Noise dosimeter
Encyclopedia
A noise dosimeter or noise dosemeter (British) is a specialized sound level meter
intended specifically to measure the noise exposure of a person integrated over a period of time; usually to comply with Health and Safety regulations such as the Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure Standard or EU Directive 2003/10/EC.
The five main parameters that were commonly different in different political entities were:
There were of course others, such as the single event maximum level, the peak value etc.
To reduce the variations of instrument required to be manufactured, some commercial companies made complex "Universal" units where all these things could be selected by the user. As measuring noise was not well understood, such complexity clearly militated against accurate results and many anecdotal stories give examples of huge errors resulting; as very few unqualified users understood the complex issues involved.
During the 1980s and 1990s many workers determined that the '90dBA for 8 hours' limit was far too high and an unacceptable number of workers would be damaged at these levels, so a level of 85 dB(A) for 8 hours was felt to be a better criterion. Even later the EU reduced the limits still further to the 80 dB(A) we have today, as given in the UK's "The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005.". These regulations follow closely the EU Directive 2003/10/EC, normally called the Physical Agents Directive.
A further complication for the sound level meter designer was that it was realised that a single very high noise peak could instantaneously damage hearing, so a limit was originally set by the then European Community so that no worker should ever be exposed to an rms acoustic pressure of more than 200 Pa - equating to 140 dB re 20 μPa - and that this should be measured using an instrument with no frequency weighting. This while a good idea, was patent nonsense as 200 Pa could be generated by trains going through tunnels, closing a door, in fact many everyday things could cause such a pressure wave below the frequencies that could be heard or could cause hearing damage. Accordingly C-frequency-weighting was specified to measure the peak level as this has a flat frequency response between 31 Hz and 8 kHz. However, this missed a significant amount of important energy and a new frequency weighting of 'Z' (zero) weighting was specified in IEC 61672 : 2003 that has a flat response from at least 20 Hz to10 kHz.
The favoured metric for many scientists was simply the sound exposure in pressure-squared-time, for example Pa2h and this was used for the PSEM standard and at a stroke this removed all the various options for measurement. However for health and safety legislation in Europe for legal purposes the metric chosen was the daily personal noise exposure level, LEP,d, which corresponds to LEX,8h as defined in international standard ISO 1999: 1990 clause 3.6, and is expressed in decibels A-frequency-weighted [dB(A)]. In simple terms this is the normalised sound exposure expressed in decibels.
The original dosimeters were designed to be belt worn with a microphone connected to the body of the dosimeter and mounted on the shoulder as near to the ear as practicable. These devices were worn for the full work shift and at the end would give a readout initially in percentage dose, or in some other exposure metric. These were the most common way of making measurements to meet legislation in the USA, but in Europe the conventional sound level meter was favoured. There were many reasons for this, but in general in Europe the dosimeter was distrusted for several reasons, some being.
In the USA - where most of the early devices were manufactured, these reasons did not seem to matter so much.
To remove these European objections, dosimeters became smaller and started to include a data store where the Time History of the noise, usually in the form of Short Leq was stored. This data could be transferred to a personal computer and the exact pattern of the noise exposure minute by minute plotted. The usual method used was to store data in the form of Short Leq, a French concept that helped to bring computers into acoustics. As well, dosimeters started to incorporate a second C-frequency-weighted channel that allowed the true peak to be indicated. By the time the PSEM standard was published, many major sound level meter companies - in both Europe and the USA had a dosimeter in their range. A typical noise dosimeter is shown in figure 2
The next technology breakthrough came when in the 1990s the United Kingdom Department of Trade and Industry awarded a SMART grant to Cirrus Research to design an ultra-miniature dosimeter. It was to be so small and light that it would not affect the worker and as well was to have no microphone cable. The resulting device (Fig. 3) - the first true dosebadge - was a twin channel device able to meet all the requirements of the European Directive and also the market need for data storage. An important design criteria was that the device had to have no internal display nor any controls, so workers would not be tempted to try to 'modify' or affect the readings; instead the acquired data was transmitted and the device was controlled by an infra-red link. Normally, the acquired exposure data from several badges is transferred to a reader unit where it can be read and stored. As well, most manufacturers offer software to transfer the reader's data to a computer where it can be archived and as well put into a database to allow full and complete reports to be generated.
Today, such devices are available from several manufacturers - at least one with a full Intrinsic Safety certificate for use in hazardous atmospheres. Some sophisticated ones have extra channels to store data on the state of the battery, any 'out of range' signals and some units are able to be used on the USA OSHA as well as EU equal energy rules, although a different physical badge is usually needed. Others have a "Time History" store, where the exposure minute by minute is stored for the full working shift, allowing Health and Safety Officers to pinpoint the exact time of any high energy noise and assist in determining the cause.
A recent design of a noise dosimeter offers a multiple-point approach to assess workers daily noise exposure. This approach uses dosimeters that have wireless (Bluetooth) communication with a handheld device such as a PDA, but apart from their use of Bluetooth technology are basically similar in function to units using either infrared or cable connection.
These new devices are split into two groups. Those that have no display on the body-worn acquisition unit, and those that include such a display. While it would seem that a display may be advantageous, many professionals regard it as another potential error source as the user may be tempted to put the device near to a noise source. Their motivation is thought to be either to watch the display move or to try to modify the results, but in either case an additional uncertainty has been introduced into the measurement. An advantage of an internal display however, is that if only a single unit is in use, the exposure can be read without external devices.
Sound level meter
Sound level meters measure sound pressure level and are commonly used in noise pollution studies for the quantification of almost any noise, but especially for industrial, environmental and aircraft noise. However, the reading given by a sound level meter does not correlate well to...
intended specifically to measure the noise exposure of a person integrated over a period of time; usually to comply with Health and Safety regulations such as the Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure Standard or EU Directive 2003/10/EC.
Variations in legal requirements
This meant that the user had to specify under what legal regime he wanted to use his dosimeter, as each country could - and did have their own local laws for such measurements. In each region, sometimes down to regions with tiny populations such as Western Australia, only one combination was usually legally accepted and that could be very different to an adjoining region. While these decision may have seemed sensible at the time, users were in general not adequately informed of these problems and this resulted in many measurement errors.The five main parameters that were commonly different in different political entities were:
- Threshold
- Criterion level
- Exchange rate
- Exponential or linear integration
- 'Head-on' or random incidence calibration
There were of course others, such as the single event maximum level, the peak value etc.
To reduce the variations of instrument required to be manufactured, some commercial companies made complex "Universal" units where all these things could be selected by the user. As measuring noise was not well understood, such complexity clearly militated against accurate results and many anecdotal stories give examples of huge errors resulting; as very few unqualified users understood the complex issues involved.
International standards
The international body that specifies the technical requirements of such instruments as sound level meters and dosimeters is the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) based in Geneva; whereas the method of their use is normally given in an ISO publication. However, in any particular political region, local laws apply as the IEC and ISO publications only have the status of "recommendations" and so countries could - and did - have their own sets of rules - many of which were technically flawed and in some cases scientifically impossible. Every new regulation thus made the concept of "%dose" more meaningless. The "100%" dose was different in different countries, but many users did not understand this and would buy low cost USA built dosimeters where the American "100%" was not correct for their local regulations and usually very much under-estimated the noise exposure.The permitted levels reduced
OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.95 standard requires the employer to supply, but not mandate, hearing protection at 85 dBA when averaged over an 8 hour Time Weighted Average (TWA). An exposure of 90 dBA when averaged over an eight hour work period, the employer is mandated to implement a hearing conservation program, provide audiograms to employees, provide hearing protection, and training for the use of hearing protection. Other requirements are also required by the employer and are listed in the 29 CFR 1910.95 Occupational Noise Standard.During the 1980s and 1990s many workers determined that the '90dBA for 8 hours' limit was far too high and an unacceptable number of workers would be damaged at these levels, so a level of 85 dB(A) for 8 hours was felt to be a better criterion. Even later the EU reduced the limits still further to the 80 dB(A) we have today, as given in the UK's "The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005.". These regulations follow closely the EU Directive 2003/10/EC, normally called the Physical Agents Directive.
A further complication for the sound level meter designer was that it was realised that a single very high noise peak could instantaneously damage hearing, so a limit was originally set by the then European Community so that no worker should ever be exposed to an rms acoustic pressure of more than 200 Pa - equating to 140 dB re 20 μPa - and that this should be measured using an instrument with no frequency weighting. This while a good idea, was patent nonsense as 200 Pa could be generated by trains going through tunnels, closing a door, in fact many everyday things could cause such a pressure wave below the frequencies that could be heard or could cause hearing damage. Accordingly C-frequency-weighting was specified to measure the peak level as this has a flat frequency response between 31 Hz and 8 kHz. However, this missed a significant amount of important energy and a new frequency weighting of 'Z' (zero) weighting was specified in IEC 61672 : 2003 that has a flat response from at least 20 Hz to10 kHz.
The PSEM arrives
To try and simplify the situation, in the 1980s Working Group 4 of IEC Technical Committee 1 started to write a new standard for a dosimeter, but decided that for many good reasons, a new name was called for and the long - but more correct name - of Personal Sound Exposure Meter (PSEM) was used. WG4 was mainly made up of design engineers from the International Sound Level meter companies together with scientists from various national acoustic laboratories and a few academics. The result of their efforts became IEC 61252 :1993, the current PSEM standard. This has tolerance limits based on a Class 2 - what was a Type 2 - sound level meter, but because it is intended to be worn on the body, it has relaxed directional characteristics.The favoured metric for many scientists was simply the sound exposure in pressure-squared-time, for example Pa2h and this was used for the PSEM standard and at a stroke this removed all the various options for measurement. However for health and safety legislation in Europe for legal purposes the metric chosen was the daily personal noise exposure level, LEP,d, which corresponds to LEX,8h as defined in international standard ISO 1999: 1990 clause 3.6, and is expressed in decibels A-frequency-weighted [dB(A)]. In simple terms this is the normalised sound exposure expressed in decibels.
Use of dosimeters
- The cable was considered dangerous as it could catch on rotating machinery
- The dosimeter could tell you the level had been exceeded, but it did not say when this happened
- Workers could falsify the data very easily
- The device was big enough to affect the work pattern
In the USA - where most of the early devices were manufactured, these reasons did not seem to matter so much.
To remove these European objections, dosimeters became smaller and started to include a data store where the Time History of the noise, usually in the form of Short Leq was stored. This data could be transferred to a personal computer and the exact pattern of the noise exposure minute by minute plotted. The usual method used was to store data in the form of Short Leq, a French concept that helped to bring computers into acoustics. As well, dosimeters started to incorporate a second C-frequency-weighted channel that allowed the true peak to be indicated. By the time the PSEM standard was published, many major sound level meter companies - in both Europe and the USA had a dosimeter in their range. A typical noise dosimeter is shown in figure 2
The 21st century devices
Today, such devices are available from several manufacturers - at least one with a full Intrinsic Safety certificate for use in hazardous atmospheres. Some sophisticated ones have extra channels to store data on the state of the battery, any 'out of range' signals and some units are able to be used on the USA OSHA as well as EU equal energy rules, although a different physical badge is usually needed. Others have a "Time History" store, where the exposure minute by minute is stored for the full working shift, allowing Health and Safety Officers to pinpoint the exact time of any high energy noise and assist in determining the cause.
A recent design of a noise dosimeter offers a multiple-point approach to assess workers daily noise exposure. This approach uses dosimeters that have wireless (Bluetooth) communication with a handheld device such as a PDA, but apart from their use of Bluetooth technology are basically similar in function to units using either infrared or cable connection.
These new devices are split into two groups. Those that have no display on the body-worn acquisition unit, and those that include such a display. While it would seem that a display may be advantageous, many professionals regard it as another potential error source as the user may be tempted to put the device near to a noise source. Their motivation is thought to be either to watch the display move or to try to modify the results, but in either case an additional uncertainty has been introduced into the measurement. An advantage of an internal display however, is that if only a single unit is in use, the exposure can be read without external devices.
Companies
The following major manufacturers are among those who offer current technology PSEM, claimed to comply with IEC 61252 : 1993.- Denmark Brüel & KjærBrüel & KjærBrüel & Kjær is a subsidiary of UK-based Spectris plc. Brüel & Kjær is a manufacturer and supplier of sound and vibration measurement apparatus. The company headquarters is based in Nærum, Denmark...
P. Hedegaard - United Kingdom Casella CEL Ltd. R.Tyler
- United Kingdom Cirrus Research plc R.W. Krug
- United Kingdom Pulsar Instruments plc A.D.Wallis
- USA Quest Technologies Inc. E. Kuemmel
- France 01dB-Metravib
- United States http://www.sensidyne.com/sound-noise-vibration-measurement-svantek.phpSensidyne Sound & Vibration