style="font-size: larger;"|Notre Dame Rugby
 |
| Full name |
Notre Dame Rugby Football Club |
| Founded |
1961 |
| Motto |
Faugh A Ballagh!The Irish Brigade was an infantry brigade, consisting predominantly of Irish Americans, that served in the Union Army in the American Civil War. The designation of the first regiment in the brigade, the 69th New York Infantry, or the "Fighting 69th", continued in later wars...
(Irish: Clear the way!) |
| Union |
Midwest Rugby Football Union/Mid-South Division of DI-A |
| Grounds |
West Quad Fields |
| President |
 Daniel Palmer |
| Coach |
 Sean O'Leary |
| Website |
Home Page |
e="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|
|
|
|
>
The
Notre Dame Rugby Football Club is the official
rugby footballRugby football is a style of football named after Rugby School in the United Kingdom. It is seen most prominently in two current sports, rugby league and rugby union.-History:...
club at the
University of Notre DameThe University of Notre Dame du Lac is a Catholic research university located in Notre Dame, an unincorporated community north of the city of South Bend, in St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States...
. It is the oldest
collegiate rugby club in the Midwest and currently plays in the Collegiate Premier Division, the highest level of college rugby in the US.
Founding and Early Years
The Notre Dame Rugby Football Club was founded in 1961 as one of the first collegiate rugby clubs in the Midwest. In the spring of 1962, Notre Dame narrowly defeated
WisconsinThe University of Wisconsin–Madison is a public research university located in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1848, UW–Madison is the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System. It became a land-grant institution in 1866...
in the first club rugby match played in the Midwest.
In 1963, the Notre Dame Rugby Football Club was officially founded as a club sport. The team was founded by Bob Mier, a student who participated in the Wisconsin game the previous spring. With supervising faculty member and acting head coach Kenneth Featherstone, the team formed and competed in the Midwest Conference.
In April 1968, the Fighting Irish, chaperoned by Professor Peter Brady, traveled to
IrelandIreland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
for several exhibition matches. They went 2-3 against Irish teams, including losses to the Dublin League Champions, Navan, and runner-up, Delvin. Notre Dame was also defeated by University College Cork but gained victories over the Limerick Rovers and Thurles. The Fighting Irish traveled to Ireland again in March 1974. On this trip, Notre Dame went 2-2, losing to Tralee and again to University College Cork while defeating another Limerick team, the Bohemians, and
University College DublinUniversity College Dublin ) - formally known as University College Dublin - National University of Ireland, Dublin is the Republic of Ireland's largest, and Ireland's second largest, university, with over 1,300 faculty and 17,000 students...
.
National Prominence
After suffering a losing record their first season, the A-side went on to have 3 winning seasons obtaining a 53-12 record. Likewise, the B-side also dominated its opposition obtaining a 40-1 record that included a 33 game winning streak which was finally ended by current SuperLeague side, the
Chicago LionsThe Chicago Lions Rugby Football Club is a SuperLeague rugby union team based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The Lions were founded in 1964 and their all black colors follow the color scheme of the New Zealand All Blacks...
.
During the 1965-1966 year, the Fighting Irish won the Commonwealth Cup, Nassau Invitational, Midwest Tournament, Irish Challenge Cup, and the All-College Tournament. These wins resulted in the Fighting Irish being name Collegiate Rugby National Champions by
Sports IllustratedSports Illustrated is an American sports media company owned by media conglomerate Time Warner. Its self titled magazine has over 3.5 million subscribers and is read by 23 million adults each week, including over 18 million men. It was the first magazine with circulation over one million to win the...
. After this season, Notre Dame offered the rugby team the chance to become a varsity sport, but this was turned down via players' vote. Notre Dame was even named a "national rugby power" by the Washington Post.
In the fall season of 1972, the Fighting Irish defeated longtime rival, the Chicago Lions 15-12, upsetting the 1972 Midwest Champs. The game has been considered one of the most brutal matches in recent years. One player was knocked unconscious in the first minute of play with two others being removed at half-time, one with a broken jaw and the other with a broken leg. An English official said afterwards, "I've seen teams play in Holland, England, and on the continent (Europe), but I've never seen a team hit like Notre Dame did that day." The next week, Notre Dame won a hard fought victory over rival and defending National Champions
Palmer College of ChiropracticPalmer College of Chiropractic is a chiropractic school located in Davenport, Iowa. It was established in 1897 by Daniel David Palmer and is considered "The Fountainhead" as it was the first school of chiropractic in the world. For many years, Palmer College of Chiropractic was the world's largest...
16-15. The Irish finished the fall season at 11-2. During the spring season of 1973, Notre Dame beat rival Ohio State and reclaimed the Silver Cup, a trophy passed to the victor of that game. The Fighting Irish finished the spring at 12-1, winning the Midwest Championship over the Chicago Lions, but losing the National Championship to repeat champions, Palmer. The 1975 B-Team went undefeated included a 3-0 victory over the Lions in their final game on Mark Keown's 30 yard penalty kick from the right sideline.
From 1987 to 1992 the Irish returned to regional prowess, under the coaching of Art Maerlender. The team re-joined the
Chicago Area Rugby Football UnionThe Chicago Area Rugby Football Union is the Local Area Union for rugby union teams in the Chicago metropolitan area. CARFU is part of the Midwest Rugby Football Union , which is also the governing body for the Allegheny, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin LAU's...
and made it to the Midwest final round in each year from 1990 through 1994. The late Col. John Stephens was the long-serving faculty advisor who died in 1996. Incidents the next year invoked the "double-secret probation," that resulted in the club's banishment from campus.
Behavioral Incidents
The University placed the rugby club on probation twice in the '80s as a result of bad behavior. The combined weight of these events and inexcusable misconduct during the '95 spring season ultimately led to the club's disbandment on August 3, 1995.
South Bend Old Boys RFC
Tom McGinty and Dave Bishop deserve credit for their efforts to start a club team in the fall of 2000, eventually dubbed the South Bend Old Boys RFC, after playing for the South Bend blues the previous year and longing for a University-affiliated team
http://www.nd.edu/~observer/04192002/Sports/0.html. This club was quite successful over the next three years at scheduling matches with high-profile teams like Michigan, Michigan State, and Tennessee, surviving and competing (and racking up an impressive record) as a self-supporting club carpooling to away games.
Out Side Irish
The OIRFC was a rugby club that was unaffiliated with the University of Notre Dame but was composed of Notre Dame and Indiana University of South Bend students. The club was founded in the fall of 2004 by junior, Mike Schmitt and sophomore, Don Greiwe as an attempt to take the team in a more serious direction. In their first season the Out Side Irish only managed to schedule a few games due to low numbers and accessibility. They practiced only once per week and barely could scrap together fifteen live bodies to play matches, however they were able to recruit a strong freshman class and the next spring managed a record of 3-4. At the end of this season John Gallagher, Christopher Liedl, and Chris Harrington decided to put together a formal application for club status with the University. After drafting a club constitution and with the support of president Don Greiwe and vice president Brian Fallon the club filed for official recognition. Practicing three times a week and posting a record of 9-1-1 the rugby club made a strong case for itself. With the support of numerous alumni and donors and after an application period of over six months the team was finally recognized in May 2007 and became the Notre Dame Rugby Football Club.
Reinstatement
On May 18, 2007, 12 years after being banished, the University officially reinstated the Notre Dame Rugby Football Club. As an official club, the NDRFC's stated goals are to field a rugby team representing the University of Notre Dame, to compete with other club teams while abiding by the rules of the University of Notre Dame,
USA RugbyUSA Rugby is the national governing body for the sport of rugby union in the United States. It is divided into seven territorial Unions: Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, Northeast, Pacific Coast, Southern California, South, and West...
, and the
International Rugby BoardThe International Rugby Board is the governing body for the sport of rugby union. It was founded in 1886 as the International Rugby Football Board by the unions of Scotland, Wales and Ireland. England refused to join until 1890. The International Rugby Football Board changed its name to the...
(IRB), and to promote the physical education, mental and social well-being, and sportsmanship of members of the club through participation in and the playing of this internationally recognized sport. Following their reinstatement, the club rose rapidly through the Midwest RFU ranks after hiring Coach Sean O'Leary. O'Leary transferred from Northeastern University and acts as coach of the USA U17 national team. In the fall of their first season the Irish finished 8-1-1 against Division II competition sparking a move up to Division I in the spring and an inclusion in the Eastern Division of the Midwestern Division I league.
Crest
The NDRFC crest was designed by Jaime Urquijo and Don Whitley following the club's reinstatement in 2007. In the center of the crest is a stylized Celtic cross, reminiscent of both Notre Dame’s Irish heritage and its status as a Catholic university. Atop the arms of the cross is the club’s original 1961 date of establishment. 1961 is listed instead of 2007 so as to stress the continuity between the old club and the new club and to recognize the three decades of successful history that existed prior to the club’s disbandment.
At the bottom of the crest are the Notre Dame monogram and a shamrock similar to the one used on Notre Dame’s basketball jerseys. These symbols reaffirm the club’s strong desire to be affiliated with the University. The use of a pre-existing Notre Dame shamrock instead of the IRFU design (which was used as the club’s logo when they were the Out Side Irish) or the
London IrishLondon Irish RFC is an English rugby union club based in Sunbury, Surrey, where the senior squad train, the youth teams and senior academy play home games, and the club maintain their administrative offices. The senior squad play home games at the Madejski Stadium in Reading and compete in the top...
variant (which appeared in the first versions of the crest) is particularly significant in this regard. It is also referencing the NDRFC's logo from the 1970s.
Jerseys
While the A-Side jerseys bear the Notre Dame colors of blue and gold, the B-Side jerseys are almost identical to those used by the Out Side Irish (which were imitations of the jerseys worn by the
Irish national teamThe Ireland national rugby union team represents the island of Ireland in rugby union. The team competes annually in the Six Nations Championship and every four years in the Rugby World Cup, where they reached the quarter-final stage in all but two competitions The Ireland national rugby union...
). The kelly green of the B-Side jersey is a tribute to both the pre-1995 Notre Dame Rugby club as well as the Out Side Irish, whose tireless dedication and perseverance led to the club’s reinstatement. Additionally, it recalls the famous green jerseys used on occasion by the football team.
The two different jersey designs are intended to remind club members that it is a privilege and an honor to wear the Blue and Gold of Notre Dame - one that is only granted to someone who has earned a place on the A-Side.
Historic Rivals
Chicago LionsThe Chicago Lions Rugby Football Club is a SuperLeague rugby union team based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The Lions were founded in 1964 and their all black colors follow the color scheme of the New Zealand All Blacks...
John Carroll UniversityJohn Carroll University is a private, co-educational Jesuit Catholic university in University Heights, Ohio, United States, a suburb of Cleveland. The university was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus as Saint Ignatius College.The university was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus, as...
Indiana University (Bloomington)
Ohio State
Palmer College of ChiropracticPalmer College of Chiropractic is a chiropractic school located in Davenport, Iowa. It was established in 1897 by Daniel David Palmer and is considered "The Fountainhead" as it was the first school of chiropractic in the world. For many years, Palmer College of Chiropractic was the world's largest...
Michiana Moose
Schedule
Fall 2007 Schedule
Spring 2008 Schedule
2007-08 B-Side Schedule
Roster
Forwards
| Player |
Position |
Year |
Hall |
 Karun Ahuja |
Flanker A flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union. Flankers play in the forwards, and are generally classified as either blindside, or openside flankers; numbers six and seven respectively. The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they flank each set of forwards...
|
Senior |
Stanford Stanford Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 14 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana. Stanford was awarded the overall Hall of the Year award for 2006.-Hall History:...
|
 Dan Blakely |
Lock |
Senior |
AlumniAlumni Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 15 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. Alumni Hall is located on South Quad adjacent to "Main Circle" as you enter the Notre Dame campus, across from the law school building...
|
 Noah Bradon |
Flanker A flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union. Flankers play in the forwards, and are generally classified as either blindside, or openside flankers; numbers six and seven respectively. The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they flank each set of forwards...
|
Sophomore |
Morrissey Morrissey Hall, known by most as Morrissey Manor, is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. The Manor houses 260 undergraduate students.- History :...
|
 David Bray |
Flanker A flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union. Flankers play in the forwards, and are generally classified as either blindside, or openside flankers; numbers six and seven respectively. The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they flank each set of forwards...
|
Sophomore |
O'Neill |
 Nick Civetta |
Lock |
Sophomore |
Knott |
 Cory Dombrowski |
Lock |
Senior |
AlumniAlumni Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 15 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. Alumni Hall is located on South Quad adjacent to "Main Circle" as you enter the Notre Dame campus, across from the law school building...
|
 Tom Foley |
Hooker |
Senior |
Morrissey Morrissey Hall, known by most as Morrissey Manor, is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. The Manor houses 260 undergraduate students.- History :...
|
 Ben Frost |
Prop |
Junior |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
| Chris Hapak |
Flanker A flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union. Flankers play in the forwards, and are generally classified as either blindside, or openside flankers; numbers six and seven respectively. The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they flank each set of forwards...
|
Graduate |
Off Campus |
|
| Pat Hernandez |
Hooker |
Junior |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
 Bob Huguelet |
Number eight |
Junior |
Stanford Stanford Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 14 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana. Stanford was awarded the overall Hall of the Year award for 2006.-Hall History:...
|
 Tony Klausing |
Lock |
Junior |
Keenan Keenan Hall is a residence hall located on the North Quad of the University of Notre Dame main U.S. campus between the Golden Dome and the North Dining Hall. Keenan has been recognized as one of the most active and productive dorms on campus...
|
| John Lalor |
Prop |
Sophomore |
O'Neill |
 Ben LaPres |
Prop |
Sophomore |
Siegfried Siegfried Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 15 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. Siegfried is situated between Pasquerilla West Hall and Theodore Hesburgh Library on Mod Quad...
|
 Tim Latham |
Hooker |
Junior |
Knott |
| Joe Lonick |
Lock |
Sophomore |
HCCHoly Cross College is a Roman Catholic, co-educational, residential institution of higher education in Notre Dame, an unincorporated community northeast of the city of South Bend, in St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States — as are Saint Mary's College and the University of Notre Dame...
|
| Riyath Mallahi |
Prop |
Junior |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
 Brendan McQueeney |
Prop |
Junior |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
| Kyle Mitchell |
Lock |
Sophomore |
Stanford Stanford Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 14 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana. Stanford was awarded the overall Hall of the Year award for 2006.-Hall History:...
|
| David Seibel |
Hooker |
Senior |
O'Neill |
| Ryan Shestak |
Flanker A flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union. Flankers play in the forwards, and are generally classified as either blindside, or openside flankers; numbers six and seven respectively. The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they flank each set of forwards...
|
Junior |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
| Steven Szalay |
Hooker |
Junior |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
| Patrick Toole III |
Flanker A flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union. Flankers play in the forwards, and are generally classified as either blindside, or openside flankers; numbers six and seven respectively. The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they flank each set of forwards...
|
Sophomore |
Knott |
| Justin Wang |
Hooker |
Senior |
Knott |
| Derek Woznicki |
Flanker A flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union. Flankers play in the forwards, and are generally classified as either blindside, or openside flankers; numbers six and seven respectively. The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they flank each set of forwards...
|
Senior |
Knott |
|
Backs
| Player |
Position |
Year |
Hall |
| Justin Betz |
Centre |
Senior |
Knott |
| Tim Bossidy |
Centre |
Sophomore |
St. Ed's St. Edward's Hall is one of the thirty undergraduate residence halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of fifteen male dormitories. Saint Edward's Hall is located directly east of Main Building and is directly west of Zahm Hall. Saint Edward's Hall houses 162 undergraduate...
|
| Chris Brown |
Fullback |
Senior |
Keenan Keenan Hall is a residence hall located on the North Quad of the University of Notre Dame main U.S. campus between the Golden Dome and the North Dining Hall. Keenan has been recognized as one of the most active and productive dorms on campus...
|
| Brian Cash |
Centre |
Sophomore |
Stanford Stanford Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 14 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana. Stanford was awarded the overall Hall of the Year award for 2006.-Hall History:...
|
 Inoh Choe |
Wing |
Sophomore |
St. Ed's St. Edward's Hall is one of the thirty undergraduate residence halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of fifteen male dormitories. Saint Edward's Hall is located directly east of Main Building and is directly west of Zahm Hall. Saint Edward's Hall houses 162 undergraduate...
|
| Coleman Collins |
Wing |
Sophomore |
Keenan Keenan Hall is a residence hall located on the North Quad of the University of Notre Dame main U.S. campus between the Golden Dome and the North Dining Hall. Keenan has been recognized as one of the most active and productive dorms on campus...
|
| Kennedy Collins |
Wing |
Sophomore |
FisherFisher Hall is one of the 30 residence halls and one of the 15 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana.-History:...
|
| Jack Dillon |
Wing |
Junior |
Stanford Stanford Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 14 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana. Stanford was awarded the overall Hall of the Year award for 2006.-Hall History:...
|
 Mike Doran |
Centre |
Sophomore |
O'Neill |
| Alex Duffy |
Centre |
Senior |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
 Tomas Gallegos |
Wing |
Sophomore |
St. Ed's St. Edward's Hall is one of the thirty undergraduate residence halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of fifteen male dormitories. Saint Edward's Hall is located directly east of Main Building and is directly west of Zahm Hall. Saint Edward's Hall houses 162 undergraduate...
|
| Nicholas Geraci |
Scrum-half |
Sophomore |
Knott |
| Patrick Griffin |
Fly-half |
Sophomore |
AlumniAlumni Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 15 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. Alumni Hall is located on South Quad adjacent to "Main Circle" as you enter the Notre Dame campus, across from the law school building...
|
| Dave Johnson |
Centre |
Graduate |
Off Campus |
| Ed Keenan |
Wing |
Sophomore |
FisherFisher Hall is one of the 30 residence halls and one of the 15 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana.-History:...
|
 Jonathan Liedl |
Centre |
Freshman |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
| James Miller |
Wing |
Senior |
Keenan Keenan Hall is a residence hall located on the North Quad of the University of Notre Dame main U.S. campus between the Golden Dome and the North Dining Hall. Keenan has been recognized as one of the most active and productive dorms on campus...
|
| Sean Mitchell |
Fullback |
Sophomore |
Sorin Sorin Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Sorin is located directly north of Walsh Hall and is directly south of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Sorin houses 151 undergraduate students. Its distinctive turret rooms on...
|
| Rob Morgan |
Wing |
Sophomore |
O'Neill |
| Andrew Mullen |
Centre |
Sophomore |
Zahm |
| Andrew O'Connor |
Scrum-half |
Sophomore |
St. Ed's St. Edward's Hall is one of the thirty undergraduate residence halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of fifteen male dormitories. Saint Edward's Hall is located directly east of Main Building and is directly west of Zahm Hall. Saint Edward's Hall houses 162 undergraduate...
|
| Kurt Riester |
Centre |
Sophomore |
O'Neill |
 Tom Riley |
Wing |
Sophomore |
Morrissey Morrissey Hall, known by most as Morrissey Manor, is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. The Manor houses 260 undergraduate students.- History :...
|
 Kevin Ritt |
Centre |
Sophomore |
Stanford Stanford Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 14 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana. Stanford was awarded the overall Hall of the Year award for 2006.-Hall History:...
|
| Nick Severyn |
Centre |
Sophomore |
O'Neill |
 Jaime Urquijo |
Centre |
Junior |
Stanford Stanford Hall is one of the 29 residence halls and one of the 14 male dorms on the campus of the University of Notre Dame just northeast of South Bend, Indiana. Stanford was awarded the overall Hall of the Year award for 2006.-Hall History:...
|
 Chris White |
Wing |
Sophomore |
Dillon Dillon Hall is one of the 29 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 15 male dorms. Dillon is located directly west of Alumni Hall and is directly adjacent to South Dining Hall on the west. Dillon has space for 334 undergraduate students.-History:Dillon Hall is...
|
|
The source of this article is
wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the
GFDL.
