National Anti-Vivisection Society
Encyclopedia
The National Anti-Vivisection Society, (NAVS) is a national, not-for-profit animal welfare organization based in London whose purpose is to eliminate product testing
, education and biomedical research on animals.
It was the world’s first organisation campaigning against animal experiments having been founded in 1875 by Miss Frances Power Cobbe
, a humanitarian who published many leaflets and articles opposing animal experiments, and gathered the support of many notable people.
In 2009 the NAVS and its animal and environmental group, Animal Defenders International
, are now leading the lobbying on the revision of the European Directive on animal experiments, seeking the first ban on the use of primates in research. 55% of the European Parliament
has voted to end the use of primates in research, but the pharmaceutical industry has launched a gigantic lobbying effort. Arguments by the pro-vivisectionists have included that a ban on primates would send research abroad and that jobs would be lost.
and Toni Doran, a humanitarian who published many leaflets and articles opposing animal experiments, and gathered many notable people of the day to support our cause. Early supporters of the NAVS included Queen Victoria and Lord Shaftesbury
. Many of the social reformers of the day, working for children's rights and women's rights, supported the aims of the NAVS.
The Society was formed on 2 December 1875 in Victoria Street, London, under the name of the Victoria Street Society. At the time there were about 300 experiments on animals each year. Public opposition to vivisection
led the Government to appoint the First Royal Commission on Vivisection in July 1875; it reported its findings on 8 January 1876, recommending that special legislation be enacted to control vivisection. This led to the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, which reached the statute book on 15 August 1876. This Act remained in force for 110 years, until it was replaced by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
The Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 legalised vivisection, as well as providing total secrecy to the vivisectors and to the laboratories, with no public accountability. The Home Office awarded licences to vivisectors in secret, the locations of laboratories were secret. No access was allowed, for any reason - whether Member of Parliament
, media, public, or local authority - all were barred. And so, the numbers of animals used as well as the number of licences awarded rose year on year for a century, protected by successive governments and a silent scientific community.
However, opposition to vivisection also increased, and the Victoria Street
Society grew in strength and influence and after a few years changed its name to the National Anti-Vivisection Society (6 October 1897).
In 1969 NAVS formed the International Association against Painful Experiments on Animals (IAAPEA).
The resolution was carried by 29 votes to 23. Miss Cobbe did not approve of this as she did not want the Society to promote any measure short of abolition. As a result, after the Resolution was passed, Miss Cobbe left the NAVS and formed the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
to demand total and immediate abolition of animal experiments. This resolution of 1898 has remained the policy of the NAVS until this day.
of the small brown terrier dog, one of the animals which featured in the journals of the undercover investigators, as he was vivisected at the University of London. The inscription on the statue reads:
The statue became the target of animal researchers and London University medical students; students rioted at the site; anti-vivisectionists defended their statue; the elderly Frances Power Cobbe was attacked in her office. After years of conflict, the statue mysteriously disappeared in 1910.
The NAVS and others erected a new statue with the same inscription in 1985, again in Battersea Park, where it remains today.
(*This body, under the new 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, is called the Animal Procedures Committee).
This was a long way from abolition; it did not deal with the issue of secrecy and public accountability; it left the vivisection community protected from outside control and scrutiny. Although each successive Home Secretary
attached ‘pain conditions’ to all experiments, the ‘conditions’ were so worded that they afforded no protection to the animals whatsoever.
The NAVS strongly believes and can demonstrate that there are good scientific arguments against the use of animals in research, not least because of the misleading results from animal experiments, due to species differences. Thus, for animal research to be abolished would, in fact, be in the public interest. However, to pursue such a case would be prohibitively expensive.
In 1963, with animal experiments running into millions each year and a public deprived of information on the issue, the Government set up a ‘Departmental Committee on Experiments on Living Animals’ to consider the use of animals in research, and whether any changes in legislation were necessary. In 1965 the Littlewood Committee, as it was known, published 83 recommendations, and although none of the recommendations were designed to bring an end to animal experiments, no legislation was passed to put any of them into effect anyway.
Throughout the 20th Century, the NAVS lobbied government and drafted various Bills against a seemingly unstoppable rise in animal experiments ‘reaching almost 6 million per year in the UK by the 1970s’. When the trade in monkeys for use in vaccine tests devastated India’s population of rhesus macaques, NAVS representatives went to India and successfully lobbied for a ban on the export of these animals, which was introduced in 1978.
In 1973, the NAVS, now based in Harley Street, London, sought a new strategy and founded the Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research. The Fund was named after Lord Dowding, the Air Chief Marshal
and Battle of Britain
WW2 hero. After the war, Lord Dowding became President of the NAVS and in the House of Lords made many impassioned speeches on animal experiments. His wife Lady Dowding was also an NAVS Council member (later becoming President after her husband’s death).
This new strategy was to make positive steps to replace the use of animals in research, and to show that animal research is not necessary for medical and scientific progress. The Lord Dowding Fund continues to be responsible for ground breaking medical and scientific research that does not involve animals. Tens of thousands of animals have been saved, through the introduction of techniques and technology funded by the Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research
.
In 1979, the NAVS established World Day for Laboratory Animals (also referred to as Lab Animal Day) on April 24 - Lord Dowding’s birthday. This international day of commemoration is recognised by the United Nations, and is now marked annually by anti-vivisectionists on every continent.
who had been a member (possibly even founding member) from its very beginnings around 1900. Elam was a prominent suffragette who was part of the Pankhurst inner circle from late 1912 to 1917 (under the name Dacre Fox).
During 1916/1917 Elam obtained work as supervisor of a typewriting pool at the Medical Research Council (MRC), gaining a wealth of information she was to use later in articles published under the auspices of the LPAVS during 1934 and 1935. In March 1921 Elam advertised in The Times and chaired a public meeting of LPAVS to discuss 'The Dog's Bill' (Bill to prohibit the vivisection of Dogs) that was being debated in Parliament at that time. The meeting was held at Aeolian Hall in London and as Chair, Elam read out 20 letters from Members of Parliament in support of the bill, and stated that, 'A large majority of the public were strongly in favour of the measure, and she felt sure that victory would be theirs if a determined effort were made, especially if women made proper use of their new political power'.
In 1932 the MRC had produced a paper called 'Vitamins, A Survey of Present Knowledge'. Elam's 1934 response was entitled 'The Vitamin Survey, A Reply' and was a critical appraisal of that survey and its results. This was followed in 1935 by 'The Medical Research Council, What it is and how it works'. The second paper was based on the same arguments about MRC research practices and remits as the first paper, but distilled and argued more cogently on a broader front. Elam's argument was that 'powerful vested interests' had managed to 'entrench' themselves behind 'State-aided research', and had managed to make themselves unaccountable; the public were unable to influence the decisions about what research should be undertaken, and it operated like a closed shop, only answerable to itself. Elam also argued that the research involved the cruel and inhumane use of animals, and that any thinking person had to question how and why research and results based on animal models could safely be extrapolated to humans. Finally, she complained that animal experimentation was doubly cruel because of the unnecessary repetition of experiments to replicate or prove the same point, which in many cases she argued could have been arrived at by simple, common sense. These papers were widely distributed and copies could be found in libraries throughout the UK.
and the Scottish Society, a list of key experiments and purposes was forged that should be banned under new legislation.
The coalition of groups of which NAVS was part, called for a ban on the use of animals in tests for cosmetics, tobacco, alcohol products; warfare experiments; psychological and behavioural tests; a ban on the Median lethal dose and Draize eye irritancy tests
, as well as other measures in relation to the administration of the legislation (such as reform of the Home Secretary’s Advisory Committee). After a hard fought campaign, the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act received Royal Assent on 20 May 1986.
It would not be until the late 1990s that a change of Government brought in bans on the use of animals for cosmetics research and a ban on the use of great apes would start the process of change. These were followed by the UK's Freedom of Information Act, which permitted wider public scrutiny of some scientific procedures.
In 1990 the fast-expanding Society had long outgrown its premises in Harley Street
, and so moved to larger premises in Goldhawk Road, London. After 17 years, the shape of its campaigning had changed to meet the changes of the new millennium; so in 2006 NAVS moved to Millbank Tower, London, where it remains today.
Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals—from zebrafish to non-human primates—ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million...
, education and biomedical research on animals.
It was the world’s first organisation campaigning against animal experiments having been founded in 1875 by Miss Frances Power Cobbe
Frances Power Cobbe
Frances Power Cobbe was an Irish writer, social reformer, and suffragist. She founded a number of animal advocacy groups, including the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection in 1898, and was a member of the executive council of the London National Society for Women's Suffrage.Frances was...
, a humanitarian who published many leaflets and articles opposing animal experiments, and gathered the support of many notable people.
In 2009 the NAVS and its animal and environmental group, Animal Defenders International
Animal Defenders International
With offices in London and Los Angeles, Animal Defenders International is a major international campaigning group, lobbying to protect animals on issues such as animals in entertainment and their use in experiments; worldwide traffic in endangered species; factory farming; pollution and...
, are now leading the lobbying on the revision of the European Directive on animal experiments, seeking the first ban on the use of primates in research. 55% of the European Parliament
European Parliament
The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union and the Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world...
has voted to end the use of primates in research, but the pharmaceutical industry has launched a gigantic lobbying effort. Arguments by the pro-vivisectionists have included that a ban on primates would send research abroad and that jobs would be lost.
History
The NAVS of the UK is the world’s first anti-vivisection organization, founded in 1875 by Miss Frances Power CobbeFrances Power Cobbe
Frances Power Cobbe was an Irish writer, social reformer, and suffragist. She founded a number of animal advocacy groups, including the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection in 1898, and was a member of the executive council of the London National Society for Women's Suffrage.Frances was...
and Toni Doran, a humanitarian who published many leaflets and articles opposing animal experiments, and gathered many notable people of the day to support our cause. Early supporters of the NAVS included Queen Victoria and Lord Shaftesbury
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury KG , styled Lord Ashley from 1811 to 1851, was an English politician and philanthropist, one of the best-known of the Victorian era and one of the main proponents of Christian Zionism.-Youth:He was born in London and known informally as Lord Ashley...
. Many of the social reformers of the day, working for children's rights and women's rights, supported the aims of the NAVS.
The Society was formed on 2 December 1875 in Victoria Street, London, under the name of the Victoria Street Society. At the time there were about 300 experiments on animals each year. Public opposition to vivisection
Vivisection
Vivisection is defined as surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure...
led the Government to appoint the First Royal Commission on Vivisection in July 1875; it reported its findings on 8 January 1876, recommending that special legislation be enacted to control vivisection. This led to the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, which reached the statute book on 15 August 1876. This Act remained in force for 110 years, until it was replaced by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
The Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 legalised vivisection, as well as providing total secrecy to the vivisectors and to the laboratories, with no public accountability. The Home Office awarded licences to vivisectors in secret, the locations of laboratories were secret. No access was allowed, for any reason - whether Member of Parliament
Member of Parliament
A Member of Parliament is a representative of the voters to a :parliament. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, the term applies specifically to members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a different title, such as senate, and thus also have different titles for its members,...
, media, public, or local authority - all were barred. And so, the numbers of animals used as well as the number of licences awarded rose year on year for a century, protected by successive governments and a silent scientific community.
However, opposition to vivisection also increased, and the Victoria Street
Victoria, London
Victoria is a commercial and residential area of inner city London, lying wholly within the City of Westminster, and named after Queen Victoria....
Society grew in strength and influence and after a few years changed its name to the National Anti-Vivisection Society (6 October 1897).
In 1969 NAVS formed the International Association against Painful Experiments on Animals (IAAPEA).
The NAVS’ founder Miss Frances Power Cobbe
From the outset the Victoria Street Society had demanded the total abolition of vivisection and whilst this has always been, and remains the prime objective of the NAVS, at a Council meeting on 9 February 1898 the following resolution was passed:-The resolution was carried by 29 votes to 23. Miss Cobbe did not approve of this as she did not want the Society to promote any measure short of abolition. As a result, after the Resolution was passed, Miss Cobbe left the NAVS and formed the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection is a British animal protection and advocacy group that campaigns for the abolition of all animal experiments...
to demand total and immediate abolition of animal experiments. This resolution of 1898 has remained the policy of the NAVS until this day.
Brown Dog affair
In 1906, a statue was erected in Battersea ParkBattersea Park
Battersea Park is a 200 acre green space at Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth in England. It is situated on the south bank of the River Thames opposite Chelsea, and was opened in 1858....
of the small brown terrier dog, one of the animals which featured in the journals of the undercover investigators, as he was vivisected at the University of London. The inscription on the statue reads:
The statue became the target of animal researchers and London University medical students; students rioted at the site; anti-vivisectionists defended their statue; the elderly Frances Power Cobbe was attacked in her office. After years of conflict, the statue mysteriously disappeared in 1910.
The NAVS and others erected a new statue with the same inscription in 1985, again in Battersea Park, where it remains today.
Second Royal Commission on Vivisection
In 1906 the Government appointed the Second Royal Commission on Vivisection. This Second Royal Commission heard a great deal of evidence from the NAVS and other interested parties. It published its findings in 1912, recommending an increase in the numbers of Home Office Inspectors; further limitations with regard to the use of curare (paralysing drug which does not deaden pain, but can heighten it); stricter provisions as to the definition and practice of pithing; additional restrictions regulating the painless destruction of animals which show signs of suffering after experimentation; a change in the method of selecting, and in the constitution of, the advisory body of the Secretary of State*; and keeping of special records by vivisectors.(*This body, under the new 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, is called the Animal Procedures Committee).
This was a long way from abolition; it did not deal with the issue of secrecy and public accountability; it left the vivisection community protected from outside control and scrutiny. Although each successive Home Secretary
Home Secretary
The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the Home Office of the United Kingdom, and one of the country's four Great Offices of State...
attached ‘pain conditions’ to all experiments, the ‘conditions’ were so worded that they afforded no protection to the animals whatsoever.
The NAVS strongly believes and can demonstrate that there are good scientific arguments against the use of animals in research, not least because of the misleading results from animal experiments, due to species differences. Thus, for animal research to be abolished would, in fact, be in the public interest. However, to pursue such a case would be prohibitively expensive.
In 1963, with animal experiments running into millions each year and a public deprived of information on the issue, the Government set up a ‘Departmental Committee on Experiments on Living Animals’ to consider the use of animals in research, and whether any changes in legislation were necessary. In 1965 the Littlewood Committee, as it was known, published 83 recommendations, and although none of the recommendations were designed to bring an end to animal experiments, no legislation was passed to put any of them into effect anyway.
Throughout the 20th Century, the NAVS lobbied government and drafted various Bills against a seemingly unstoppable rise in animal experiments ‘reaching almost 6 million per year in the UK by the 1970s’. When the trade in monkeys for use in vaccine tests devastated India’s population of rhesus macaques, NAVS representatives went to India and successfully lobbied for a ban on the export of these animals, which was introduced in 1978.
In 1973, the NAVS, now based in Harley Street, London, sought a new strategy and founded the Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research. The Fund was named after Lord Dowding, the Air Chief Marshal
Air Chief Marshal
Air chief marshal is a senior 4-star air-officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force...
and Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain is the name given to the World War II air campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940...
WW2 hero. After the war, Lord Dowding became President of the NAVS and in the House of Lords made many impassioned speeches on animal experiments. His wife Lady Dowding was also an NAVS Council member (later becoming President after her husband’s death).
This new strategy was to make positive steps to replace the use of animals in research, and to show that animal research is not necessary for medical and scientific progress. The Lord Dowding Fund continues to be responsible for ground breaking medical and scientific research that does not involve animals. Tens of thousands of animals have been saved, through the introduction of techniques and technology funded by the Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research
Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research
The Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research – a department of the National Anti-Vivisection Society, the world’s first anti-vivisection organisation – awards grants to scientists undertaking medical research which benefits humans, without the use of animals.Founded in 1974, the name of the Fund is...
.
In 1979, the NAVS established World Day for Laboratory Animals (also referred to as Lab Animal Day) on April 24 - Lord Dowding’s birthday. This international day of commemoration is recognised by the United Nations, and is now marked annually by anti-vivisectionists on every continent.
The London and Provincial Anti-Vivisection Society
In 1957 the London and Provincial Anti-Vivisection Society (LPAVS) became part of the NAVS. An active member of the LPAVS was Norah ElamNorah Elam
Norah Elam also known as Norah Dacre Fox, was a radical feminist, militant suffragette, anti-vivisectionist and fascist in the United Kingdom. Born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1878 to John and Charlotte Doherty, she emigrated to England with her family and by 1891 was living in London...
who had been a member (possibly even founding member) from its very beginnings around 1900. Elam was a prominent suffragette who was part of the Pankhurst inner circle from late 1912 to 1917 (under the name Dacre Fox).
During 1916/1917 Elam obtained work as supervisor of a typewriting pool at the Medical Research Council (MRC), gaining a wealth of information she was to use later in articles published under the auspices of the LPAVS during 1934 and 1935. In March 1921 Elam advertised in The Times and chaired a public meeting of LPAVS to discuss 'The Dog's Bill' (Bill to prohibit the vivisection of Dogs) that was being debated in Parliament at that time. The meeting was held at Aeolian Hall in London and as Chair, Elam read out 20 letters from Members of Parliament in support of the bill, and stated that, 'A large majority of the public were strongly in favour of the measure, and she felt sure that victory would be theirs if a determined effort were made, especially if women made proper use of their new political power'.
In 1932 the MRC had produced a paper called 'Vitamins, A Survey of Present Knowledge'. Elam's 1934 response was entitled 'The Vitamin Survey, A Reply' and was a critical appraisal of that survey and its results. This was followed in 1935 by 'The Medical Research Council, What it is and how it works'. The second paper was based on the same arguments about MRC research practices and remits as the first paper, but distilled and argued more cogently on a broader front. Elam's argument was that 'powerful vested interests' had managed to 'entrench' themselves behind 'State-aided research', and had managed to make themselves unaccountable; the public were unable to influence the decisions about what research should be undertaken, and it operated like a closed shop, only answerable to itself. Elam also argued that the research involved the cruel and inhumane use of animals, and that any thinking person had to question how and why research and results based on animal models could safely be extrapolated to humans. Finally, she complained that animal experimentation was doubly cruel because of the unnecessary repetition of experiments to replicate or prove the same point, which in many cases she argued could have been arrived at by simple, common sense. These papers were widely distributed and copies could be found in libraries throughout the UK.
The modern movement
After years of lobbying, in 1983, the Government announced it would replace the 1876 Act and published a White Paper. The NAVS was bitterly disappointed with the weakness of the proposals. However, the Society decided to take a very reasonable approach to the issue, realising that abolition was not achievable. Thus, together with other UK groups such as BUAV, Animal AidAnimal Aid
Animal Aid, founded in 1977, is a British animal rights organisation. The group campaigns peacefully against all forms of animal abuse and promotes a cruelty-free lifestyle. It also investigates and exposes animal cruelty....
and the Scottish Society, a list of key experiments and purposes was forged that should be banned under new legislation.
The coalition of groups of which NAVS was part, called for a ban on the use of animals in tests for cosmetics, tobacco, alcohol products; warfare experiments; psychological and behavioural tests; a ban on the Median lethal dose and Draize eye irritancy tests
Draize test
The Draize Test is an acute toxicity test devised in 1944 by Food and Drug Administration toxicologists John H. Draize and Jacob M. Spines...
, as well as other measures in relation to the administration of the legislation (such as reform of the Home Secretary’s Advisory Committee). After a hard fought campaign, the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act received Royal Assent on 20 May 1986.
It would not be until the late 1990s that a change of Government brought in bans on the use of animals for cosmetics research and a ban on the use of great apes would start the process of change. These were followed by the UK's Freedom of Information Act, which permitted wider public scrutiny of some scientific procedures.
In 1990 the fast-expanding Society had long outgrown its premises in Harley Street
Harley Street
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery.- Overview :...
, and so moved to larger premises in Goldhawk Road, London. After 17 years, the shape of its campaigning had changed to meet the changes of the new millennium; so in 2006 NAVS moved to Millbank Tower, London, where it remains today.