Nectria
Encyclopedia
This article is about a genus of fungi. For the echinoderm
genus, see Nectria (sea star).
Nectria is a genus
of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encountered as saprophytes on decaying wood but some species can also occur as parasites
of trees, especially fruit trees (for example apple
) and a number of other hardwood trees. Some species are significant pests causing diseases such as apple canker, Nectria twig blight, and coral spot in orchards.
It is ubiquitous in cool temperate Europe
and North America
and appears to be an introduced species in New Zealand
and Australia
. The occurrence in New Zealand was first identified in 1996 in Otago
and Southland
although it is believed to have been present since the 1980s. In North America, Nectria infections have had economically important impacts on forestry
and forest products including aspen
, red oak, maple
, beech
, poplar
, and birch
. Species of Nectria also occur in warmer climates including island groups such as Hawaii
. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the genus contains 82 species.
Echinoderm
Echinoderms are a phylum of marine animals. Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone....
genus, see Nectria (sea star).
Nectria is a genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encountered as saprophytes on decaying wood but some species can also occur as parasites
Parasitism
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite referred to organisms with lifestages that needed more than one host . These are now called macroparasites...
of trees, especially fruit trees (for example apple
Apple
The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, species Malus domestica in the rose family . It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits, and the most widely known of the many members of genus Malus that are used by humans. Apple grow on small, deciduous trees that blossom in the spring...
) and a number of other hardwood trees. Some species are significant pests causing diseases such as apple canker, Nectria twig blight, and coral spot in orchards.
It is ubiquitous in cool temperate Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
and North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
and appears to be an introduced species in New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
and Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
. The occurrence in New Zealand was first identified in 1996 in Otago
Otago
Otago is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island. The region covers an area of approximately making it the country's second largest region. The population of Otago is...
and Southland
Southland Region
Southland is New Zealand's southernmost region and is also a district within that region. It consists mainly of the southwestern portion of the South Island and Stewart Island / Rakiura...
although it is believed to have been present since the 1980s. In North America, Nectria infections have had economically important impacts on forestry
Forestry
Forestry is the interdisciplinary profession embracing the science, art, and craft of creating, managing, using, and conserving forests and associated resources in a sustainable manner to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human benefit. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands...
and forest products including aspen
Aspen
Populus section Populus, of the Populus genus, includes the aspen trees and the white poplar Populus alba. The five typical aspens are all native to cold regions with cool summers, in the north of the Northern Hemisphere, extending south at high altitudes in the mountains. The White Poplar, by...
, red oak, maple
Maple
Acer is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple.Maples are variously classified in a family of their own, the Aceraceae, or together with the Hippocastanaceae included in the family Sapindaceae. Modern classifications, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system, favour inclusion in...
, beech
Beech
Beech is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America.-Habit:...
, poplar
Poplar
Populus is a genus of 25–35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar , aspen, and cottonwood....
, and birch
Birch
Birch is a tree or shrub of the genus Betula , in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. The Betula genus contains 30–60 known taxa...
. Species of Nectria also occur in warmer climates including island groups such as Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the genus contains 82 species.
Species
- Nectria cinnabarinaNectria cinnabarinaNectria cinnabarina is a plant pathogen that causes cankers on many tree species and also a disease known as coral spot.- External links :* *...
- Nectria coccineaNectria coccineaNectria coccinea is a fungal plant pathogen. The variant Nectria coccinea var. faginata causes beech bark disease, and can infect the tree via the feeding holes made by the beech scale insect Cryptococcus fagisuga.- External links :* *...
- Nectria ditissimaNectria ditissimaNectria ditissima is a fungal plant pathogen.- External links :* *...
- Nectria diversispora
- Nectria eustromatica
- Nectria foliicolaNectria foliicolaNectria foliicola is a fungal plant pathogen.- External links :* *...
- Nectria fragilis
- Nectria fuckeliana
- Nectria galligena
- Nectria haematococca
- Nectria episphaeria
- Nectria magnoliae
- Nectria mammoidea var. rubiNectria mammoidea var. rubiNectria mammoidea var. rubi is a plant pathogen.-External links:* *...
- Nectria mauritiicolaNectria mauritiicolaNectria mauritiicola is a fungal plant pathogen.- External links :* *...
- Nectria pezizaNectria pezizaNectria peziza or Yellow Spot is an ascomycete fungus with bright yellow to orange globose fruiting bodies found on rotting polypores, well rotted deadwood, bark, dung, and decaying cloth...
- Nectria pseudotrichiaNectria pseudotrichiaNectria pseudotrichia is a fungal plant pathogen.- External links :* *...
- Nectria punicea
- Nectria radicicolaNectria radicicolaNectria radicicola is a plant pathogen that is the causal agent of ginseng root rot.- External links :* *...
- Nectria ramulariaeNectria ramulariaeNectria ramulariae is a plant pathogenic fungus.- External links :* *...