Neuropeptide Y receptor
Encyclopedia
Neuropeptide Y receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors which are activated by the closely related peptide hormones neuropeptide Y
, peptide YY
and pancreatic polypeptide
. These receptors are involved in control of a diverse set of behavioral processes including appetite
, circadian rhythm
, and anxiety
.
Activated neuropeptide receptors release the Gi
subunit from the heterotrimeric G protein
complex. The Gi subunit in turn inhibits the production of the second messenger cAMP
from ATP
.
receptors designated Y1 through Y5. Four neuropeptide Y receptors each encoded by a different gene have been identified in humans, all of which may represent therapeutic targets for obesity and other disorders.
Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino acid peptide neurotransmitter found in the brain and autonomic nervous system."NPY has been associated with a number of physiologic processes in the brain, including the regulation of energy balance, memory and learning, and epilepsy." The main effect is increased food...
, peptide YY
Peptide YY
Peptide YY is a short protein released by cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In humans it appears to reduce appetite.It is also known as PYY, Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine, or Pancreatic Peptide YY3-36....
and pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic polypeptide is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas predominantly in the head of the pancreas. It consists of 36 amino acids and has molecular weight about 4200 Da....
. These receptors are involved in control of a diverse set of behavioral processes including appetite
Appetite
The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. Appetite exists in all higher life-forms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs. It is regulated by a close interplay between the digestive tract, adipose tissue and the brain. Decreased desire to eat is...
, circadian rhythm
Circadian rhythm
A circadian rhythm, popularly referred to as body clock, is an endogenously driven , roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circadian rhythms have been widely observed in plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria...
, and anxiety
Anxiety
Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. The root meaning of the word anxiety is 'to vex or trouble'; in either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create feelings of fear, worry, uneasiness,...
.
Activated neuropeptide receptors release the Gi
Gi alpha subunit
Gi alpha subunit is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP.- Receptors :The following G protein-coupled receptors couple to the Gi subunit:* Acetylcholine M2 & M4 receptors...
subunit from the heterotrimeric G protein
Heterotrimeric G protein
"G protein" usually refers to the membrane-associated heterotrimeric G proteins, sometimes referred to as the "large" G proteins. These proteins are activated by G protein-coupled receptors and are made up of alpha , beta and gamma subunits, the latter two referred to as the beta-gamma...
complex. The Gi subunit in turn inhibits the production of the second messenger cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a second messenger important in many biological processes...
from ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism...
.
Types
There are five known mammalian neuropeptide YNeuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino acid peptide neurotransmitter found in the brain and autonomic nervous system."NPY has been associated with a number of physiologic processes in the brain, including the regulation of energy balance, memory and learning, and epilepsy." The main effect is increased food...
receptors designated Y1 through Y5. Four neuropeptide Y receptors each encoded by a different gene have been identified in humans, all of which may represent therapeutic targets for obesity and other disorders.
- Y1Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPY1R gene.-Antagonists:Peptide* BVD-10 * GR-231,118 Non-peptide...
- - Y2Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPY2R gene.-Agonists:* Neuropeptide Y * Neuropeptide Y fragment 13-36...
- - Y4Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1Neuropeptide Y receptor type 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPYR1 gene.-Agonists:* Pancreatic polypeptide* Neuropeptide Y * Peptide YY...
- - Y5Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5Neuropeptide Y receptor type 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPY5R gene.-Agonists:* Neuropeptide Y * BWX-46 * Peptide YY-Antagonists:...
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