Nile (band)
Encyclopedia
Nile is an American death metal
band from Greenville
, South Carolina
, formed in 1993. Their music and lyrics are inspired by Ancient Egypt
ian/Near Eastern mysticism
, history, religion, and art
, as well as stories by H. P. Lovecraft
.
(guitar/vocals), Chief Spires (bass/vocals), and Pete Hammoura (drums) debuted with their Festivals of Atonement EP in 1995, leading Nile to a southwestern tour in support of other big metal acts such as Obituary
, Deicide
, and Broken Hope
.
Visceral Productions was responsible for releasing Nile's EP Ramses Bringer of War in 1997, and was going to release their first album Amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka
, if they had not gone out of business later that year. However, Relapse Records
was open to releasing it in early 1998, giving Nile a wider distribution and a chance to hit the road with Incantation
and Morbid Angel
.
The follow-up, Black Seeds of Vengeance, was released in late 2000. Prior to this release, Pete Hammoura left the band due to injuries sustained while touring for The Catacombs. He tore his rotator cuff
and could not recover the use of his arm fully in time to undertake the physical stress of a touring death metal band. He did not want to leave and thought a few more months of rehabilitation could get him up to speed. However, since the band thought he was holding them back, it was agreed that he leave. Derek Roddy drummed on all of the tracks (except “To Dream of Ur”) as a session musician. Also, prior to Black Seeds of Vengeance
, Dallas Toler-Wade joined as a second guitarist/vocalist. A collection of remastered recordings, In the Beginning
, was released later the same year.
Chief Spires left the bands a few months after the release of Black Seeds of Vengeance citing personal and professional differences. He was replaced by Jon Vesano. The band also found a new drummer in Tony Laureano.
By 2002, In Their Darkened Shrines
was released. One reviewer noted that the album gave "death metal a cinematic, symphonic twist". Two videos were shot with director Darren Doane
, "Sarcophagus" and "Execration Text", respectively.
Annihilation of the Wicked
was released in 2005. New drummer George Kollias
stepped in to replace Tony Laureano
, who left before the recording began. After recording the bass for Annihilation of the Wicked, Jon Vesano also left the band. He was temporary replaced by Joe Payne on the following tour. Another Darren Doane
directed video was shot for "Sacrifice Unto Sebek".
In May 2006, Nile signed a recording contract with Nuclear Blast
. On February 26, 2007, Nile entered the studio and began recording their fifth full-length album entitled Ithyphallic
, which was their first release with Nuclear Blast. Karl Sanders
had confirmed a release date of June 29 via a posting on the band's message board, which was later pushed back to July 20, 2007. As a special bonus, Nuclear Blast gave several fans the opportunity to listen to the new album two weeks before its release if they could decipher a hieroglyphic message, to which "papyrus" was the answer. Upon the album's release, it sold 4,600 copies, which enabled Nile to get onto the Billboard 200
for the first time, reaching #162 on that chart.
On March 21, 2007, Nile was confirmed as a "Second Stage" act for Ozzfest 2007. A message from Karl Sanders via Nile's MySpace
profile indicated that they were excited to finally bring true death metal to an Ozzfest audience. In March/April 2008, Nile went on a US headlining tour with Suicide Silence
, The Faceless
, Unexpect
, and Warbringer
. In September/October 2008, Nile set out on a European headlining tour with Grave
, Omnium Gatherum
and Severe Torture
. In October 2008 the band planned to take their Ithyphallic tour to South Africa for a booking of three shows but they were canceled for unknown reasons.
In June 2009, Nile entered the recording studio to begin work on their sixth full-length album, entitled Those Whom the Gods Detest
. The album was released in November of the same year, and was critically well-received - with one reviewer suggesting "pretty much the only thing standing in Nile’s way at this point is the fact that we as listeners have become so accustomed to the band’s excellence that another excellent album seems almost par for the course". It sold 3,500 copies in its first week of release in America, peaking at #160 on the Billboard 200.
On October 21, 2010, Chris Lollis was confirmed as the new permanent bassist for Nile, after four years of session work with the band.
On October 11, 2011, Goomba Music released Worship the Animal, which is a newly titled version of Nile's demo, which the band's original line-up recorded in 1994.
. It combines traditional and technical death metal. Nile's music is also characterized by its extreme complexity and speed – for which the band has received acknowledgment from many music fans and journalists – and its extremely "heavy" riffing, due to Nile's guitar and bass tunings, which are normally Dropped A tuning
.
Much of the lyrical content is based on Karl Sanders' interest in Egyptology
and other ancient Middle Eastern cultures, such as Mesopotamia
. Lengthy sleeve notes are included with the albums Black Seeds of Vengeance
, In Their Darkened Shrines
, Annihilation of the Wicked
and Those Whom the Gods Detest
, explaining the inspiration or source for the lyrics of each song.
Former members
Session members
Live members
Death metal
Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It typically employs heavily distorted guitars, tremolo picking, deep growling vocals, blast beat drumming, minor keys or atonality, and complex song structures with multiple tempo changes....
band from Greenville
Greenville, South Carolina
-Law and government:The city of Greenville adopted the Council-Manager form of municipal government in 1976.-History:The area was part of the Cherokee Nation's protected grounds after the Treaty of 1763, which ended the French and Indian War. No White man was allowed to enter, though some families...
, South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina is a state in the Deep South of the United States that borders Georgia to the south, North Carolina to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence...
, formed in 1993. Their music and lyrics are inspired by Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh...
ian/Near Eastern mysticism
Mysticism
Mysticism is the knowledge of, and especially the personal experience of, states of consciousness, i.e. levels of being, beyond normal human perception, including experience and even communion with a supreme being.-Classical origins:...
, history, religion, and art
Art of Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian art is the painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts produced by the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BC to 300 AD. Ancient Egyptian art reached a high level in painting and sculpture, and was both highly stylized and symbolic...
, as well as stories by H. P. Lovecraft
H. P. Lovecraft
Howard Phillips Lovecraft --often credited as H.P. Lovecraft — was an American author of horror, fantasy and science fiction, especially the subgenre known as weird fiction....
.
History
Nile formed in their hometown of Greenville in 1993. With their self-proclaimed trademark of "Ithyphallic metal," Karl SandersKarl Sanders
Karl Sanders is an American musician, most widely known as the founding member of the American Egyptian-themed death metal band Nile. He was born in California, and lives in Greenville, South Carolina. Karl is endorsed by Dean Guitars, and has two signature models by KxK Guitars...
(guitar/vocals), Chief Spires (bass/vocals), and Pete Hammoura (drums) debuted with their Festivals of Atonement EP in 1995, leading Nile to a southwestern tour in support of other big metal acts such as Obituary
Obituary (band)
Obituary is an American death metal band formed in 1984 in Tampa, Florida under the name Executioner, then changed the name's spelling to Xecutioner, and later changed their name to Obituary in 1988. The band comprises vocalist John Tardy, drummer Donald Tardy, guitarists Trevor Peres and Ralph...
, Deicide
Deicide (band)
Deicide is an American death metal band formed in 1987. Their first two albums, Deicide and Legion, are ranked second and third place in best-selling death metal albums of the SoundScan era.-As Amon/Carnage :...
, and Broken Hope
Broken Hope
Broken Hope was an American death metal band that was founded in 1988. They were known as an accomplished mid-paced style death metal band with low-pitched growling vocals...
.
Visceral Productions was responsible for releasing Nile's EP Ramses Bringer of War in 1997, and was going to release their first album Amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka
Amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka
Amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka is the debut studio album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on April 28, 1998 through Relapse Records. The album is considered to be their breakthrough record...
, if they had not gone out of business later that year. However, Relapse Records
Relapse Records
Relapse Records is an independent record label based in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. It was founded by Matthew F. Jacobson in 1990.-History:The label was started by Matthew F. Jacobson in August, 1990 in his parents' basement in Aurora, Colorado...
was open to releasing it in early 1998, giving Nile a wider distribution and a chance to hit the road with Incantation
Incantation (band)
Incantation is an American death metal band that was formed by John McEntee and Paul Ledney in 1989. They are one of the leaders in the New York Death Metal scene along with fellow bands Suffocation and Immolation, even though the band is currently located in Johnstown, Pennsylvania.The band has...
and Morbid Angel
Morbid Angel
Morbid Angel is an American death metal band based in Tampa, Florida. UK music magazine Terrorizer ranked one Morbid Angel album in its “Top 40 greatest death metal albums”, with their 1989 debut Altars of Madness appearing at number 1...
.
The follow-up, Black Seeds of Vengeance, was released in late 2000. Prior to this release, Pete Hammoura left the band due to injuries sustained while touring for The Catacombs. He tore his rotator cuff
Rotator cuff
In anatomy, the rotator cuff is the group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles of the rotator cuff, along with the teres major muscle, the coracobrachialis muscle and the deltoid, make up the seven scapulohumeral muscles of the human body.-Function:The...
and could not recover the use of his arm fully in time to undertake the physical stress of a touring death metal band. He did not want to leave and thought a few more months of rehabilitation could get him up to speed. However, since the band thought he was holding them back, it was agreed that he leave. Derek Roddy drummed on all of the tracks (except “To Dream of Ur”) as a session musician. Also, prior to Black Seeds of Vengeance
Black Seeds of Vengeance
Black Seeds of Vengeance is the second album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on September 5, 2000 through Relapse Records. Black Seeds of Vengeance marks the first album in Nile's discography to feature extensive liner notes in the booklet, written by Karl Sanders to...
, Dallas Toler-Wade joined as a second guitarist/vocalist. A collection of remastered recordings, In the Beginning
In the Beginning (Nile album)
In The Beginning is a compilation by death metal band Nile, which combines their two EP:s, Ramses Bringer of War and Festivals of Atonement. It was released in 2000....
, was released later the same year.
Chief Spires left the bands a few months after the release of Black Seeds of Vengeance citing personal and professional differences. He was replaced by Jon Vesano. The band also found a new drummer in Tony Laureano.
By 2002, In Their Darkened Shrines
In Their Darkened Shrines
In Their Darkened Shrines is the third studio album by American death metal band Nile. It was released on August 20, 2002 through Relapse Records....
was released. One reviewer noted that the album gave "death metal a cinematic, symphonic twist". Two videos were shot with director Darren Doane
Darren Doane
Darren Doane is a Christian filmmaker and music video director. In 2007, Darren formed a new commercial, music video and branded content production company called LEVEL4 with Executive Producer Josh Karchmer...
, "Sarcophagus" and "Execration Text", respectively.
Annihilation of the Wicked
Annihilation of the Wicked
Annihilation of the Wicked is the fourth studio album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on May 23, 2005 by Relapse Records. This is the first Nile album to feature George Kollias on drums, replacing Tony Laureano...
was released in 2005. New drummer George Kollias
George Kollias (drummer)
George Kollias is a Greek heavy metal drummer best known for his work with American death metal band Nile. He is the first of their four drummers to perform every song on more than one full length album...
stepped in to replace Tony Laureano
Tony Laureano
Tony Laureano is a heavy metal drummer originally from Puerto Rico. He has been playing for a number of metal bands including Dimmu Borgir, Nile, Angelcorpse, Malevolent Creation, God Dethroned, Acheron, Aurora Borealis, Belphegor, Nachtmystium, 1349 and Brujeria...
, who left before the recording began. After recording the bass for Annihilation of the Wicked, Jon Vesano also left the band. He was temporary replaced by Joe Payne on the following tour. Another Darren Doane
Darren Doane
Darren Doane is a Christian filmmaker and music video director. In 2007, Darren formed a new commercial, music video and branded content production company called LEVEL4 with Executive Producer Josh Karchmer...
directed video was shot for "Sacrifice Unto Sebek".
In May 2006, Nile signed a recording contract with Nuclear Blast
Nuclear Blast
Nuclear Blast is an independent record label and mail order record distributor with subsidiaries in Germany, the United States and Brazil. The record label was founded in 1987 by Markus Staiger in Germany. Originally releasing hardcore punk records, the label moved on to releasing albums by melodic...
. On February 26, 2007, Nile entered the studio and began recording their fifth full-length album entitled Ithyphallic
Ithyphallic (album)
- Papyrus Containing the Spell to Preserve Its Possessor Against Attacks from He Who Is in the Water :"Papyrus Containing the Spell to Preserve Its Possessor Against Attacks from He Who Is in the Water" is Nile's first single, originally released only as a music download through Nuclear Blast's...
, which was their first release with Nuclear Blast. Karl Sanders
Karl Sanders
Karl Sanders is an American musician, most widely known as the founding member of the American Egyptian-themed death metal band Nile. He was born in California, and lives in Greenville, South Carolina. Karl is endorsed by Dean Guitars, and has two signature models by KxK Guitars...
had confirmed a release date of June 29 via a posting on the band's message board, which was later pushed back to July 20, 2007. As a special bonus, Nuclear Blast gave several fans the opportunity to listen to the new album two weeks before its release if they could decipher a hieroglyphic message, to which "papyrus" was the answer. Upon the album's release, it sold 4,600 copies, which enabled Nile to get onto the Billboard 200
Billboard 200
The Billboard 200 is a ranking of the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists...
for the first time, reaching #162 on that chart.
On March 21, 2007, Nile was confirmed as a "Second Stage" act for Ozzfest 2007. A message from Karl Sanders via Nile's MySpace
MySpace
Myspace is a social networking service owned by Specific Media LLC and pop star Justin Timberlake. Myspace launched in August 2003 and is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California. In August 2011, Myspace had 33.1 million unique U.S. visitors....
profile indicated that they were excited to finally bring true death metal to an Ozzfest audience. In March/April 2008, Nile went on a US headlining tour with Suicide Silence
Suicide Silence
Suicide Silence is an American extreme metal band from Riverside, California. The group consists of vocalist Mitch Lucker, guitarists Chris Garza and Mark Heylmun, drummer Alex Lopez and bassist Dan Kenny. Formed in 2002, the band has released three full-length studio albums, one EP and seven music...
, The Faceless
The Faceless
The Faceless is an American technical death metal band from Encino, California. They released their debut album, Akeldama in November 2006, and a follow-up, Planetary Duality, in November 2008.-History:...
, Unexpect
Unexpect
Unexpect is an avant-garde extreme metal band from Montreal, Canada featuring a unique amalgamation of different styles of music, including black metal, death metal, thrash metal, progressive metal, melodic heavy metal, classical music, dark cabaret, opera, medieval music, jazz, funk, electro,...
, and Warbringer
Warbringer
Warbringer is an American thrash metal band. The band formed in 2004. Warbringer is signed to Century Media Records. Century Media signed Warbringer after seeing them at a local show in LA. Originally, a Century Media rep was at the show to see another LA thrash metal band but decided to sign...
. In September/October 2008, Nile set out on a European headlining tour with Grave
Grave (band)
Grave is a Swedish death metal band that formed in 1986 by vocalist and guitarist Ola Lindgren, who is their only constant member. The band had particular success in the early 1990s, and their first four albums, Into the Grave, You'll Never See..., Soulless and Hating Life, cemented their...
, Omnium Gatherum
Omnium Gatherum
Omnium Gatherum is a six-piece melodic death metal band from Finland, founded in the autumn of 1996. Although the band mainly follows the path of melodic death metal genre, the music created by the band, especially the later albums, has a strong feel/presence of other sub-genres, such as black...
and Severe Torture
Severe Torture
Severe Torture is a death metal band from the Netherlands, formed in 1997 by drummer Seth van de Loo and bassist Patrick Boleij.-History:The band was formed in 1997 by Thijs van Laarhoven on guitar, Seth van de Loo on drums, Erik de Windt on vocals, Jelle on guitar and Patrick Boleij on bass guitar...
. In October 2008 the band planned to take their Ithyphallic tour to South Africa for a booking of three shows but they were canceled for unknown reasons.
In June 2009, Nile entered the recording studio to begin work on their sixth full-length album, entitled Those Whom the Gods Detest
Those Whom the Gods Detest
-Charts:-Nile:* Karl Sanders − guitars, vocals* Dallas Toler-Wade − guitars, bass, vocals* George Kollias − drums, percussion-Additional personnel:*Mike Breazale, Chief Spires, David Merideth, Jon Vesano, Pete Hammoura: additional vocals-Production:...
. The album was released in November of the same year, and was critically well-received - with one reviewer suggesting "pretty much the only thing standing in Nile’s way at this point is the fact that we as listeners have become so accustomed to the band’s excellence that another excellent album seems almost par for the course". It sold 3,500 copies in its first week of release in America, peaking at #160 on the Billboard 200.
On October 21, 2010, Chris Lollis was confirmed as the new permanent bassist for Nile, after four years of session work with the band.
On October 11, 2011, Goomba Music released Worship the Animal, which is a newly titled version of Nile's demo, which the band's original line-up recorded in 1994.
Musical style and themes
The majority of Nile's music is written by vocalist/guitarist Karl SandersKarl Sanders
Karl Sanders is an American musician, most widely known as the founding member of the American Egyptian-themed death metal band Nile. He was born in California, and lives in Greenville, South Carolina. Karl is endorsed by Dean Guitars, and has two signature models by KxK Guitars...
. It combines traditional and technical death metal. Nile's music is also characterized by its extreme complexity and speed – for which the band has received acknowledgment from many music fans and journalists – and its extremely "heavy" riffing, due to Nile's guitar and bass tunings, which are normally Dropped A tuning
Dropped A tuning
Dropped A tuning is an alternate tuning for a 7 string guitar where an A is placed over the original standard E tuning or on a 6 string guitar where the strings are tuned to AEADF♯B. This is a "drop 1" tuning in the key of B...
.
Much of the lyrical content is based on Karl Sanders' interest in Egyptology
Egyptology
Egyptology is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the AD 4th century. A practitioner of the discipline is an “Egyptologist”...
and other ancient Middle Eastern cultures, such as Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a toponym for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran.Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the...
. Lengthy sleeve notes are included with the albums Black Seeds of Vengeance
Black Seeds of Vengeance
Black Seeds of Vengeance is the second album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on September 5, 2000 through Relapse Records. Black Seeds of Vengeance marks the first album in Nile's discography to feature extensive liner notes in the booklet, written by Karl Sanders to...
, In Their Darkened Shrines
In Their Darkened Shrines
In Their Darkened Shrines is the third studio album by American death metal band Nile. It was released on August 20, 2002 through Relapse Records....
, Annihilation of the Wicked
Annihilation of the Wicked
Annihilation of the Wicked is the fourth studio album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on May 23, 2005 by Relapse Records. This is the first Nile album to feature George Kollias on drums, replacing Tony Laureano...
and Those Whom the Gods Detest
Those Whom the Gods Detest
-Charts:-Nile:* Karl Sanders − guitars, vocals* Dallas Toler-Wade − guitars, bass, vocals* George Kollias − drums, percussion-Additional personnel:*Mike Breazale, Chief Spires, David Merideth, Jon Vesano, Pete Hammoura: additional vocals-Production:...
, explaining the inspiration or source for the lyrics of each song.
Band members
Current members- Karl SandersKarl SandersKarl Sanders is an American musician, most widely known as the founding member of the American Egyptian-themed death metal band Nile. He was born in California, and lives in Greenville, South Carolina. Karl is endorsed by Dean Guitars, and has two signature models by KxK Guitars...
− vocals, guitars, bass, keyboards, additional instruments (1993-present) - Dallas Toler-Wade − vocals, guitars (1997-present), bass (studio only) (2002, 2007, 2009)
- George KolliasGeorge Kollias (drummer)George Kollias is a Greek heavy metal drummer best known for his work with American death metal band Nile. He is the first of their four drummers to perform every song on more than one full length album...
− drums, percussion (2004-present) - Chris Lollis - bass, vocals (2010-present)
Former members
- John Ehlers − guitars (1996−1997)
- Pete Hammoura − drums, percussion, vocals (1993−2000)
- Chief Spires − vocals, bass (1993−2001)
- Tony LaureanoTony LaureanoTony Laureano is a heavy metal drummer originally from Puerto Rico. He has been playing for a number of metal bands including Dimmu Borgir, Nile, Angelcorpse, Malevolent Creation, God Dethroned, Acheron, Aurora Borealis, Belphegor, Nachtmystium, 1349 and Brujeria...
- drums, percussion (2000–2004) - Jon Vesano − bass, vocals (2001−2005)
- Joe Payne - bass, vocals (2005–2007)
Session members
- Derek RoddyDerek RoddyDerek Roddy is an American drummer and snake breeder, originally from South Carolina. His ability to record entire drum tracks in one or two takes earned him the nickname "One Take"....
− drums, percussion (session musician on Black Seeds of VengeanceBlack Seeds of VengeanceBlack Seeds of Vengeance is the second album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on September 5, 2000 through Relapse Records. Black Seeds of Vengeance marks the first album in Nile's discography to feature extensive liner notes in the booklet, written by Karl Sanders to...
) (2000) - Chris Lollis - additional vocals (Ithyphallic)
Live members
- Tim YeungTim YeungTim Yeung is a prominent extreme metal drummer. He was born on November 27, 1978 in Rochester, New York and currently resides in Los Angeles, California. Tim started playing drums when he was 11 years old.-Biography:...
− drums, percussion (2003) - Steve Tucker − vocals, bass (2005)
- Joe PayneJoe PayneJoseph "Joe" Payne was born in Tampa, Florida in 1984. He is a heavy metal bassist and guitarist. Until 2011, Joe Payne played bass in the metal band Divine Heresy with Fear Factory guitarist Dino Cazares, vocalist Travis Neal and ex-Vital Remains and Hate Eternal drummer Tim Yeung.Joe Payne joined...
− bass, vocals (2005−2007) - Chris Lollis (2007–2010) (became a full member of the band from 2010 onwards)
Discography
Studio albums- Amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-KaAmongst the Catacombs of Nephren-KaAmongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka is the debut studio album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on April 28, 1998 through Relapse Records. The album is considered to be their breakthrough record...
(1998) - Black Seeds of VengeanceBlack Seeds of VengeanceBlack Seeds of Vengeance is the second album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on September 5, 2000 through Relapse Records. Black Seeds of Vengeance marks the first album in Nile's discography to feature extensive liner notes in the booklet, written by Karl Sanders to...
(2000) - In Their Darkened ShrinesIn Their Darkened ShrinesIn Their Darkened Shrines is the third studio album by American death metal band Nile. It was released on August 20, 2002 through Relapse Records....
(2002) - Annihilation of the WickedAnnihilation of the WickedAnnihilation of the Wicked is the fourth studio album by American death metal band Nile. The album was released on May 23, 2005 by Relapse Records. This is the first Nile album to feature George Kollias on drums, replacing Tony Laureano...
(2005) - IthyphallicIthyphallic (album)- Papyrus Containing the Spell to Preserve Its Possessor Against Attacks from He Who Is in the Water :"Papyrus Containing the Spell to Preserve Its Possessor Against Attacks from He Who Is in the Water" is Nile's first single, originally released only as a music download through Nuclear Blast's...
(2007) - Those Whom the Gods DetestThose Whom the Gods Detest-Charts:-Nile:* Karl Sanders − guitars, vocals* Dallas Toler-Wade − guitars, bass, vocals* George Kollias − drums, percussion-Additional personnel:*Mike Breazale, Chief Spires, David Merideth, Jon Vesano, Pete Hammoura: additional vocals-Production:...
(2009)