Orenburg
Encyclopedia
Orenburg is a city on the Ural River
and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast
, Russia
. It lies 1478 kilometres (918.4 mi) southeast of Moscow
, very close to the border with Kazakhstan
. Population: 546,987 (2010 Census preliminary results); 549,361 (2002 Census
); Highest point: 154.4 m. As of 2006, the mayor of the city is Yury Meshcheryakov.
The Russian Empire
began plans for the expansion into Asia by construction of an eastern frontier fortress town in the southern Ural region to be named Orenburg in 1734. The colonists originally founded a settlement in 1735 at the confluence of the Ural River
with the Or River
. The town's name meant "fortress near the Or," as Burg is German
for fortress. This settlement changed its name in 1739 to Orsk
. An attempt was made to found another Orenburg about 175 km west at a location called Krasnogor, or "Red Hill," in 1741, but this settlement failed. A third Orenburg was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev
at its present location approximately 250 km west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743. For more background and the 'Orenburg Line' of forts, see Bashkirs
.
This third Orenburg functioned as an important military outpost on the frontier with the nomadic Kazakhs
. It became the center for the Orenburg Cossacks
.
Orenburg played a major role in the Pugachev rebellion
(1773–1774). At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 - March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by lieutenant-general Reinsdorp. General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege.
The famous Russian writer Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books "The History of Pugachev" and his famous novel "The Captain's Daughter
". He met his friend Vladimir Dahl here, who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language.
Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky
's expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva
in the 1830s through 1850s. After the incorporation of Central Asia
into the Russian Empire
, Orenburg became a trading station and, since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway
, a prominent railway junction
on route to the new Central Asian possessions
and to Siberia
.
Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan
) within Russia from 1920–1925. When that republic was renamed Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Qyzylorda became the new capital. Alma-Ata became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turksib railway. Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR
in 1936. Orenburg remained in Russia.
From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov (after the test pilot Valery Chkalov
). The city's distance from the German invasion during World War II
led many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's economic growth.
; Orenburgneft, the subsidiary of TNK-BP
oil company; Orenburgenergy, one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia.
railroads were completed, respectively in 1876 and 1905.
Orenburg's main airport is Orenburg Tsentralny Airport
, located about 25 km east of the city,on the Orsk destination, and is the headquarters of Orenair.
Established in 1955 as a Branch of Kuibyshev Polytechnical Institute (currently Samara State Technical University). It was transformed to the Orenburg Polytechnical Institute in 1971. In 1994 it was named as Orenburg State Technical University. Gained status of university in 1996. Currently, there are 18 Faculties, 3 Research & Development institutes, 4 Regional Branches, technology incubator “OSU Technopark”, botanic garden, meteorological station, sport complex.
Orenburg State Institute of Management (OSIM)
Established in 1991. Orenburg State Institute of Management (OSIM) one of the leader in the academic fields of economics, management, information technologies, information securing, business informatics and innovation.
Orenburg State Medical Academy
Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute. It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 (at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957). Gained status of academy in 1994. Currently there are 8 Faculties: Medicine, Pediatric, Stomatology (Dentistry), Pharmacy, Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Health (Медико-профилактический), Continuing Education.
Orenburg State Pedagogical University
Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education. Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930. Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996. There are 10 Faculties and 4 Research Institutes.
Orenburg State Agrarian University
Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute. It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992. Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University. There are 8 Faculties and 4 Institutes.
Orenburg Branch of Moscow State Law Academy
Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
Orenburg Campus of Russian State University of Trade and Economics
The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawl
s. The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes.
is one of the most notable places in Orenburg.
Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design. It is a 200 metres (656.2 ft) tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys .
27709 Orenburg
was named after the city on June 1, 2007.
, Tajikistan
Legnica
, Poland
Orlando
, United States
Ufa
, Russia Oral
, Kazakhstan
Ural River
The Ural or Jayıq/Zhayyq , known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan. It arises in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. Its total length is 1,511 mi making it the third longest river in Europe after the Volga and the Danube...
and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast
Orenburg Oblast
Orenburg Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name Chkalov Oblast in honor of Valery Chkalov...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. It lies 1478 kilometres (918.4 mi) southeast of Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, very close to the border with Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
. Population: 546,987 (2010 Census preliminary results); 549,361 (2002 Census
Russian Census (2002)
Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics .-Resident population:...
); Highest point: 154.4 m. As of 2006, the mayor of the city is Yury Meshcheryakov.
History
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
began plans for the expansion into Asia by construction of an eastern frontier fortress town in the southern Ural region to be named Orenburg in 1734. The colonists originally founded a settlement in 1735 at the confluence of the Ural River
Ural River
The Ural or Jayıq/Zhayyq , known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan. It arises in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. Its total length is 1,511 mi making it the third longest river in Europe after the Volga and the Danube...
with the Or River
Or River
Or is a river in Orenburg Oblast of Russia and Aktobe Province of Kazakhstan. It is a left tributary of the Ural River, and is 332 km long, with a drainage basin of 18 600 km². The river is formed by the confluence of the Shiyli and Terisbutak Rivers, which have their sources on the...
. The town's name meant "fortress near the Or," as Burg is German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
for fortress. This settlement changed its name in 1739 to Orsk
Orsk
Orsk is the second largest city in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the steppe about southeast of the southern tip of the Ural Mountains. The city straddles the Ural River. Since this river is considered a boundary between Europe and Asia, Orsk can be said to lie in two continents. It is...
. An attempt was made to found another Orenburg about 175 km west at a location called Krasnogor, or "Red Hill," in 1741, but this settlement failed. A third Orenburg was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev
Ivan Neplyuyev
Ivan Ivanovich Neplyuyev was a Russian diplomat and administrator prominent in the service of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. His memoirs were published posthumously and his statue may be seen in Orenburg, the city he founded.Neplyuev was born into an impoverished noble family in Poddubye...
at its present location approximately 250 km west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743. For more background and the 'Orenburg Line' of forts, see Bashkirs
Bashkirs
The Bashkirs are a Turkic people indigenous to Bashkortostan extending on both parts of the Ural mountains, on the place where Europe meets Asia. Groups of Bashkirs also live in the republic of Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Samara and Saratov Oblasts of...
.
This third Orenburg functioned as an important military outpost on the frontier with the nomadic Kazakhs
Kazakhs
The Kazakhs are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
. It became the center for the Orenburg Cossacks
Orenburg Cossacks
The Orenburg Cossack Host , a part of the Cossack population in pre-revolutionary Russia, located in the Orenburg province ....
.
Orenburg played a major role in the Pugachev rebellion
Yemelyan Pugachev
Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachov , was a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II...
(1773–1774). At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 - March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by lieutenant-general Reinsdorp. General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege.
The famous Russian writer Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books "The History of Pugachev" and his famous novel "The Captain's Daughter
The Captain's Daughter
The Captain's Daughter is a historical novel by the Russian writer Alexander Pushkin. It was first published in 1836 in the fourth issue of the literary journal Sovremennik. The novel is a romanticized account of Pugachev's Rebellion in 1773-1774....
". He met his friend Vladimir Dahl here, who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language.
Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky
Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky
Count Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky was an imperial Russian general and statesman.After studying in Moscow University, he joined the emperor's retinue in 1811...
's expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva
Khanate of Khiva
The Khanate of Khiva was the name of a Uzbek state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Persian occupation by Nadir Shah between 1740–1746. It was the patrilineal descendants of Shayban , the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan...
in the 1830s through 1850s. After the incorporation of Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
into the Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
, Orenburg became a trading station and, since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway
Trans-Aral Railway
The broad gauge Trans-Aral Railway was built in 1906 connecting Orenburg and Tashkent, then both in the Russian Empire. For the first part of the 20th century it was the only railway-connection between European Russia and Central Asia.There were plans to construct the Orenburg-Tashkent line as...
, a prominent railway junction
Junction (rail)
A junction, in the context of rail transport, is a place at which two or more rail routes converge or diverge.This implies a physical connection between the tracks of the two routes , 'points' and signalling.one or two tracks each meet at a junction, a fairly simple layout of tracks suffices to...
on route to the new Central Asian possessions
Russian Turkestan
Russian Turkestan was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire , comprising the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh steppes, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva.-History:-Establishment:Although Russia had been pushing south into the...
and to Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
.
Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
) within Russia from 1920–1925. When that republic was renamed Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Qyzylorda became the new capital. Alma-Ata became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turksib railway. Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR
Kazakh SSR
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as the Kazakh SSR for short, was one of republics that made up the Soviet Union.At in area, it was the second largest constituent republic in the USSR, after the Russian SFSR. Its capital was Alma-Ata . Today it is the independent state of...
in 1936. Orenburg remained in Russia.
From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov (after the test pilot Valery Chkalov
Valery Chkalov
Valery Pavlovich Chkalov was a Russian aircraft test pilot and a Hero of the Soviet Union .-Early life:...
). The city's distance from the German invasion during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
led many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's economic growth.
Economy
Orenburg is a home for several large companies or their subsidiaries: Orenburggazprom, the subsidiary of GazpromGazprom
Open Joint Stock Company Gazprom is the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company. Its headquarters are in Cheryomushki District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow...
; Orenburgneft, the subsidiary of TNK-BP
TNK-BP
TNK-BP is a major vertically integrated Russian oil company. It is Russia's third largest oil producer and among the ten largest private oil companies in the world. TNK-BP is Russia's third largest oil company in terms of reserves and crude oil production...
oil company; Orenburgenergy, one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia.
Transportation
Orenburg has been a major railroad center ever since the Samara-Zlatoust (:ru:Самаро-Златоустовская железная дорога) and Orenburg-TashkentTrans-Aral Railway
The broad gauge Trans-Aral Railway was built in 1906 connecting Orenburg and Tashkent, then both in the Russian Empire. For the first part of the 20th century it was the only railway-connection between European Russia and Central Asia.There were plans to construct the Orenburg-Tashkent line as...
railroads were completed, respectively in 1876 and 1905.
Orenburg's main airport is Orenburg Tsentralny Airport
Orenburg Tsentralny Airport
Tsentralny Airport is a civil airport located about 25 km east of Orenburg city.-Airlines and destinations:-External links:...
, located about 25 km east of the city,on the Orsk destination, and is the headquarters of Orenair.
Life and culture
Orenburg is a regional center of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums.Education
Orenburg State UniversityEstablished in 1955 as a Branch of Kuibyshev Polytechnical Institute (currently Samara State Technical University). It was transformed to the Orenburg Polytechnical Institute in 1971. In 1994 it was named as Orenburg State Technical University. Gained status of university in 1996. Currently, there are 18 Faculties, 3 Research & Development institutes, 4 Regional Branches, technology incubator “OSU Technopark”, botanic garden, meteorological station, sport complex.
Established in 1991. Orenburg State Institute of Management (OSIM) one of the leader in the academic fields of economics, management, information technologies, information securing, business informatics and innovation.
Orenburg State Medical Academy
Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute. It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 (at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957). Gained status of academy in 1994. Currently there are 8 Faculties: Medicine, Pediatric, Stomatology (Dentistry), Pharmacy, Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Health (Медико-профилактический), Continuing Education.
Orenburg State Pedagogical University
Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education. Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930. Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996. There are 10 Faculties and 4 Research Institutes.
Orenburg State Agrarian University
Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute. It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992. Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University. There are 8 Faculties and 4 Institutes.
Orenburg Branch of Moscow State Law Academy
Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
Orenburg Campus of Russian State University of Trade and Economics
Museums
- Orenburg Regional Museum of History and Natural Science
- Orenburg Regional Museum of Art
- Museum of Orenburg History
- Memorial Apartment of Yuri and Valentina Gagarin
- Memorial Apartment of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich
- Memorial Apartment of T.G. Shevchenko
- Orenburg City Memorial House
Theaters
- Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Dramatic Theater http://www.orendrama.ru/
- Orenburg State Regional Musical Theater
- Orenburg State Tatar Dramatic Theater
- Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater
- Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater "Pierrot
- Orenburg Municipal Chamber Choir
- Orenburg State Academic Russian Folk Choir
Sports
Lokomotiv plays in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League.Tourism
Mountain and river tourism is developed in the region. There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range, popular with tourists.The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawl
Orenburg shawl
The Orenburg Shawl is one of the classic symbols of Russian handicraft, along with along with Tula Samovar, Matrioshka, Khohloma painting, Gzhel, Palekh, Vologda lace, Dymkovo toys, Rostov finift , and Ural malachite...
s. The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes.
Architecture
A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural RiverUral River
The Ural or Jayıq/Zhayyq , known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan. It arises in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. Its total length is 1,511 mi making it the third longest river in Europe after the Volga and the Danube...
is one of the most notable places in Orenburg.
Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design. It is a 200 metres (656.2 ft) tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys .
Notable residents
- Ivan KrylovIvan KrylovIvan Andreyevich Krylov is Russia's best known fabulist. While many of his earlier fables were loosely based on Aesop and Jean de La Fontaine, later fables were original work, often satirizing the incompetent bureaucracy that was stifling social progress in his time.-Life:Ivan Krylov was born in...
(1769–1844), Russia's best known fabulist. - Vasily Alekseevich PerovskyVasily Alekseevich PerovskyCount Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky was an imperial Russian general and statesman.After studying in Moscow University, he joined the emperor's retinue in 1811...
(1794—1857), prominent Russian statesman, Count, Governor of Orenburg Province from 1833–1842 and 1851-1857 - Vladimir Dahl (1801–1872), Russian lexicographer
- Yevgraf FyodorovYevgraf FyodorovYevgraf Stepanovich Fyodorov, sometimes spelled Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov , was a Russian mathematician, crystallographer, and mineralogist....
(1853–1919), mathematician, crystallographer, and mineralogist - Paul NazaroffPaul NazaroffPaul Nazaroff was a Russian geologist and writer who was caught up in the Russian Revolution, and became the leader of a plot to overthrow Bolshevik rule in Central Asia....
(1890–1942), Russian geologist and writer - Joseph KesselJoseph KesselJoseph Kessel was a French journalist and novelist.He was born in Villa Clara, Entre Ríos, Argentina, because of the constant journeys of his father, a Lithuanian doctor of Jewish origin. Joseph Kessel lived the first years of his childhood in Orenburg, Russia, before the family moved to France...
(1898–1979), French journalist and novelist - Musa CälilMusa CälilMusa Cälil was a Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter. He is the only poet of the Soviet Union who was simultaneously awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union award for his resistance fighting, and the Lenin Prize for authoring The Moabit Notebooks; both the awards were awarded to him...
(1906–1944), Tatar poet - Alexander SchmorellAlexander SchmorellAlexander Schmorell was one of five Munich University students who formed a resistance group known as White Rose which was active against Germany's Nazi regime from June 1942 to February 1943.-Early life:Schmorell's father, a medical doctor, was a German born and raised in Russia...
(1917–1943), one of five Munich University students who formed anti-Nazi group known as White RoseWhite RoseThe White Rose was a non-violent/intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor...
, Weiße Rose. - Mstislav RostropovichMstislav RostropovichMstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich, KBE , known to close friends as Slava, was a Soviet and Russian cellist and conductor. He was married to the soprano Galina Vishnevskaya. He is widely considered to have been the greatest cellist of the second half of the 20th century, and one of the greatest of...
1927–2007), Russian cellist - Yuri GagarinYuri GagarinYuri Alekseyevich Gagarin was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into outer space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on April 12, 1961....
(1934–1968), Soviet cosmonaut - Denis IstominDenis IstominDenis Istomin is a professional Uzbek tennis player. His career high rank is #39, achieved on August 30, 2010. He is coached by his mother.- 2006 :...
(born 1986), tennis player
Honors
The asteroidAsteroid
Asteroids are a class of small Solar System bodies in orbit around the Sun. They have also been called planetoids, especially the larger ones...
27709 Orenburg
27709 Orenburg
27709 Orenburg is a main-belt asteroid discovered on February 13, 1988 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory. It is named after the Russian city of Orenburg.- External links :*...
was named after the city on June 1, 2007.
Sister cities
Orenburg has the following sister cities: KhujandKhujand
Khujand , also transliterated as Khudzhand, , formerly Khodjend or Khodzhent until 1936 and Leninabad until 1991, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan. It is situated on the Syr Darya River at the mouth of the Fergana Valley...
, Tajikistan
Tajikistan
Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east....
Legnica
Legnica
Legnica is a town in south-western Poland, in Silesia, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the plain of Legnica, riverside: Kaczawa and Czarna Woda. Between 1 June 1975 and 31 December 1998 Legnica was the capital of the Legnica Voivodeship. It is currently the seat of the county...
, Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
Orlando
Orlando, Florida
Orlando is a city in the central region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Orange County, and the center of the Greater Orlando metropolitan area. According to the 2010 US Census, the city had a population of 238,300, making Orlando the 79th largest city in the United States...
, United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
Ufa
Ufa
-Demographics:Nationally, dominated by Russian , Bashkirs and Tatars . In addition, numerous are Ukrainians , Chuvash , Mari , Belarusians , Mordovians , Armenian , Germans , Jews , Azeris .-Government and administration:Local...
, Russia Oral
Oral, Kazakhstan
Oral , Uralsk in Russian, formerly known as Yaitsk , is a city in northwestern Kazakhstan, at the confluence of the Ural and Chogan Rivers close to the Russian border. As it is located on the western side of the Ural river, it is considered geographically in Europe. It has a population of 350,000...
, Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...