Nakhchivan khanate
Encyclopedia
The territory of the khanate corresponded to most of the present-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and central parts of present-day Armenia
Armenia
Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
.
History
Initially the territory of Nakhichevan was part of Čoḵūr Saʿd, but later came to be ruled by a separate khan. Shortly after the capture of Erevan in 1604, Shah ʿAbbās I appointed Maqsud Sultan, a leader of a Turkic tribe named Kangarlu, described by J. M. Jouannin as “a small tribe established in Persian Armenia, on the shores of the ArasAras
Aras may refer to:*Aras , an autochthon in Greek mythology, father of Araethyrea and Aoris*ARAS, the Ascending Reticular Activating System*ARAS, the Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism...
" as governor of Nakhichevan. Later that year, Ottoman forces threatened the area, Shah Abbas ordered Maqsud Sultan to evacuate the entire population of the Nakhichevan region (including the Armenians of Jolfa, who, in the following year, were transplanted to Isfahan) to Qaraja Dag (Arasbaran) and Dezmar.. Persian rule was interrupted by Ottoman
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
occupation between 1635-1636 and 1722-1736.
During the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813
Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)
The 1804-1813 Russo-Persian War, one of the many wars between the Persian Empire and Imperial Russia, began like many wars as a territorial dispute. The Persian king, Fath Ali Shah Qajar, wanted to consolidate the northernmost reaches of his Qajar dynasty by securing land near the Caspian Sea's...
, in 1808 Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n forces under general Gudovich briefly occupied Nakhichevan, but as a result of the Treaty of Gulistan it was returned to Persian control.
During the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828
Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828
The Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and the Persian Empire.After the Treaty of Gulistan concluded the previous Russo-Persian War in 1813, peace reigned in the Caucasus for thirteen years...
, in 1827 Abbas Mirza
Abbas Mirza
Prince, Field-Marshal Abbas Mirza born Amol city , was a Qajar crown prince of Persia. He developed a reputation as a military commander during wars with Russia and the Ottoman Empire, as an early modernizer of Persia's armed forces and institutions, and for his death before his father, Fath Ali...
appointed Ehsan Khan Kangarlu as commander of Abbasabad
Abbasabad (fortress)
Abbasabad was a fortress of strategic importance for the defense of the Nakhichevan khanate.It was built by Abbas Mirza in 1810. He appointed Ehsan Khan Kangarlu as commander of the fortress in 1827, during the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828...
, a fortress of strategic importance for the defense of the Nakhichevan khanate. After heavy losses in an attempt to take the fortress by escalade on July 14, the Russians mounted a siege. Ehsan Khan secretly contacted the Russian commander, General Paskevich
Paskevich
Paskevich is surname of:* Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich * Rumyantsev-Paskevich Residence, the main place of historical importance in the city of Gomel, Belarus* Paskevich Yerevanski Square...
, and opened the gates of the fortress to him on 22 July 1827. With the Treaty of Turkmenchay
Treaty of Turkmenchay
The Treaty of Turkmenchay was a treaty negotiated in Turkmenchay by which the Qajar Empire recognized Russian suzerainty over the Erivan khanate, the Nakhchivan khanate, and the remainder of the Talysh khanate, establishing the Aras River as the common boundary between the empires, after its...
, in 1828 the khanate became a Russian possession and Ehsan Khan was rewarded with the governorship, conferred the rank of major-general of the Russian army and the title of campaign ataman
Ataman
Ataman was a commander title of the Ukrainian People's Army, Cossack, and haidamak leaders, who were in essence the Cossacks...
of the Kangarlu militia.
The abolition of the khanate
In 1828 the khanates of Erivan and Nakhichivan were dissolved and their territories united to form the Armenian OblastArmenian Oblast
The Armenian Oblast or Armenian Province ) was an oblast of the Russian Empire that existed from 1828 to 1840. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, the Iğdır Province of present-day Turkey, and present-day Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan exclave...
("Armianskaia Oblast"). In 1840 that province was dissolved and its territory incorporated into a larger new province, the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate ("Gruziia-Imeretiia"). This new division did not last long – in 1845 a vast new territory called the Caucasian Territory ("Kavkazskii Krai") or Caucasian Viceregency ("Kavkazskoe Namestnichestvo") was created, in which the former Armenian Province formed part of a subdivision named the Tiflis Governorate
Tiflis Governorate
Tiflis Governorate was one of the guberniyas of the Russian Empire with its centre in Tiflis . In 1897 it constituted 44,607 sq. kilometres in area and had a population of 1,051,032 inhabitants...
. In 1849 the Erivan Governorate
Erivan Governorate
Erivan Governorate was one of the guberniyas of the Russian Empire, with its centre in Erivan . Its area was 27,830 sq. kilometres. It roughly corresponded to what is now most of central Armenia, the Iğdır Province of Turkey, and Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan exclave...
was established, separate from the Tiflis Governorate. It included the territory of the former Nakhchivan khanate, which became the province's Nakhichevan uyezd
Uyezd
Uyezd or uezd was an administrative subdivision of Rus', Muscovy, Russian Empire, and the early Russian SFSR which was in use from the 13th century. Uyezds for most of the history in Russia were a secondary-level of administrative division...
.
After the dissolution, the khans of Nakhichevan took the Russified surname Khan Nakhichevanski, and the men of its family traditionally entered the Russian public services, chiefly the army. The family remained very wealthy, were the biggest landowners in the district, and continued to exercise enormous influence over the rest of the Moslem community. Six Khans Nakhchivanski became generals in the Russian tsarist, Soviet and Iranian armies. Two sons of Ehsan khan - Ismail khan and Kalbali khan - were generals in the Russian army and were awarded orders of Saint-George IV degree for their actions in battle. A son of Kalbali khan, Huseyn Khan Nakhichevanski, was a prominent Russian military commander and adjutant general
Adjutant general
An Adjutant General is a military chief administrative officer.-Imperial Russia:In Imperial Russia, the General-Adjutant was a Court officer, who was usually an army general. He served as a personal aide to the Tsar and hence was a member of the H. I. M. Retinue...
of the Russian Emperor, and his nephews, Jamshid Khan
Jamshid Nakhichevanski
Jamshid Jafarqulu oglu Nakhichevanski , also known as Jamshid Khan Nakhichevanski, was a Russian Imperial, Azerbaijani and Soviet military commander...
and Kalbali, were generals in the Soviet and Iranian armies respectively.
Rulers
The rulers where:- 1747-1787 - Heydargulu Khan
- Haji Khan Kangarli
- Rahim Khan
- Aligulu Khan
- Valigulu Khan
- Abbasgulu Khan
- Jafargulu Khan
- 1787-1823 - Kalbali Khan
- Abbasgulu Khan Kangarli
- Mahammadbagir Khan
- 1823-1828 - Ehsan Khan, Major General in the Russian Imperial Army, previously governor of Ordubad in 1922
- 1828-1834 - Karim Khan Kangarli
See also
- Khanates of the CaucasusKhanates of the CaucasusKhanates of the Caucasus were Persian ruled principalities on the territory of modern day Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Dagestan from the Safavid dynasty era to 1806. These principalities arose during the domination of Iran. During the period of Iranian domination, head of principality was a Khan...