Ontology chart
Encyclopedia
Chart
A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart"...
used in Semiotics
Semiotics
Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes , indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication...
and software engineering
Software engineering
Software Engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software...
to illustrate an ontology.
Overview
The nodes of an Ontology chart represent universal affordances and rarely represent particulars. The exception is the Root which is a particular agent often labelled ‘Society’ and located on the extreme left of an Ontology chart. The Root is often dropped in practice but is implied in every Ontology chart. If any other particular is present in an Ontology chart it is recognised by the ‘#’ sign prefix and upper case letters. In our Ontology chart the node labelled #IBM is a particular organisation.The arcs represent ontological dependency relations directed from left to right. The right affordance is ontologically dependent on the left affordance. The left affordance is the ontological antecedent of the right affordance. A special category of affordances are determiners. They are recognised by the ‘#’ sign prefix. The two examples above are #hourly rate and #name. All determiners have a second antecedent – the measurement standard. They are usually dropped from the Ontology chart but they are implied and obvious. In the case of hourly rate and name they are currency and language respectively. The names on the arcs are role names of the carrier, the left node, in the relationship node on the right. For example, the ‘employee’ is the role name of a person while in employment. No Ontology chart node has more than two ontological antecedents. Where you find an arc on the ontology chart between a role name and a node, read that as an arc between the right hand side of the role name. So the arc from employee to works at is an arc between employment and works at
Mathematically, Ontology charts are a graphical representation of semi-lattice structures; specifically they are Hasse diagram
Hasse diagram
In order theory, a branch of mathematics, a Hasse diagram is a type of mathematical diagram used to represent a finite partially ordered set, in the form of a drawing of its transitive reduction...
s of a single root and no cycles. Ontological dependency is a relationship known mathematically as a partial order set relation (poset). Posets are an object of study in the mathematical discipline of order theory. They belong to the class of binary relations but they have three additional properties: reflexivity
Reflexive relation
In mathematics, a reflexive relation is a binary relation on a set for which every element is related to itself, i.e., a relation ~ on S where x~x holds true for every x in S. For example, ~ could be "is equal to".-Related terms:...
, anti-symmetry and transitivity.
Ontological dependency is a poset because it is a binary relation, every thing is ontologically dependent on itself for its existence, two things that are mutually ontologically dependent must be the same thing and if a depends on b and b depends on c then a depends on c. The last of these properties - the transitive property of posets - was exploited by Helmut Hasse to give us the Hasse diagram - a diagram of incredible power, simplicity and if drawn well elegant as well. Because Ontology charts have a Root that all affordances (realisations/things) are ultimately dependent upon for their existence, they are graphical representation of semi-lattices.
Further reading
- Ades, Y, Farouk Ben-Oman, Iman Poernomo, George Tsaramirsis (2007). Mapping Ontology Charts to Class Diagrams, ICOS2007.
- Ades, Y. (1999). "Semantic Normal Form: Compliance". In: Proc. Workshop on Organisational Semiotics, Almelo October 12-14, University of Twente.
- BCS (2004). The Challenges of Complex IT Projects. The report of a working group from The Royal Academy of Engineering and The British Computer Society, April
- Kecheng, L. (2000) Semiotics in information systems engineering. Cambridge University Press.
- Stamper, R.K.Ronald StamperRonald Stamper is a British computer scientist, formerly a researcher in the LSE and Professor at the University of Twente, known for his pioneering work in Organisational semiotics, and the creation of the MEASUR methodology and the SEDITA framework.- Works :The main thrust of Stamper's published...
and Ades, Y.(2004) "Semantic Normal Form and System Quality". In: Proc. IEE Conference on Requirements Engineering, Kyoto, 2004 - Ronald StamperRonald StamperRonald Stamper is a British computer scientist, formerly a researcher in the LSE and Professor at the University of Twente, known for his pioneering work in Organisational semiotics, and the creation of the MEASUR methodology and the SEDITA framework.- Works :The main thrust of Stamper's published...
, Backhouse, J., Marche, S., Althaus, K. (1987) "Semantic Normal Form?". In: Proc. of Informatics 9. Conference jointly sponsored by Aslib & BCS, Kings College, Cambridge 26–27 March. - Ronald StamperRonald StamperRonald Stamper is a British computer scientist, formerly a researcher in the LSE and Professor at the University of Twente, known for his pioneering work in Organisational semiotics, and the creation of the MEASUR methodology and the SEDITA framework.- Works :The main thrust of Stamper's published...
(1994). "Social norms in requirements analysis – an outline of MEASUR" Chapter 5 of Requirements Engineering: Social and Technical Issues. Edited by Jirotka, M. and Gougen, J.. New York Academic Press. - Ronald StamperRonald StamperRonald Stamper is a British computer scientist, formerly a researcher in the LSE and Professor at the University of Twente, known for his pioneering work in Organisational semiotics, and the creation of the MEASUR methodology and the SEDITA framework.- Works :The main thrust of Stamper's published...
(1996): "Signs, Information, Norms and Systems". In B. Holmqvist et al. (eds). Signs at Work. De Gruyter, Berlin 349-397