O'Reilly and the Age of Persuasion
Encyclopedia
The Age of Persuasion is a Canadian
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

 radio program, which has been airing on CBC Radio One
CBC Radio One
CBC Radio One is the English language news and information radio network of the publicly-owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It is commercial free and offers both local and national programming...

 since 2006. A sequel to the earlier O'Reilly on Advertising
O'Reilly on Advertising
O'Reilly on Advertising was a popular show that was broadcast Saturday mornings on CBC Radio One, running from 11:30 - 12:00pm . Its host was Terry O'Reilly, who is a radio/voiceover director with a lengthy career. Its producer and co-creator was fellow adman and broadcaster...

, the series is hosted by Terry O'Reilly
Terry O'Reilly (broadcaster)
Terry O'Reilly is a Canadian broadcast producer and personality, best known as host of the CBC Radio One series O'Reilly on Advertising and The Age of Persuasion...

 and explores the sociological and cultural impact of advertising
Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common...

 on modern life.

Each episode uses humour and numerous excerpts from historical radio broadcasts and commercials to make its point.

As of January 2011, new episodes are broadcast on:
  • CBC Radio 1: Saturday 11:30 am, Thursdays 2:30 pm
  • Sirius Satellite 159: Saturdays 10:30 am, 6:30 pm
  • Chicago Public Radio WBEZ 91.5FM: Thursdays, 11.30 am; Saturdays, 6:30 am Central Time


Many episodes are available in streaming mp3 format from the program's CBC website. Some are available in podcast form at the unofficial site CBC Podcasts. On December 24, 2010 the Age of Persuasion blog announced that the CBC would be podcasting the show starting in January 2011.

The show's creators, Terry O'Reilly and Mike Tennant, have released a book: The Age of Persuasion: How Marketing Ate Our Culture, (Knopf Canada & Vintage Paperbacks). The book is published in the United States by Counterpoint Press.

On 10 March 2010, co-writer and producer Mike Tennant announced he is leaving the show after the 4th season.

Episode list

Note: Links in the episode title take you to an online copy of the episode. Links in the date take you to a summary only.

Season 1

Ep #Episode TitleBroadcast Date
1x01 Clutter 2006-09-07
1x02 The Language of Persuasion 2006-09-14
1x03 Rinse and Repeat 2006-09-21
1x04 Yoots - Youth Marketing 2006-09-28
1x05 The Lesson of Clark Gable's Undershirt 2006-10-05
1x06 The Long and Short of It 2006-10-12
1x07 Breaking the Contract 2006-10-19
1x08 The Rise and Fall and Rise of Branded Entertainment 2006-10-26
1x09 The Human Face of Persuasion 2006-11-02
1x10 All the World's a Marketing Opportunity 2006-11-09
1x11 Walk 1.6 Kilometres in My Shoes 2006-11-16
1x12 Strange But True Tales of Market Research 2006-11-23
1x13 Love, Marriage and Sexual Tension 2006-11-30
1x14 Branding a Nation 2006-12-07
1x15 The Persuasive Power of Storytelling 2007-01-15
1x16 Protecting the Celebrity Brand 2007-01-25
1x17 Goin' to the Show: Super Bowl Ads 2007-02-01
1x18 A Sense of Persuasion 2007-02-08
1x19 Leaving Your Mark 2007-02-15
1x20 The YouTube Revolution
The trends in media usage by advertisers are examined, from the rise and fall of radio and television advertising, to viral videos and non-media "idea" advertising.
2007-03-03
1x21 By Any Other Name 2007-03-08
1x22 Guerrillas in Our Midst 2007-03-29
1x23 Frontiers and Boundaries 2007-04-05
1x24 Reviving the Brand 2007-04-12
1x25 It's the Insight, Stupid 2007-04-19
1x26 Award in Edgewise 2007-04-26
1x27 The Wall of Cynicism 2007-05-31
1x28 The Future of Persuasion 2007-06-14
1x29 Do This or Die 2007-06-21

Season 2

Ep #Broadcast #Episode TitleBroadcast Date
2x01 201 There’s Never a Marques of Queensbury Around When You Need One 2008-01-12
2x02 202 The Sport of Persuasion 2008-01-19
2x03 203 Old Media, New Media, Borrowed Media, Blue Media 2008-01-26
2x04 204 Branding the News 2008-02-02
1x22 205 Guerillas in our Midst 2008-02-09
2x05 206 Everything I Need to Know About Life I Learned from Agency Pitches 2008-02-16
1x19 207 Leaving Your Mark 2008-02-23
2x06 208 23 things I’d Like to Change About Advertising 2008-03-01
1x24 209 Reviving the Brand 2008-03-08
2x07 210 The Trouble with Big 2008-03-15
2x08 211 Royal Jelly 2008-03-22
2x09 212 Advertisers as Censors 2008-03-29
1x26 213 Award in Edgewise 2008-04-05
2x10 214 Crowd Control 2008-04-12
2x11 215 The Strategy of Persuasion
The importance of a strategy in advertising.
2008-04-19
2x12 216 In Defence of Advertising
Terry O'Reilly defends advertising, arguing that an advertisement-free world would not be as nice as some people might think.
2008-04-26
1x25 217 It's the Insight, Stupid!
The importance of an insight in modern persuasion.
2008-05-03
2x13 218 Emotion
Why the best advertisers win customers through the heart, not with facts.
2008-05-10
2x14 219 The Myth of Mass Marketing
An examination of the myth of "mass marketing" and the effectiveness of one-on-one selling.
2008-05-17
2x15 220 Selling War
How advertising has been used (and is still being used) to recruit soldiers and create support for wars.
2008-05-24
1x23 221 Frontiers and Boundaries
An examination of how what is acceptable in an advertising has changed over time and how this reflects the change in a society's values.
2008-05-31
2x16 222 Advertising as the New Sugar Daddy
A short history of sponsorship in advertising.
2008-06-07
2x17 223 Persuasion in the Niches
How (and why) the one-size-fits-all mass marketing is being replaced with marketing targeted at smaller market niches.
2008-06-14
2x18 224 Six Remarkable Brands
Examples of six remarkable brands - including a media icon (Oprah Winfrey), a rock and roll band (The Beatles
The Beatles
The Beatles were an English rock band, active throughout the 1960s and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Formed in Liverpool, by 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr...

), an athlete (Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali is an American former professional boxer, philanthropist and social activist...

), a toy (Lego
Lego
Lego is a line of construction toys manufactured by the Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark. The company's flagship product, Lego, consists of colorful interlocking plastic bricks and an accompanying array of gears, minifigures and various other parts...

), a city (Las Vegas
Las Vegas, Nevada
Las Vegas is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and is also the county seat of Clark County, Nevada. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city for gambling, shopping, and fine dining. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, and is famous...

), and a large animal (Polar Bear
Polar Bear
The polar bear is a bear native largely within the Arctic Circle encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is the world's largest land carnivore and also the largest bear, together with the omnivorous Kodiak Bear, which is approximately the same size...

).
2008-06-21

Season 3

Ep #Broadcast #Episode TitleBroadcast Date
3x01 301 A Taste for Blood: Direct Marketing 2009-01-05
3x02 302 Recession Marketing 2009-01-12
3x03 303 Nasty is the New Nice 2009-01-19
3x04 304 Rethink the Shark 2009-01-26
3x05 305 According to Hoyle 2009-02-02
1x09 306 The Human Face of Persuasion 2009-02-07
1x07 307 Breaking the Contract 2009-02-14
3x06 308 Commandeering Holidays 2009-02-19
3x07 309 Great Canadian Campaigns 2009-03-07
3x08 310 Repetition Repetition Repetition 2009-03-09
3x09 311 Sun Tzu and the Art of... Persuasion 2009-03-16
3x01 312 A Taste for Blood: Direct Marketing 2009-03-23
3x10 313 Selling God 2009-03-30
3x11 314 Brand Loyalty 2009-04-06
3x12 315 Big and Small 2009-04-13
3x02 316 Recession Marketing 2009-04-20
3x13 317 The Real Deal: Authenticity 2009-04-27
3x14 318 The Myths of Persuasion 2009-05-04
3x15 319 Marketing the Invisible 2009-05-11
3x07 320 Great Canadian Campaigns 2009-05-18
3x16 321 Entertainment or Nothing 2009-05-25
3x17 322 The Museum of Persuasion 2009-06-01
3x18 323 Urban Legends 2009-06-08
3x19 324 Embracing New Media 2009-06-15
3x20 325 Ask Terry 2009-06-22

NOTES: Items in italics are repeated, often from earlier seasons.

Season 4

Ep #Broadcast #Episode TitleBroadcast Date
4x01 401 Marketing the Unpleasant 2010-01-02
4x02 402 Buzz 2010-01-09
4x03 403 Pitchmen 2010-01-16
4x04 404 Heroes & Villains 2010-01-23
4x05 405 Persuasion Fail 2010-01-30
4x06 406 Slogans 2010-02-06
4x07 407 Categories 2010-02-13
4x08 408 Are People Idiots? 2010-02-20
4x09 409 Being There: Selling Experiences 2010-02-27
4x01 410 Marketing the Unpleasant 2010-03-06
4x10 411 All Things Being Equal: Parity Products 2010-03-13
4x11 412 Context 2010-03-20
4x02 413 Buzz 2010-03-27
4x12 414 Oddballs: Singular Campaigns 2010-04-03
4x13 415 Privacy 2010-04-10
4x03 416 Pitchmen 2010-04-17
4x14 417 Where Power Resides 2010-04-24
4x15 418 Profiles in (Marketing) Courage 2010-05-01
4x16 419 Negative Advertising 2010-05-08
4x17 420 Opportunism 2010-05-15
4x18 421 A Few More Remarkable Brands 2010-05-22
4x19 422 Ask Terry Some More 2010-05-29
4x20 423 Mad Men 2010-06-05

Season 5

Ep #Broadcast #Episode TitleBroadcast Date
5x01 501 Green Marketing 2011-01-08
5x02 502 Luxury Marketing 2011-01-15
5x03 503 Candid Commercials 2011-01-22
5x04 504 Speed Bumps 2011-01-29
5x05 505 Marketing Pioneers 2011-02-05
5x06 506 Even More Remarkable Brands 2011-02-12
4x01 507 Marketing the Unpleasant 2011-02-19
5x07 508 AOP Goes to the Movies 2011-02-26
5x08 509 The Commercials You Grew Up With 2011-02-02
5x09 510 Burn the Boats 2011-03-12
4x03 511 Pitchmen 2011-03-19
5x10 512 Mad Women 2011-03-26
5x11 513 Dynamic Duos: The Famous Partnerships in Advertising 2011-04-02
5x12 514 Three Foot Marketing 2011-04-09
4x10 515 All Things Being Equal: The Fascinating World of Parity Products 2011-04-15
5x13 516 The Happy Homemaker: How Advertising Invented the Housewife (Part One) 2011-04-22
5x14 517 The Happy Homemaker: How Advertising Invented the Housewife (Part Two) 2011-04-30
5x15 518 Genericide: When a Brand Becomes Generic 2011-05-06
4x17 519 Opportunism 2011-05-13
5x16 520 The Sound of Persuasion 2011-05-21
5x17 521 Ageism in Advertising 2011-05-28
4x06 522 Slogans 2011-06-05
5x18 523 Terry's Book Club 2011-06-11
5x19 524 Diversity in Advertising 2011-06-18
5x20 525 Ask Terry Again 2011-06-25

Opening theme

The title theme, composed by Ari Posner and Ian Lefeuvre, consists of a series of ten sound clips from ads and speeches, played over the theme music. Static is heard between each clip, giving the impression of changing between stations on a radio. The title is announced in the middle of the clips. In each episode, one clip is different, similar to the couch gag in the opening to The Simpsons
The Simpsons
The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its family of the same name, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie...

.

Season 1

Read. My. Lips. / This is the CBS News / I've fallen and I can't get up!
I've fallen and I can't get up!
"I've fallen… and I can't get up!" was a catchphrase of the late 1980s and early 1990s popular culture based upon a line from a United States-based television commercial.-The source of the line:...

 / Don't be a square / The only thing we have to fear is... / (clip) / And now, Terry O'Reilly and The Age of Persuasion / Oh, the humanity! / Chops, dices, minces / Yeeeargh!
Howard Dean
Howard Brush Dean III is an American politician and physician from Vermont. He served six terms as the 79th Governor of Vermont and ran unsuccessfully for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination. He was chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 2005 to 2009. Although his U.S...

 / It's that simple.

Season 2

I want chicken, I want liver
Meow Mix
Meow Mix is a variety of dry and wet cat food known for its advertising jingle. It is a product of Del Monte Foods.-Company background:The Meow Mix Company operates from a facility in Decatur, Alabama, and also produces Alley Cat brand cat food products. Originally a product of Ralston Purina,...

 / "I wanna bottle of Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke...

!" "Sonny..." / That's a spicy meat-a-ball!
Alka-Seltzer
Alka-Seltzer is an effervescent antacid and pain reliever first marketed by the Dr. Miles Medicine Company. It was developed by Treneer in Elkhart Indiana. Alka-Seltzer is marketed for relief of minor aches, pains, inflammation, fever, headache, heartburn, sour stomach, indigestion, and hangovers,...

 / Hey, great, a toothpaste should fight cavities / I can't believe I ate that whole... / (clip) / And now, Terry O'Reilly and The Age of Persuasion / Ho,ho,ho / Hoo-hoo!
Pillsbury Doughboy
Poppin' Fresh, more widely known as the Pillsbury Doughboy, is an advertising icon and mascot of The Pillsbury Company, appearing in many of their commercials. Many commercials from 1965 until 2004 conclude with a human finger poking the Doughboy's stomach...

 / Mamma mia! / There you go again
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th President of the United States , the 33rd Governor of California and, prior to that, a radio, film and television actor....

.

Season 3

I'm Barack Obama, and I approve this message
I approve this message
In American politics, "I approve this message" is a phrase said by candidates for federal office in political advertisements on television and radio in order to comply with the so-called Stand By Your Ad provision of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act , enacted in 2002, that...

 / "Another cup of Maxwell House
Maxwell House
Maxwell House is a brand of coffee manufactured by a like-named division of Kraft Foods. Introduced in 1892, it is named in honor of the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee. For many years until the late 1980s it was the largest-selling coffee in the U.S. and is currently second behind...

 coffee, George
George Burns
George Burns , born Nathan Birnbaum, was an American comedian, actor, and writer.He was one of the few entertainers whose career successfully spanned vaudeville, film, radio, television and movies, with and without his wife, Gracie Allen. His arched eyebrow and cigar smoke punctuation became...

?" "Sure, pour me a cup, Gracie
Gracie Allen
Grace Ethel Cecile Rosalie Allen , known as Gracie Allen, was an American comedian who became internationally famous as the zany partner and comic foil of husband George Burns...

!" / Hoo-wah! / "Hello, I'm a Mac," "And I'm a PC!"
Get a Mac
The Get a Mac campaign is a television advertising campaign created for Apple Inc. by TBWA\Media Arts Lab, the company's advertising agency, that ran from 2006 to 2009...

 "Whooooo!" "Whoo!" / The only thing we have to fear is... / (clip) / And now, Terry O'Reilly and The Age of Persuasion / Bromo-Seltzer
Bromo-Seltzer
Bromo-Seltzer , is an antacid used to relieve pain occurring together with heartburn, upset stomach, or acid indigestion. Originally produced by inventor Isaac E...

, Bromo-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer... / Got milk?
Got Milk?
Got Milk? is an American advertising campaign encouraging the consumption of cow's milk, which was created by the advertising agency Goodby Silverstein & Partners for the California Milk Processor Board in 1993 and later licensed for use by milk processors and dairy farmers. It has been running...

 / Don't leave home without it
American Express
American Express Company or AmEx, is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Three World Financial Center, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. Founded in 1850, it is one of the 30 components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company is best...

 / Isn't that amazing?

Season 4

I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV
Vicks
Vicks is a line of over-the-counter medications owned by the American company Procter & Gamble. Vicks manufactures NyQuil and its sister medication, DayQuil. The Vicks brand also produces Formula 44 cough medicines, cough drops, VapoRub, and a number of inhaled breathing treatments...

 / It's the fishing invention of the century
Ronco
Ronco is an American company that manufactures and sells a variety of items and devices, most commonly those used in the kitchen. Ron Popeil founded the company in 1964, and commercials for the company's products soon became pervasive and memorable, in part thanks to Popeil's personal sales pitches...

 / This is only a test
Emergency Broadcast System
The Emergency Broadcast System was an emergency warning system in the United States, used from 1963 to 1997, when it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System.-Purpose:...

 / It's Patrick, he took out life insurance / I'm not only the Hair Club
Hair Club
Hair Club is one of the largest companies in the hair restoration and hair replacement industry, with more than 95 locations throughout the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico...

 president, I'm also a client / The only thing we have to fear is... / (clip) / And now, Terry O'Reilly and The Age of Persuasion / Takes a licking and keeps on ticking / He likes it! Hey, Mikey!
Life (cereal)
Life is a breakfast cereal made of whole grain oats, distributed by the Quaker Oats Company. It was introduced in 1961. The cereal's advertisements currently sport the slogan "Life is full of surprises".- History :...

 / Yes! We! Can!
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.Born in...


Season 5

Hello, ladies
Old Spice
Old Spice is a prominent American brand of male grooming products. It is manufactured by Procter & Gamble, which acquired the brand in 1990 from the Shulton Company.-History:...

 / Tacos... fettuccine, linguine, martini, bikini / Wow, what's that aftershave you're wearing? / Cough suppressant as effective as codeine, but not narcotic
Vicks
Vicks is a line of over-the-counter medications owned by the American company Procter & Gamble. Vicks manufactures NyQuil and its sister medication, DayQuil. The Vicks brand also produces Formula 44 cough medicines, cough drops, VapoRub, and a number of inhaled breathing treatments...

 / It'll keep your kids quiet for hours
View-Master
View-Master is a device for viewing seven 3-D images on a paper disk. Although the View-Master is now considered a children's toy, it was originally marketed as a way for viewers to enjoy stereograms of colorful and picturesque tourist attractions.-1939–66: stereoscopic sightseeing:In 1911,...

 / Tonight's episode brought to you by / (clip) / And now, Terry O'Reilly and The Age of Persuasion / We are not afraid to get mavericky in there
Sarah Palin
Sarah Louise Palin is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice-presidency.She was...

 / Ha-ha-ha-haaa / Thank you for your support
Bartles & Jaymes
Bartles & Jaymes is a flavored wine cooler and malt beverage line produced by the E & J Gallo Winery in the United States, and introduced in 1981. Flavors include Strawberry Daiquiri, Fuzzy Navel, Exotic Berry, Margarita, Piña Colada, Classic Original, Tropical Mango, Blue Hawaiian, Strawberry...

.

Running gags

  • In the opening theme, one sound clip is changed in each episode which, when following the previous clip, makes up a nonsense sentence. Depending on the season, the preceding clip is either Franklin D. Roosevelt
    Franklin D. Roosevelt
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt , also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war...

    's "The only thing we have to fear is..." (from his famous inauguration speech
    Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 presidential inauguration
    The first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt as the 32nd President of the United States was held on Saturday, March 4, 1933. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Franklin D. Roosevelt as President and John Nance Garner as Vice President...

    )(seasons 1, 3 & 4), a man saying, "I can't believe I ate that whole..." (from a commercial for Alka-Seltzer
    Alka-Seltzer
    Alka-Seltzer is an effervescent antacid and pain reliever first marketed by the Dr. Miles Medicine Company. It was developed by Treneer in Elkhart Indiana. Alka-Seltzer is marketed for relief of minor aches, pains, inflammation, fever, headache, heartburn, sour stomach, indigestion, and hangovers,...

    )(season 2), or an announcer saying "Tonight's episode brought to you by..." (season 5).

  • When Terry sets up the premise for an episode in the form of a letter from a listener, there is usually a postscript confusing Terry with retired ice hockey player Joseph James Terrence "Terry" O'Reilly
    Terry O'Reilly
    Terence Joseph James O'Reilly is a retired ice hockey right winger, who played for the NHL's Boston Bruins, and one of the most effective enforcers in NHL history....

    , who played as a right-winger for the Boston Bruins.

  • Terry directly interacts with "Keith" (Ohman, the engineer), usually to get him to play a recording clip. On more than one occasion, Keith has been asked for a hammer, which is then used to destroy a piece of electronic equipment playing something especially irksome.

  • When it is necessary to define a phrase or concept, the definition is usually delivered by Steve Gardner, over a clip of upbeat 1950s-style educational film music.

  • After Terry O'Reilly makes a pun
    Pun
    The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use and abuse of homophonic,...

    , he "puts a dollar in the Age of Persuasion pun jar", accompanied by the sound of change being dropped into a glass jar. Examples include Home Depot having "nailed down" its emotional hook and Beethoven being able to reject "overtures" from nobles.

  • When Terry mentions an object with potentially injurious consequences, such as a Taser
    Taser
    A Taser is an electroshock weapon that uses electrical current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles. Its manufacturer, Taser International, calls the effects "neuromuscular incapacitation" and the devices' mechanism "Electro-Muscular Disruption technology"...

     or a pneumatic nail gun, a sound effect of the device in action is played, followed by a man with a low-pitched voice quietly saying, "Ow."

  • Starting in Season 4, co-creator Mike Tennant appears on location in various settings, such as in the audience of a medicine show or as a shill
    Shill
    A shill, plant or stooge is a person who helps a person or organization without disclosing that he or she has a close relationship with that person or organization...

    in an auction.

  • During the end credits, the announcer makes commentary on the people mentioned, the comments invariably being linked to the episode's theme. The announcer is the same woman for all seasons except Season 3, when she was replaced by a man (Mike Tennant) who began the credits by saying, "Say, folks..."

End Credits

(Seasons 1-4)
  • Created and written by Terry O'Reilly and Mike Tennant
  • Engineer, Keith Ohman
  • Title music by Ari Posner and Ian Lefeuvre
  • The Age of Persuasion is produced for CBC Radio by Pirate Radio & Television, Toronto


(Season 5)
  • Written by Terry O'Reilly
  • Engineer, Keith Ohman
  • Title music by Ari Posner and Ian Lefeuvre
  • Created by Terry O'Reilly and Mike Tennant
  • The Age of Persuasion is produced by Pirate Toronto & New York

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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