Nepenthes gymnamphora
Encyclopedia
Nepenthes gymnamphora is a tropical pitcher plant
native to the Indonesia
n islands of Java and Sumatra
. There is much debate surrounding the taxonomic status of this species and the taxa
N. pectinata and N. xiphioides.
The specific epithet gymnamphora is derived from the Greek
words gymnos (naked) and amphoreus (pitcher).
has been variously interpreted as comprising a single extremely variable species (N. gymnamphora); two distinct species, one from Java
(N. gymnamphora) and one from Sumatra
(N. pectinata); or two species, one with a wide distribution covering Java and Sumatra (N. gymnamphora) and one with a very restricted range in Sumatra (N. xiphioides). An additional fourth undescribed taxon, known from Mount Sorik Merapi in Sumatra, may also fall within N. gymnamphora.
in his seminal 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies
". Danser's description of N. pectinata was based on material that included upper pitchers of N. singalana
. This was first noted in 1994 by Jan Schlauer and Joachim Nerz
, who provided a lectotype
for N. pectinata: Bünnemeijer 700, a specimen collected on Mount Talakmau
.
Danser mentioned another specimen in his monograph that he identified as the natural hybrid N. pectinata × N. singalana, but which actually represented a pure N. singalana.
Nepenthes pectinata has a separate conservation status
of Least Concern
on the IUCN Red List
.
. The authors treated N. pectinata as conspecific with N. gymnamphora, and distinguished N. xiphioides from the latter based on a number of characters shown in the table below.
Pitcher plant
Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants whose prey-trapping mechanism features a deep cavity filled with liquid known as a pitfall trap. It has been widely assumed that the various sorts of pitfall trap evolved from rolled leaves, with selection pressure favouring more deeply cupped leaves over...
native to the Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
n islands of Java and Sumatra
Sumatra
Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
. There is much debate surrounding the taxonomic status of this species and the taxa
Taxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
N. pectinata and N. xiphioides.
The specific epithet gymnamphora is derived from the Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
words gymnos (naked) and amphoreus (pitcher).
Taxonomy
The N. gymnamphora group of related taxaTaxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
has been variously interpreted as comprising a single extremely variable species (N. gymnamphora); two distinct species, one from Java
Java
Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
(N. gymnamphora) and one from Sumatra
Sumatra
Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
(N. pectinata); or two species, one with a wide distribution covering Java and Sumatra (N. gymnamphora) and one with a very restricted range in Sumatra (N. xiphioides). An additional fourth undescribed taxon, known from Mount Sorik Merapi in Sumatra, may also fall within N. gymnamphora.
Nepenthes pectinata
Nepenthes pectinata was described by B. H. DanserB. H. Danser
Benedictus Hubertus Danser , often abbreviated B. H. Danser, was a Dutch taxonomist and botanist...
in his seminal 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies
The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies
"The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies, North Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and eastern New Guinea...
". Danser's description of N. pectinata was based on material that included upper pitchers of N. singalana
Nepenthes singalana
Nepenthes singalana is a highland Nepenthes pitcher plant species native to the island of Sumatra. It is most closely related to N. diatas and N. spathulata.-Taxonomy:...
. This was first noted in 1994 by Jan Schlauer and Joachim Nerz
Joachim Nerz
Dr. Joachim Nerz is a taxonomist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genera Heliamphora and Nepenthes. Nerz has described several new species, mostly with Andreas Wistuba.-Publications:...
, who provided a lectotype
Lectotype
In botanical nomenclature and zoological nomenclature, a lectotype is a kind of name-bearing type. When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype...
for N. pectinata: Bünnemeijer 700, a specimen collected on Mount Talakmau
Mount Talakmau
Talakmau is a volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Its elevation is 2,919 m .-External links :*...
.
Danser mentioned another specimen in his monograph that he identified as the natural hybrid N. pectinata × N. singalana, but which actually represented a pure N. singalana.
Nepenthes pectinata has a separate conservation status
Conservation status
The conservation status of a group of organisms indicates whether the group is still extant and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future...
of Least Concern
Least Concern
Least Concern is an IUCN category assigned to extant taxon or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category. As such they do not qualify as threatened, Near Threatened, or Conservation Dependent...
on the IUCN Red List
IUCN Red List
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , founded in 1963, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species...
.
Nepenthes xiphioides
Nepenthes xiphioides was described by Bruce Salmon and Ricky Maulder in a 1995 issue of the Carnivorous Plant NewsletterCarnivorous Plant Newsletter
The Carnivorous Plant Newsletter is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society , the largest such organization in the world.-History and editorship:...
. The authors treated N. pectinata as conspecific with N. gymnamphora, and distinguished N. xiphioides from the latter based on a number of characters shown in the table below.
Morphological differences between N. gymnamphora and N. xiphioides according to Salmon & Maulder (1995) Morphological character N. gymnamphora N. xiphioides Longitudinal leaf veins 3-6 running in outer 2/3- 4/5 of blade 2-3 running in outer 1/2 of blade Leaf margins covered with short dense hair glabrous Rosette leaf tendril about as long as the pitcher 2-3 times as long as the leaf Rosette pitchers 8-12 cm tall, 3-4 cm broad 4-5.5 cm tall, 1.5-2 cm broad Aerial pitchers present absent Peristome teeth 3-6 times as long as broad 6-8 times as long as broad Inflorescence mostly 2 flowered, upper most ones 1 flowered; rarely most or all of them 1 flowered 1 flowered but bearing some 2 flowered pedicels in lower 1/3 Staminal column hairy at base or over whole length glabrous
Infraspecific taxa
- Nepenthes gymnamphora var. haematamphora Miq. (1851)
- Nepenthes gymnamphora var. pectinata (Danser) Hort.Westphal (1999) in sched.
Natural hybrids
- N. bongsoNepenthes bongsoNepenthes bongso is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 1000–2700 m above sea level. The specific epithet bongso refers to the Indonesian legend of Putri Bungsu , the spirit guardian of Mount Marapi.The species was formally described by Pieter...
× N. gymnamphora - N. gymnamphora × N. mikeiNepenthes mikeiNepenthes mikei is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. It is characterised by its black mottled lower and upper pitchers. The species is closely related to N. angasanensis and N. tobaica....
[=N. × pangulubauensisNepenthes × pangulubauensisNepenthes × pangulubauensis is a natural hybrid between N. mikei and N. gymnamphora . It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sumatra.-References:*...
] - N. gymnamphora × N. ovataNepenthes ovataNepenthes ovata is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. The specific epithet ovata is Latin for "ovate" and refers to the shape of the lower pitchers.-Botanical history:...
- N. gymnamphora × N. reinwardtianaNepenthes reinwardtianaNepenthes reinwardtiana , Reinwardt's Pitcher-Plant, is a Nepenthes species found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. Although some sources have included Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore within the range of this species, these records appear to be erroneous.Nepenthes reinwardtiana has an...
- ? N. gymnamphora × N. rhombicaulisNepenthes rhombicaulisNepenthes rhombicaulis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. The specific epithet rhombicaulis is formed from the Latin words rhombicus, meaning "rhomboid", and caulis, "stem"...
- N. gymnamphora × N. singalanaNepenthes singalanaNepenthes singalana is a highland Nepenthes pitcher plant species native to the island of Sumatra. It is most closely related to N. diatas and N. spathulata.-Taxonomy:...
- N. gymnamphora × N. spathulataNepenthes spathulataNepenthes spathulata is a tropical pitcher plant native to Java and Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of between 1100 and 2900 m above sea level. The specific epithet spathulata is derived from the Latin word spathulatus, meaning "spatula shaped", and refers to the shape of the...
- N. gymnamphora × N. spectabilisNepenthes spectabilisNepenthes spectabilis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of between 1400 and 2200 m above sea level. The specific epithet spectabilis is Latin for "visible" or "notable".-Botanical history:...
- N. gymnamphora × N. talangensisNepenthes talangensisNepenthes talangensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows in upper montane forest at elevations of 1800–2500 m above sea level....
Further reading
- Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes gymnamphora. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesIUCN Red ListThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , founded in 1963, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species...
. IUCNWorld Conservation UnionThe International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is an international organization dedicated to finding "pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges." The organization publishes the IUCN Red List, compiling information from a network of...
2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006. - Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands IndiesThe Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies"The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies, North Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and eastern New Guinea...
. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15. - Hakim, L., A.Y. Wartono, J. Batoro & N. Nakagoshi 2006. Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees in East Java, Indonesia: Recent distribution status and new locality from Mt. Semeru. Hikobia 14(4): 493–497. Handayani, T. 1999. [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
- Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
- Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
- Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232. Mansur, M. 2001. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- Menzel, R. 1922. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. II. Über den tierischen Inhalt der Kannen von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw. mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Nematoden. Treubia 3: 116–122.
- Micoletzky, H. & R. Menzel 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. VII. Anguillula nepenthicola Menzel aus kannen von Nepenthes gymnaphora Nees bei Tjibodas. Treubia 10: 285–290.
- van Oye, P. 1921. Zur Biologie der Kanne von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw.. Biologisches Zentralblatt 41: 529–534. Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007. [Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.] Biodiversitas 8(2): 152–156.
- Schlauer, J. 1995. Re: N.xiphioides + N.mikei. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995.
- Whitten, T., S.J. Damanik, J. Anwar & N. Hisyam 2000. The Ecology of Sumatra. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. Yogiara 2004. M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
- Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.