Oeneis is a butterfly genus of the Satyrinae

Satyrinae

Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the Browns, is a subfamily of the Nymphalidae . They were formerly considered a distinct family, Satyridae. This group contains nearly half of the known diversity of brush-footed butterflies...

. All but one of its members are arctic

Arctic

The Arctic is a region located at the northern-most part of the Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The Arctic region consists of a vast, ice-covered ocean, surrounded by treeless permafrost...

, subarctic

Subarctic

The Subarctic is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic and covering much of Alaska, Canada, the north of Scandinavia, Siberia, and northern Mongolia...

 or high-altitude alpine

Alpine climate

Alpine climate is the average weather for a region above the tree line. This climate is also referred to as mountain climate or highland climate....

 in distribution. Some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along in the harshest climates of any butterflies. Four species in Europe, more are found in arctic Russia

Russia

Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...

, Siberia

Siberia

Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...

, Mongolia

Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...

, arctic North America

North America

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...

 and the Rocky Mountains

Rocky Mountains

The Rocky Mountains are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States...

. Curiously, there are no observations from Greenland

Greenland

Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...

. The development of most species takes 2 years.

Species

The jutta species-group:

• Oeneis fulla (Eversmann, 1851)
• Oeneis jutta
  Oeneis jutta
  The Jutta Arctic or Baltic Grayling is a species of butterflies in the subfamily Satyrinae with a circumboreal distribution. It occurs in bogs and tundra in the north of Europe, the Baltic States, the Urals, Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan, the Russian Far East, Northern Mongolia, Northeastern China,...
  
  (Hübner, 1805-1806) -- Baltic Grayling or Jutta Arctic
• Oeneis magna (Graeser, 1888)
• Oeneis melissa (Fabricius, 1775) -- Melissa Arctic
• Oeneis tunga (Staudinger, 1894)

The norna species-group:

• Oeneis actaeoides (Lukhtanov, 1989)
• Oeneis glacialis
  Oeneis glacialis
  The Alpine Grayling is a butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in the Alps on heights of 1400 to 2900 meters above sealevel....
  
  (Moll, 1785) -- Alpine Grayling
• Oeneis norna
  Oeneis norna
  Common names: Norse GraylingThe Norse Grayling is a butterfly, a species of Satyrinae that occurs throughout Scandinavia and northern Asia.-Description:...
  
  (Thunberg, 1791) -- Norse Grayling
• Oeneis philipi (Troubridge, 1988)
• Oeneis polixenes (Fabricius, 1775) -- Polixenes Arctic
• Oeneis rosovi (Kurentzov 1960) -- Philip's Arctic

The alpina species-group:

• Oeneis alpina
  Oeneis alpina
  Oeneis alpina, the sentinel arctic or Eskimo arctic, is a species of butterfly in the subfamily Satyrinae. It occurs in Siberia and the northern parts of North America.-Description:...
  
  (Kurentzov, 1970) -- Sentinel Arctic

The hora species-group:

• Oeneis aktashi (Lukhtanov, 1984)
• Oeneis ammosovi (Dubatov & Korshunov, 1988)
• Oeneis elwesi
  Oeneis elwesi
  Oeneis elwesi is a butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found south of the Altai and Sayan Mountains and Mongolia.Adults are on wing from May to June.-Subspecies:*Oeneis elwesi elwesi...
  
  (Staudinger, 1901)
• Oeneis hora (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
• Oeneis mulla (Staudinger, 1881)

The bore species-group:

• Oeneis alberta
  Oeneis alberta
  The Alberta Arctic is a butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found from the Canadian prairie provinces east to southern Manitoba. Isolated populations are found along the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona....
  
  (Elwes, 1893) -- Alberta Arctic
• Oeneis ammon (Elwes, 1899)
• Oeneis bore (Schneider, 1792) -- Arctic Grayling or White-veined Arctic
• Oeneis chryxus
  Oeneis chryxus
  Common names: Chryxus Arctic, Brown ArcticThe Chryxus Arctic is a butterfly, a species of Satyrinae that occurs in North America.-Description:...
  
  (Doubleday, 1849) -- Chryxus Arctic
• Oeneis ivallda (Mead, 1878) -- California Arctic
• Oeneis nevadensis
  Oeneis nevadensis
  Oeneis nevadensis is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is commonly known as the Great Arctic, the Nevada Arctic, the Great Grayling, Felder's Arctic, and the Pacific Arctic. It is native to northwestern North America.-Subspecies:* Oeneis nevadensis nevadensis Oeneis nevadensis is...
  
  (C. & R. Felder, 1866) -- Great Arctic
• Oeneis macounii (Edwards, 1885) -- Canada Arctic or Macoun's Arctic

The tarpeja species-group:

• Oeneis diluta (Lukhtanov, 1994)
• Oeneis lederi (Alphéraky, 1897)
• Oeneis mongolica (Oberthür, 1876)
• Oeneis sculda (Eversmann, 1851)
• Oeneis tarpeja (Pallas, 1771)
• Oeneis uhleri (Reakirt, 1866) -- Uhler's Arctic
• Oeneis urda (Eversmann, 1847)

The buddha species-group:

• Oeneis buddha (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)
• Oeneis oeno (Boisduval, 1832)