf is based on qasidah, a kind of classical Arabic poetry, and comes in many forms, including the post-classical muwashshahMuwashshah
Muwashshah or muwaššaḥ can mean:...
, which abandons many of qasidah's rules, shgul, a very traditional form, and zajal
Zajal
Zajal is a traditional form of oral strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect with ancient roots in a number of Mediterranean cultures. The form is similar to Muwashshah. The origin of zajal is Al-Andalus...
, a modern genre with a unique format.
The most important structural element of malouf, however, is the nuba, a two-part suite in a single maqam
Arabic maqam
Arabic maqām is the system of melodic modes used in traditional Arabic music, which is mainly melodic. The word maqam in Arabic means place, location or rank. The Arabic maqam is a melody type...
(an Arab mode organized by quarter-tones), which lasts about an hour. A nuba is a musical form introduced to North Africa with the migration of Muslim inhabitants of Spain in the 13 and 14th Century. It is divided to many parts :Isstifta7 Msader which are instrumental pieces Then come Attouq and the Silsla which introduce to the poems. The sung pieces begin with the Btaihia: A set of poem composed on the Main mode of the Nuba
Nuba
Nuba is a collective term used here for the peoples who inhabit the Nuba Mountains, in Sudan, Africa. Although the term is used to describe them as if they composed a single group, the Nuba are multiple distinct peoples and speak different languages...
(There are several Modes in Tunisian Music Thaiil raml Sikah tounssia Ispahan Isbaaïn) on a heavy syncoped rhythm called BtaiHi. Then come al barawil, Al khfeiif Al Akhtam which close the Nuba
Nuba
Nuba is a collective term used here for the peoples who inhabit the Nuba Mountains, in Sudan, Africa. Although the term is used to describe them as if they composed a single group, the Nuba are multiple distinct peoples and speak different languages...
. The rhythms grow fast from a component to anther of the Nuba. Each component of a Nouba has its specific rhythm which are the same in all the 13 Nouba known today.
According to legend, a distinct nuba once existed for every day, holiday and other event, though only thirteen remain. Partway through a nuba, an improvisational section was played in the maqam of the following day to ready the audience for the next performance.
History
The earliest roots of the malouf can be traced to a court musician from Baghdad named ZiryabZiryab
Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘ , nicknamed Ziryab , was a Black African or Persian or Kurdish polymath: a poet, musician, singer, chemist, cosmetologist, fashion designer, trendsetter, strategist, astronomer, botanist and...
. He was expelled from the city in 830, and travelled west, stopping finally at Kairouan
Kairouan
Kairouan , also known as Kirwan or al-Qayrawan , is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia. Referred to as the Islamic Cultural Capital, it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The city was founded by the Arabs around 670...
, the first Muslim city of great power in Africa. The city was a center for North African (Maghebian) culture, and was the capital of the Aghlabite dynasty. Ziryab crossed the Maghreb and then entered Cordoba
Córdoba, Spain
-History:The first trace of human presence in the area are remains of a Neanderthal Man, dating to c. 32,000 BC. In the 8th century BC, during the ancient Tartessos period, a pre-urban settlement existed. The population gradually learned copper and silver metallurgy...
during a period of cultural innovation among the diverse inhabitants of the region. He became a court musician again, and used influences from the local area, the Maghreb and his native Middle East to form a distinctively Andalusian style.
Beginning in the 13th century, Muslims fleeing persection by Christians in what is now Spain and Portugal settled in cities across North Africa, including Tunis, bringing with them their music. Tunisian malouf, and its closely related cousin in Libya, was later influenced by Ottoman music. This process peaked in the middle of the 18th century, when the Bey
Husainid Dynasty
The Husainid Dynasty is the former ruling dynasty of Tunisia originally of Cretan origin. They came to power under Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki in 1705 replacing the Muradid Dynasty. After taking power the Husainids ruled as Beys with succession to the throne determined by age with the oldest...
of Tunisia, Muhammad al-Rashid, a musician, used Turkish-style instrumental compositions in his work and firmly set the structure of the nuba. Though his system has evolved considerably, most of the instrumental sections of modern nubat are derived from al-Rashid.
After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Tunisia became a French protectorate and the declining malouf was revitalized. Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger
Rodolphe d'Erlanger
Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger was a French painter and musicologist specializing in Arabic music. He studied in Paris and London....
, a French-naturalized Bavarian living near Tunis, commission a collection of ancient works, working with Ali al-Darwish of Aleppo
Aleppo
Aleppo is the largest city in Syria and the capital of Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Syrian governorate. With an official population of 2,301,570 , expanding to over 2.5 million in the metropolitan area, it is also one of the largest cities in the Levant...
. Al-Darwish and d'Erlanger's pioneering study of Tunisian music was presented at the International Congress of Arabic Music, held in 1932. Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger died only a few months after the congress, which revolutionized Arab music across the world. In Tunisia, the meeting inspired the Rachidia Institute, which was formed in 1934 to preserve the malouf
Malouf
Malouf may refer to:* Maalouf , the family surname.* Music of Tunisia* David Malouf, an Australian writer...
. The Rachidia Institute undertook some alterations, revising lyrics that were considered profane, and also constructed two performance spaces in the old city of Tunis. The Institute also helped to transition malouf from being performed by folk ensembles with only a few instrument (including 'ud, tar
Tar (lute)
The tār is a long-necked, waisted Iranian instrument. It has been adopted by other cultures and Azerbaijan. The word tar itself means "string" in Persian, though it might have the same meaning in languages influenced by Persian or any other branches of Iranian languages like Kurdish...
, darbuka, rabab and bendir
Bendir
The bendir is a frame drum used as a traditional instrument throughout North Africa. Unlike the tambourine, it has no jingles but most often has a snare stretched across its head, which when the drum is struck with the fingers or palm gives the tone a buzzing quality.The bendir is a frame drum...
) to symphonic pieces inspired by Western classical music and Egyptian ensembles.
The most influential such orchestra was called the Rashidiyya Orchestra, led by violinist Muhammad Triki. Rashidiyya Orchestra used a large chorus as well as contrabass
Contrabass
Contrabass refers to a musical instrument of very low pitch; generally those pitched one octave below instruments of the bass register...
, cello
Cello
The cello is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is a member of the violin family of musical instruments, which also includes the violin, viola, and double bass. Old forms of the instrument in the Baroque era are baryton and viol .A person who plays a cello is...
, violin
Violin
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which includes the viola and cello....
, nay
Nay
Nay or NAY may refer to:*Ney , a wind instrument*Nay, Manche, a place in the Manche département of France*Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a place in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France...
, qanun
Qanun
Qanun refers to laws promulgated by Muslim sovereigns, in particular the Ottoman Sultans, in contrast to shari'a, the body of law elaborated by Muslim jurists. It comes from the Greek word kanon...
and 'ud sharqi, and followed the developing rules of Arab musical theory and notation. The thirteen surviving nubat were created during this time, distilled from the highly divergent folk forms still in use. Western musical notation
Musical notation
Music notation or musical notation is any system that represents aurally perceived music, through the use of written symbols.-History:...
was used; along with the popularization of recorded music, the use of improvisation
Improvisation
Improvisation is the practice of acting, singing, talking and reacting, of making and creating, in the moment and in response to the stimulus of one's immediate environment and inner feelings. This can result in the invention of new thought patterns, new practices, new structures or symbols, and/or...
quickly declined. These changes helped to popularize the malouf, though not without critics, and gave the music a reputation as classical art music
Art music
Art music is an umbrella term used to refer to musical traditions implying advanced structural and theoretical considerations and a written musical tradition...
.
After Tunisian independence in 1957, the country's first president, Habib Bourguiba
Habib Bourguiba
Habib Bourguiba was a Tunisian statesman, the Founder and the first President of the Republic of Tunisia from July 25, 1957 until 7 November 1987...
, promoted the malouf, recognizing its unifying potential. The then-director of the Rashidiyya Orchestra, Salah el-Mahdi, wrote the Tunisian national anthem
National anthem
A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation's government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people.- History :Anthems rose to prominence...
, and eventually also became the leader of the music department of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. His musical theories became a major part of the Orchestra, as well as its successor, Institut Supérieur de Musique.
MezwedMezwedMezwed is a genre of popular traditional music based on oriental rhythms, believed by Tunisians to be completely different from Egyptian Saahbi music. It incorporates traditional Tunisian drums called Darbouka and a kind of bagpipe called a mizwad with a bag made from ewe's leather. Usually it is...
Purely Tunisian music with pop Tunisian touch. Most popular mezwed singers are Habbouba, Samir Loussif, Hedi Donia,Faouzi Ben Gamra, Zina Gasriniya, Fatma Bousseha.Salhi
Another authentic Tunisian genre, known as Salhi, can be heard on these tracks from 1931 http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/frBN102484010.htm, some of which are sung by Ibrahim Ben Hadj Ahmed, and others by another singer called Ben Sassi. The style may be related to Berber musicBerber music
The Berber people is the indigenous and major ethnic group inhabiting North Africa and part of West Africa . Berbers call themselves "imazighen"...
, and is just as ancient and authentic as a facet of the (Tunisian) national identity"
External links
Audio clips: Traditional music of Tunisia. Musée d'Ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.- Audio clip: Mezoued. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Zokra. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Tbal. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Darbuka. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Naqara. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Gasba. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Rabab. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Ud. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Gombri. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Chkacheks. The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- Audio clip: Tabla "Tijania". The Arab and Mediterranean Music Centre. Accessed November 25, 2010.Chants traditionnels tunisiens (1931)Association des supporters de la création musicale Online Tunisian music player