Norah Richards
Encyclopedia
Norah Richards was an Irish-born actress and theatre practitioner, who was later called the Lady Gregory of the Punjab
. She devoted 60 years (1911–1971) of her life towards enriching the culture of this land of five rivers. She came to the Punjab in 1911, and produced in 1914 the first Punjabi play, Dulhan (“The Bride”), written by her pupil I.C. Nanda.
In 1970, Punjabi University
, Patiala, conferred an honorary degree of D. Litt. on her, for her contribution to Punjabi culture, especially Punjabi drama.
. She received her formal education in various institutions in different parts of the world, mainly Belgium, Oxford University and Sydney.
Christian. She came to India in 1908 as her husband accepted a job to teach English literature at Dyal Singh College
in Lahore
(Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia, founder of the college, was an ardent follower of Brahmo Samaj
, which had a synergic relationship with the Unitarian Christian movement).
Norah Richards got involved in various cultural activities in the college and her enthusiasm helped stimulate much serious theatrical activity. Lahore was the home of Punjabi culture in those days. She brought many Punjabi themes under her English pen and directed a few plays. More importantly, she encouraged students to write their own oneact plays and perform them. She had an interest in theosophy
and was actively involved in the theosophical movement and home-rule agitation by Dr Annie Besant
.
On her husband's death in 1920, Norah returned to England. In those days there was a policy to malign India's image in England. Norah reacted strongly against it and was punished for breaking the law. She came back to India in 1924. Events worked out well for her to settle in the beautiful Kangra Valley
and finally made her home in Andretta. In those days of British Raj
, quite a few Britons had acquired lands in the hill states of British India. One such settler who left for England gave away his property to Norah, which came to be known as the Woodlands Estate.
Living amidst villagers, she chose the same lifestyle and made a mud house with a thatched roof for her-self. She named it Chameli Niwas. Her 15 acres (60,702.9 m²) of estate covered by tall trees and wild flowers professed her love for nature. Norah also opened a school of drama from which have emerged many famous names of Punjabi drama like Ishwar Chand Nanda, Balwant Gargi
and Gurcharan Singh.
Every year, in the month of March, Norah organized a weeklong festival in which students and villagers enacted her plays in an open-air theatre constructed on the premises of her estate. Among the guests, Prithvi Raj Kapoor and Balraj Sahni were the most regular ones. Amongst her other friends who later settled near Woodland Estate were Prof Jai Dayal, painter Sobha Singh
and Farida Bedi. Norah's plays were on social reform, displaying wide sympathy with the people's ways and traditions. She wrote scripts while many people came and helped with the production. She wrote newspaper articles, and painted watercolours. Andretta thus became the hub of cultural and theatrical activities for a whole generation of artists. One among them was young Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal, who had already won recognition as a sculptor and painter and later on became the doyen of Indian art. He discusses Norah Richards at some length in his autobiography.“Usually, she would greet me with a khurpa in her hand in home-spun khadi
kurta
and churidar
, her white curls covered with a veil on top of which she donned a straw hat. This was the pattern of her work-a-day dress, grey, or ochre brown in colour. A cotton string around her waist carried a whistle and a suspended pouch carried her spectacles, bunches of keys, pen and pencil and a writing pad and a watch. She would dig the soil of her vegetable garden, tend and water the plants herself.
"I used to feel amused at her idea of discipline and the method of its application to her servants. The work-time was divided between hukka -break, tea-break, rest-break and meals break. With the aid of an alarm clock in her pouch, she would blow her whistle and command: “Hukka pio, hukka pio ", and then whistle again at the determined interval for their coming back to work. At the end of the day all her servants would retire to their homes leaving her completely alone to pursue her literary work, letter writing and reading. The little kerosene lamp would burn till after midnight and the tick-tack of her typewriter would begin before dawn. Sanyal continuous, “ ‘Mem’ she was at the core of her heart and remained critical of the villagers fouling the fields and not following her example of digging pits for leafclosets and do her own scavenging and sanitation work. "Sooner than immediate" was the mould of her temperament and she could not tolerate untidiness.
Norah's contribution to Punjabi drama was duly recognised by Punjabi University, Patiala which awarded her an honorary doctorate. The museum of the university houses some of her rare belongings. During the later years of her life, Norah was deeply worried about the future of Woodlands and her large collection of literature and manuscripts. "She toyed with the idea of making a will. Confused in her mind, she made and unmade several."
Though skeptic about governmental control and administration, she offered the estate to the government of Himachal Pradesh, but received no response. Eventually, she left most of her estate and valuable collections to the care of Punjabi University, Patialla. "In the waning days of her life, she was completely dependent on the service of the attendants for a meagre meal and glass of water. She was placed to rest on 3rd March 1971. Her gravestone in Woodlands Retreat has these last words inscribed, “Rest Weary Heart – Thy work is Done."
Punjab (British India)
Punjab was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between West Punjab, which went to Pakistan, and East Punjab, which went to India...
. She devoted 60 years (1911–1971) of her life towards enriching the culture of this land of five rivers. She came to the Punjab in 1911, and produced in 1914 the first Punjabi play, Dulhan (“The Bride”), written by her pupil I.C. Nanda.
In 1970, Punjabi University
Punjabi University
Punjabi University, located at Patiala, is one of the premier institutions of higher education in Punjab, India. Panjabi University teaches and researches in science, engineering and technology, humanities, social sciences, performing arts and sports....
, Patiala, conferred an honorary degree of D. Litt. on her, for her contribution to Punjabi culture, especially Punjabi drama.
Early life and education
Norah Mary Hutman was born on 29 October 1876, in IrelandIreland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
. She received her formal education in various institutions in different parts of the world, mainly Belgium, Oxford University and Sydney.
Career
At a very young age she took to the stage and became a successful actress. She married Philip Earnest Richards, an English teacher and a UnitarianUnitarianism
Unitarianism is a Christian theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism which defines God as three persons coexisting consubstantially as one in being....
Christian. She came to India in 1908 as her husband accepted a job to teach English literature at Dyal Singh College
Dyal Singh College
Dayal Singh College, Lahore is an old college for graduate and post graduate students affiliated to University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.-History:...
in Lahore
Lahore
Lahore is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich and fabulous history dating back to over a thousand years ago, Lahore is no doubt Pakistan's cultural capital. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains a...
(Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia, founder of the college, was an ardent follower of Brahmo Samaj
Brahmo Samaj
Brahmo Samaj is the societal component of the Brahmo religion which is mainly practiced today as the Adi Dharm after its eclipse in Bengal consequent to the exit of the Tattwabodini Sabha from its ranks in 1859. It was one of the most influential religious movements responsible for the making of...
, which had a synergic relationship with the Unitarian Christian movement).
Norah Richards got involved in various cultural activities in the college and her enthusiasm helped stimulate much serious theatrical activity. Lahore was the home of Punjabi culture in those days. She brought many Punjabi themes under her English pen and directed a few plays. More importantly, she encouraged students to write their own oneact plays and perform them. She had an interest in theosophy
Theosophy
Theosophy, in its modern presentation, is a spiritual philosophy developed since the late 19th century. Its major themes were originally described mainly by Helena Blavatsky , co-founder of the Theosophical Society...
and was actively involved in the theosophical movement and home-rule agitation by Dr Annie Besant
Annie Besant
Annie Besant was a prominent British Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self rule.She was married at 19 to Frank Besant but separated from him over religious differences. She then became a prominent speaker for the National Secular Society ...
.
On her husband's death in 1920, Norah returned to England. In those days there was a policy to malign India's image in England. Norah reacted strongly against it and was punished for breaking the law. She came back to India in 1924. Events worked out well for her to settle in the beautiful Kangra Valley
Kangra Valley
Kangra Valley is situated in Himachal Pradesh, India. It is a popular tourist destination, with the peak season around March and April.Dharamsala, the headquarters of Kangra district, lies on the southern spur of Dhauladhar in the valley .-Geography:...
and finally made her home in Andretta. In those days of British Raj
British Raj
British Raj was the British rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947; The term can also refer to the period of dominion...
, quite a few Britons had acquired lands in the hill states of British India. One such settler who left for England gave away his property to Norah, which came to be known as the Woodlands Estate.
Living amidst villagers, she chose the same lifestyle and made a mud house with a thatched roof for her-self. She named it Chameli Niwas. Her 15 acres (60,702.9 m²) of estate covered by tall trees and wild flowers professed her love for nature. Norah also opened a school of drama from which have emerged many famous names of Punjabi drama like Ishwar Chand Nanda, Balwant Gargi
Balwant Gargi
Balwant Gargi was a renowned Punjabi language dramatist, theatre director, novelist, and short story writer, and academic.-Early life:Balwant Gargi Born on December 4, 1916 in Neeta Khandan in Bathinda...
and Gurcharan Singh.
Every year, in the month of March, Norah organized a weeklong festival in which students and villagers enacted her plays in an open-air theatre constructed on the premises of her estate. Among the guests, Prithvi Raj Kapoor and Balraj Sahni were the most regular ones. Amongst her other friends who later settled near Woodland Estate were Prof Jai Dayal, painter Sobha Singh
Sobha Singh
Sobha Singh may refer to:* Sobha Singh , builder of Delhi* Sobha Singh...
and Farida Bedi. Norah's plays were on social reform, displaying wide sympathy with the people's ways and traditions. She wrote scripts while many people came and helped with the production. She wrote newspaper articles, and painted watercolours. Andretta thus became the hub of cultural and theatrical activities for a whole generation of artists. One among them was young Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal, who had already won recognition as a sculptor and painter and later on became the doyen of Indian art. He discusses Norah Richards at some length in his autobiography.“Usually, she would greet me with a khurpa in her hand in home-spun khadi
Khadi
The term khādī or khaddar means cotton. khādī is Indian handspun and hand-woven cloth. The raw materials may be cotton, silk, or wool, which are spun into threads on a spinning wheel called a charkha. It is a versatile fabric, cool in the summer and warm in the winter...
kurta
Kurta
A kurta is a traditional item of clothing worn in Afghanistan, Pakistan , Nepal, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. It is a loose shirt falling either just above or somewhere below the knees of the wearer, and is worn by both men and women...
and churidar
Churidar
Churidars , or more properly churidar pyjamas , are tightly fitting trousers worn by both men and women in South Asia and Central Asia. Churidars are a variant of the common salwar pants. Salwars are cut wide at the top and narrow at the ankle. Churidars narrow more quickly, so that contours of the...
, her white curls covered with a veil on top of which she donned a straw hat. This was the pattern of her work-a-day dress, grey, or ochre brown in colour. A cotton string around her waist carried a whistle and a suspended pouch carried her spectacles, bunches of keys, pen and pencil and a writing pad and a watch. She would dig the soil of her vegetable garden, tend and water the plants herself.
"I used to feel amused at her idea of discipline and the method of its application to her servants. The work-time was divided between hukka -break, tea-break, rest-break and meals break. With the aid of an alarm clock in her pouch, she would blow her whistle and command: “Hukka pio, hukka pio ", and then whistle again at the determined interval for their coming back to work. At the end of the day all her servants would retire to their homes leaving her completely alone to pursue her literary work, letter writing and reading. The little kerosene lamp would burn till after midnight and the tick-tack of her typewriter would begin before dawn. Sanyal continuous, “ ‘Mem’ she was at the core of her heart and remained critical of the villagers fouling the fields and not following her example of digging pits for leafclosets and do her own scavenging and sanitation work. "Sooner than immediate" was the mould of her temperament and she could not tolerate untidiness.
Norah's contribution to Punjabi drama was duly recognised by Punjabi University, Patiala which awarded her an honorary doctorate. The museum of the university houses some of her rare belongings. During the later years of her life, Norah was deeply worried about the future of Woodlands and her large collection of literature and manuscripts. "She toyed with the idea of making a will. Confused in her mind, she made and unmade several."
Though skeptic about governmental control and administration, she offered the estate to the government of Himachal Pradesh, but received no response. Eventually, she left most of her estate and valuable collections to the care of Punjabi University, Patialla. "In the waning days of her life, she was completely dependent on the service of the attendants for a meagre meal and glass of water. She was placed to rest on 3rd March 1971. Her gravestone in Woodlands Retreat has these last words inscribed, “Rest Weary Heart – Thy work is Done."
External links
- andrettapottery.com
- Andretta-A sanctuary of potters The HinduThe HinduThe Hindu is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded and continuously published in Chennai since 1878. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, it has a circulation of 1.46 million copies as of December 2009. The enterprise employed over 1,600 workers and gross income reached $40...