The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...

is a landlocked sovereign country located in the Horn of Africa

Horn of Africa

The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...

. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea

Eritrea

Eritrea , officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. Eritrea derives it's name from the Greek word Erethria, meaning 'red land'. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast...

 to the north, Sudan

Sudan

Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...

 to the west, South Sudan

South Sudan

South Sudan , officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country located in the Sahel region of northeastern Africa. It is also part of the North Africa UN sub-region. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city; the capital city is planned to be moved to the more...

 to the south-west, Kenya

Kenya

Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...

 to the south, Somalia

Somalia

Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...

 to the east and Djibouti

Djibouti

Djibouti , officially the Republic of Djibouti , is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east...

 to the north-east.

Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world and Africa's second-most populous nation. Ethiopia has yielded some of humanity's oldest traces, making the area important in the history of human evolution

Human evolution

Human evolution refers to the evolutionary history of the genus Homo, including the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species and as a unique category of hominids and mammals...

. Recent studies claim that the vicinity of present-day Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia...

 was the point from which human beings migrated around the world. Ethiopian dynastic history traditionally began with the reign of Emperor Menelik I

Menelik I

Menelik I , first Jewish Emperor of Ethiopia, is traditionally believed to be the son of King Solomon of ancient Israel and Makeda, ancient Ethiopia Queen of Sheba. He ruled around 950 BC, according to traditional sources...

 in 1000 BC. The roots of the Ethiopian state are similarly deep, dating with unbroken continuity to at least the Aksumite Empire

Aksumite Empire

The Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, also known as the Aksumite Empire, was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period ca. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD...

 (which adopted the name "Ethiopia" in the 4th century) and its predecessor state, D`mt (with early 1st millennium BC roots). After a period of decentralized power in the 18th and early 19th centuries known as the Zemene Mesafint

Zemene Mesafint

The Zemene Mesafint was a period in Ethiopian history when the country was rent by conflicts between warlords, the Emperor was reduced to little more than a figurehead confined to the capital city of...

 ("Era of the Judges/Princes"), the country was reunited in 1855 by Kassa Hailu, who became Emperor Tewodros II

Tewodros II of Ethiopia

Tewodros II was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1855 until his death....

, beginning Ethiopia's modern history. Ethiopia's borders underwent significant territorial expansion to its modern borders for the rest of the century, especially by Emperor Menelik II and Ras Gobena

Ras Gobena

Ras Gobena Dacche was an ethnic Oromo member of the Shewan aristocrats of central Ethiopia in the mid-19th century...

, culminating in its victory over the Italians at the Battle of Adwa in 1896 with the military leadership of Ras Makonnen

Ras Makonnen

Ras Mäkonnen Wäldä-Mika'él Guddisa, also Makonnen Wolde Mikael Gudessa or simply as Ras Makonnen, was a general and the governor of Harar province in Ethiopia, and the father of Tafari Mäkonnen, later known as the Emperor Haile Selassie I. His father was Fitawrari Woldemikael Guddessa of a noble...

, and ensuring its sovereignty and freedom from colonization. It was brutally occupied by Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism....

's Fascist Italy

Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

The Kingdom of Italy was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was its legal predecessor state...

 from 1936 to 1941, ending with its liberation by British Empire and Ethiopian Patriot forces.

Having converted during the 4th century, it is also the second-oldest country to become officially Christian

Christianity

Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings...

, after Armenia

Armenia

Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...

. Since 1974, it has been secular and has also had a considerable Muslim community since the earliest days of Islam

Islam

Islam . The most common are and .   : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...

. Historically a relatively isolated mountain country, Ethiopia by the mid 20th century became a crossroads of global international cooperation

International organization

An intergovernmental organization, sometimes rendered as an international governmental organization and both abbreviated as IGO, is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states , or of other intergovernmental organizations...

. It became a member of the League of Nations

League of Nations

The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...

 in 1923, signed the Declaration by United Nations

Declaration by United Nations

The Declaration by United Nations was a World War II document agreed to on January 1, 1942 during the Arcadia Conference by 26 governments: the Allied "Big Four" , nine American allies in Central America and the Caribbean, the four British Dominions, British India, and eight Allied...

 in 1942, and was one of the fifty-one original members of the United Nations

United Nations

The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...

 (UN). The headquarters of United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa was established in 1958 by the United Nations Economic and Social Council to encourage economic cooperation among its member states following a recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly.It is one of five regional commissions.The ECA...

 (UNECA) is in Addis Ababa, as is the headquarters of the African Union

African Union

The African Union is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only all-African state not in the AU is Morocco. Established on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity...

 (formerly the Organisation of African Unity), of which Ethiopia was the principal founder. There are about forty-five Ethiopian embassies and consulates around the world.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Ethiopia:

General reference

• Pronunciation: iːθiˈoʊpiə
• Common English country name: Ethiopia
  Ethiopia
  Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
  
  
• Official English country name: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
• Common endonym(s):
• Official endonym(s):
• Adjectival(s): Ethiopian
  Ethiopian
  Ethiopian may refer to:* Something of, from, or related to the country of Ethiopia* A person from Ethiopia, or of Ethiopian descent. For information about the Ethiopian people, see Demographics of Ethiopia and Culture of Ethiopia. For specific persons, see List of Ethiopians.* Ethiopian Semitic...
  
  
• Demonym(s):
• Etymology
  Etymology
  Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
  
  : Name of Ethiopia
• International rankings of Ethiopia
  International rankings of Ethiopia
  The following are international rankings of -Economy:*United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Index ranked 171 out of 182*World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 ranked 118 out of 133 -Military:...
  
  
• ISO country codes: ET, ETH, 231
• ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:ET
  ISO 3166-2:ET
  ISO 3166-2:ET is the entry for Ethiopia in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.Currently for Ethiopia, ISO 3166-2 codes are...
  
  
• Internet
  Internet
  The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
  
   country code top-level domain
  Country code top-level domain
  A country code top-level domain is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, a sovereign state, or a dependent territory....
  
  : .et
  .et
  .et is the country code top-level domain for Ethiopia. It is also the French and Latin word for "And". This would allow for many domain hacks, if it weren't for the fact that second level domain names aren't sold...
  
  

Geography of Ethiopia

• Ethiopia is: a landlocked country
• Location:
  • Eastern Hemisphere
    Eastern Hemisphere
    The Eastern Hemisphere, also Eastern hemisphere or eastern hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the Prime Meridian and west of 180° longitude. It is also used to refer to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, vis-à-vis the Western Hemisphere, which includes...
    
     and Northern Hemisphere
    Northern Hemisphere
    The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator...
    
    
  • Africa
    Africa
    Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
    
    
    • North Africa
      North Africa
      North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
      
      
    • East Africa
      East Africa
      East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
      
      
      • Horn of Africa
        Horn of Africa
        The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
        
        
  • Time zone
    Time zone
    A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. In order for the same clock time to always correspond to the same portion of the day as the Earth rotates , different places on the Earth need to have different clock times...
    
    : East Africa Time
    East Africa Time
    East Africa Time, or EAT, is a time zone used in eastern Africa. The zone is three hours ahead of UTC , which is the same as Arabia Standard Time, and also the same as Eastern European Summer Time....
    
     (UTC+03)
  • Extreme points of Ethiopia
    Extreme points of Ethiopia
    The extreme points of Ethiopia include the coordinates that are further north, south, east or west than any other location in Ethiopia; and the highest and the lowest elevations in the country...
    
    
    • High: Ras Dejen
      Ras Dashen
      Ras Dashen is the highest mountain in Ethiopia. Part of Semien Mountains National Park, it reaches an elevation of 4,550 metres...
      
       4550 m (14,928 ft)
    • Low: Denakil Depression -125 m
  • Land boundaries: 5,328 km

 Sudan 723 km

883 km

 Somalia 1,600 km

 Eritrea 912 km

 Kenya 861 km

 Djibouti 349 km

• Coastline: none
• Population of Ethiopia: 79,221,000 (July 2008) - 15th most populous country
• Area of Ethiopia: 1,104,300 km²
• Atlas of Ethiopia

Environment of Ethiopia

• Climate of Ethiopia
• Environmental issues in Ethiopia
  Environmental issues in Ethiopia
  As in many neighboring countries, most environmental issues in Ethiopia relate to deforestation and endangered species.-Geological issues:The Great Rift Valley is geologically active and susceptible to earthquakes. Hot springs and active volcanoes are found in its extreme east close to the Red Sea...
  
  
• Ecoregions in Ethiopia
• Renewable energy in Ethiopia
• Geology of Ethiopia
• Protected areas of Ethiopia
  • Biosphere reserves in Ethiopia
  • National parks of Ethiopia
• Wildlife of Ethiopia
  Wildlife of Ethiopia
  Ethiopia has a large variety of indigenous plant and animal species. In some areas, the mountains are covered with shrubs such as pyracantha, jasmine, poinsettia, and a varied assortment of evergreens. Caraway, carcade, cardamom, chat, coriander, incense, myrrh, and red pepper are common...
  
  
  • Flora of Ethiopia
  • Fauna of Ethiopia
    • Birds of Ethiopia
    • Mammals of Ethiopia

Natural geographic features of Ethiopia

• Glaciers in Ethiopia: none
• Islands of Ethiopia
• Lakes of Ethiopia
• Mountains of Ethiopia
  • Volcanoes in Ethiopia
• Rivers of Ethiopia
  • Waterfalls of Ethiopia
• Valleys of Ethiopia
• World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia

Ecoregions of Ethiopia

Main article: Ecoregions in Ethiopia

Administrative divisions of Ethiopia

Main article: Administrative divisions of Ethiopia

Administrative divisions of Ethiopia

Ethiopia has the following administrative divisions:-Regions and chartered cities:The 9 regions or killoch are based on ethnic territoriality:*Afar*Amhara*Benishangul-Gumuz*Gambela*Harari*Oromia*Somali...

• Regions of Ethiopia
  Regions of Ethiopia
  ||Ethiopia is divided into 9 ethnically-based administrative regions and two chartered cities...
  
  
  • Zones of Ethiopia
    Zones of Ethiopia
    ||The regions of Ethiopia are divided into 68 or more zones . The exact number of zones is unclear, as the names and number of zones given in documents by Ethiopia's Central Statistical Agency differ between 2005...
    
    

Municipalities of Ethiopia

• Capital of Ethiopia: Addis Ababa
• Cities of Ethiopia

Government and politics of Ethiopia

Main article: Government of Ethiopia and Politics of Ethiopia

Politics of Ethiopia

Politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government.The prime minister is chosen by the parliament. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and...

• Form of government
  Form of government
  A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".-Empirical and conceptual problems:...
  
  : federal
  Federation
  A federation , also known as a federal state, is a type of sovereign state characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central government...
  
   parliamentary
  Parliamentary system
  A parliamentary system is a system of government in which the ministers of the executive branch get their democratic legitimacy from the legislature and are accountable to that body, such that the executive and legislative branches are intertwined....
  
   republic
  Republic
  A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of...
  
  
• Capital of Ethiopia: Addis Ababa

• Elections in Ethiopia
  Elections in Ethiopia
  At the federal level, Ethiopia elects a legislature. The Federal Parliamentary Assembly has two chambers: the Council of People's Representatives with not more than 550 members as per the constitution but actually nearly 547 members, elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies; and...
  
  
  • (specific elections)
• Political parties in Ethiopia
• Political scandals of Ethiopia
• Taxation in Ethiopia

Executive branch of the government of Ethiopia

• Head of state
  Head of State
  A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
  
  : President of Ethiopia, Girma Wolde-Giorgis
  Girma Wolde-Giorgis
  Girma Wolde-Giorgis is the current President of Ethiopia.- Political career :He was elected President on 8 October 2001, as a relative unknown and a surprise choice, by a unanimous vote of the Ethiopian Parliament. The Ethiopian presidency is largely a symbolic office with little power...
  
  
• Head of government
  Head of government
  Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
  
  : Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Meles Zenawi
  Meles Zenawi
  Meles Zenawi Asres is the Prime Minister of Ethiopia. Since 1985, he has been chairman of the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front , and is currently head of the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front .Meles was born in Adwa, Tigray in Northern Ethiopia, to an Ethiopian father from...
  
  
• Cabinet of Ethiopia

Legislative branch of the government of Ethiopia

• Parliament of Ethiopia (bicameral)
  • Upper house
    Upper house
    An upper house, often called a senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house; a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral.- Possible specific characteristics :...
    
    : House of Federation
    House of Federation
    The House of Federation is the upper house of the bicamerial Parliament of Ethiopia of Ethiopia. It has 112 members....
    
    
  • Lower house
    Lower house
    A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.Despite its official position "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide the lower house has come to wield more power...
    
    : House of People's Representatives
    House of People's Representatives
    The Federal Parliamentary Assembly of Ethiopia has two chambers. The lower house is the House of Peoples' Representatives with 547 members , elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies.-Speakers of the House of Peoples'...
    
    

Judicial branch of the government of Ethiopia

• Supreme Court of Ethiopia

Foreign relations of Ethiopia

• Diplomatic missions in Ethiopia
• Diplomatic missions of Ethiopia
  Diplomatic missions of Ethiopia
  This is a list of diplomatic missions of Ethiopia, excluding honorary consulates. Ethiopia hosts the headquarters of the African Union. Ethiopia maintains a total of 32 embassies.-Europe:** Vienna ** Brussels ** Paris...
  
  
• Foreign aid to Ethiopia
  Foreign aid to Ethiopia
  After World War II, Ethiopia began to receive economic development aid from the more affluent Western countries. Originally the United Kingdom was the primary source of this aid, but they withdrew in 1952, to be replaced by the United States...
  
  

International organization membership

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is a member of:

• African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States (ACP)
• African Development Bank Group (AfDB)
• African Union
  African Union
  The African Union is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only all-African state not in the AU is Morocco. Established on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity...
  
   (AU)
• African Union/United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur (UNAMID)
• Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
  Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
  The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, is a free trade area with nineteen member states stretching from Libya to Zimbabwe. COMESA formed in December 1994, replacing a Preferential Trade Area which had existed since 1981...
  
   (COMESA)
• Food and Agriculture Organization
  Food and Agriculture Organization
  The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and...
  
   (FAO)
• Group of 24 (G24)
• Group of 77
  Group of 77
  The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has...
  
   (G77)
• Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
• International Atomic Energy Agency
  International Atomic Energy Agency
  The International Atomic Energy Agency is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957...
  
   (IAEA)
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is one of five institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The IBRD is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by World War II. Now, its mission has expanded to fight...
  
   (IBRD)
• International Civil Aviation Organization
  International Civil Aviation Organization
  The International Civil Aviation Organization , pronounced , , is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth...
  
   (ICAO)
• International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
• International Development Association
  International Development Association
  The International Development Association , is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries. It complements the World Bank's other lending arm — the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — which serves middle-income countries with capital investment and...
  
   (IDA)
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is a humanitarian institution that is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement along with the ICRC and 186 distinct National Societies...
  
   (IFRCS)
• International Finance Corporation
  International Finance Corporation
  The International Finance Corporation promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries.IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States....
  
   (IFC)
• International Fund for Agricultural Development
  International Fund for Agricultural Development
  The International Fund for Agricultural Development , a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one of the major outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference. IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries...
  
   (IFAD)
• International Labour Organization
  International Labour Organization
  The International Labour Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues pertaining to international labour standards. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Its secretariat — the people who are employed by it throughout the world — is known as the...
  
   (ILO)
• International Maritime Organization
  International Maritime Organization
  The International Maritime Organization , formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization , was established in Geneva in 1948, and came into force ten years later, meeting for the first time in 1959...
  
   (IMO)
• International Monetary Fund
  International Monetary Fund
  The International Monetary Fund is an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world...
  
   (IMF)
• International Olympic Committee
  International Olympic Committee
  The International Olympic Committee is an international corporation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president...
  
   (IOC)
• International Organization for Migration
  International Organization for Migration
  The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization. It was initially established in 1951 as the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration to help resettle people displaced by World War II....
  
   (IOM) (observer)
• International Organization for Standardization
  International Organization for Standardization
  The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial...
  
   (ISO)
• International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human...
  
   (ICRM)

• International Telecommunication Union
  International Telecommunication Union
  The International Telecommunication Union is the specialized agency of the United Nations which is responsible for information and communication technologies...
  
   (ITU)
• International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
  International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
  The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization is an intergovernmental organisation charged with overseeing the public service obligations of Intelsat.-External links:*...
  
   (ITSO)
• International Trade Union Confederation
  International Trade Union Confederation
  The International Trade Union Confederation is the world's largest trade union federation. It was formed on November 1, 2006 out of the merger of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and the World Confederation of Labour...
  
   (ITUC)
• Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency is a member organization of the World Bank Group that offers political risk insurance. It was established to promote foreign direct investment into developing countries. MIGA was founded in 1988 with a capital base of $1 billion and is headquartered in...
  
   (MIGA)
• Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
• Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
• Permanent Court of Arbitration
  Permanent Court of Arbitration
  The Permanent Court of Arbitration , is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands.-History:The court was established in 1899 as one of the acts of the first Hague Peace Conference, which makes it the oldest institution for international dispute resolution.The creation of...
  
   (PCA)
• United Nations
  United Nations
  The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
  
   (UN)
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
  The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues....
  
   (UNCTAD)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
  The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , also known as The UN Refugee Agency is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to...
  
   (UNHCR)
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  The United Nations Industrial Development Organization , French/Spanish acronym ONUDI, is a specialized agency in the United Nations system, headquartered in Vienna, Austria...
  
   (UNIDO)
• United Nations Mission in Liberia
  United Nations Mission in Liberia
  The United Nations Mission in Liberia is a peace-keeping force established in September 2003 to monitor a ceasefire agreement in Liberia following the resignation of President Charles Taylor and the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War....
  
   (UNMIL)
• United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire
  United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire
  The United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire is a peacekeeping mission whose objective is "to facilitate the implementation by the Ivorian parties of the peace agreement signed by them in January 2003"...
  
   (UNOCI)
• Universal Postal Union
  Universal Postal Union
  The Universal Postal Union is an international organization that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to the worldwide postal system. The UPU contains four bodies consisting of the Congress, the Council of Administration , the Postal Operations Council and the...
  
   (UPU)
• World Customs Organization
  World Customs Organization
  The World Customs Organization is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. With its worldwide membership, the WCO is recognized as the voice of the global customs community...
  
   (WCO)
• World Federation of Trade Unions
  World Federation of Trade Unions
  The World Federation of Trade Unions was established in 1945 to replace the International Federation of Trade Unions. Its mission was to bring together trade unions across the world in a single international organization, much like the United Nations...
  
   (WFTU)
• World Health Organization
  World Health Organization
  The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
  
   (WHO)
• World Intellectual Property Organization
  World Intellectual Property Organization
  The World Intellectual Property Organization is one of the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world"....
  
   (WIPO)
• World Meteorological Organization
  World Meteorological Organization
  The World Meteorological Organization is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 189 Member States and Territories. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization , which was founded in 1873...
  
   (WMO)
• World Tourism Organization
  World Tourism Organization
  The World Tourism Organization , based in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. It compiles the World Tourism rankings. The World Tourism Organization is a significant global body, concerned with the collection and collation of statistical information...
  
   (UNWTO)
• World Trade Organization
  World Trade Organization
  The World Trade Organization is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , which commenced in 1948...
  
   (WTO) (observer)

Law and order in Ethiopia

Main article: Law of Ethiopia

• Capital punishment in Ethiopia
• Constitution of Ethiopia
• Crime in Ethiopia
• Human rights in Ethiopia
  Human rights in Ethiopia
  According to the U.S. Department of State's human rights report for 2004 and similar sources, the Ethiopian government's human rights "remained poor; although there were improvements, serious problems remained." The report listed numerous cases where police and security forces are said to have...
  
  
  • LGBT rights in Ethiopia
    LGBT rights in Ethiopia
    Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender rights in Ethiopia do not exists; all homosexual activity is recognized by Ethiopian law as a sexual crime, and the promotion of homosexuality is overwhelmingly rejected by Ethiopian .....
    
    
  • Freedom of religion in Ethiopia
• Law enforcement in Ethiopia
  Law enforcement in Ethiopia
  Law enforcement in Ethiopia has been since a reorganization in October 2000, the responsibility of the national police which is overseen by the Federal Police Commission. This commission reports to the Ministry of Federal Affairs, which in turn is responsible to the parliament; however, this...
  
  

Military of Ethiopia

Main article: Military of Ethiopia

Military of Ethiopia

The Ethiopian National Defense Force is the military of Ethiopia. Civil direction of the military is carried out through the Ministry of Defense, which oversees the ground forces, air force, as well as the Defense Industry Sector. The current defense minister is Siraj Fergessa. . Size of the ENDF...

• Command
  • Commander-in-chief
    Commander-in-Chief
    A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
    
    :
    • Ministry of Defence of Ethiopia
      Ministry of Defense (Ethiopia)
      The Ministry of National Defense of Ethiopia is a cabinet level office in charge of defense related matters of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia...
      
      
• Forces
  • Army of Ethiopia
  • Navy of Ethiopia
  • Air Force of Ethiopia
  • Special forces of Ethiopia
• Military history of Ethiopia
  Military history of Ethiopia
  The Military history of Ethiopia dates back to the formation of the modern nation in 980 BC. Ethiopia has been involved in most major conflicts in the African region.-First Italo-Abyssinian War:...
  
  
• Military ranks of Ethiopia

History of Ethiopia

Main article: History of Ethiopia

History of Ethiopia

This article covers the prehistory and history of Ethiopia.-Prehistory:Lucy, discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar region, is considered the world's second-oldest, but most complete and best preserved, adult Australopithecine fossil...

, Timeline of the history of Ethiopia, and Current events of Ethiopia

• Economic history of Ethiopia
• Military history of Ethiopia
  Military history of Ethiopia
  The Military history of Ethiopia dates back to the formation of the modern nation in 980 BC. Ethiopia has been involved in most major conflicts in the African region.-First Italo-Abyssinian War:...
  
  

Culture of Ethiopia

Main article: Culture of Ethiopia

Culture of Ethiopia

Ethiopian culture is multi-faceted, reflecting the ethnic diversity of the country; refer the articles on the Ethnic groups of Ethiopia for details of each group.Among many traditional customs, respect is important...

• Architecture of Ethiopia
• Cuisine of Ethiopia
  Cuisine of Ethiopia
  Ethiopian cuisine and Eritrean cuisine characteristically consist of spicy vegetable and meat dishes, usually in the form of wat , a thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread, which is about 50 centimeters in diameter and made out of fermented teff flour...
  
  
• Festivals in Ethiopia
• Humor in Ethiopia
• Languages of Ethiopia
  Languages of Ethiopia
  There are 90 individual languages of Ethiopia according to Ethnologue . Most belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family , with Nilo-Saharan languages also spoken by the nation's Nilotic ethnic minorities.Charles A...
  
  
• Media in Ethiopia
  Media in Ethiopia
  The Media in Ethiopia consists of radio and television, which remain under the control of the Ethiopian government, as well as private newspapers and magazines. In comparison to the length of Ethiopia's over-2,000-year history as a sovereign nation, the media is a very recent phenomenon.Ten radio...
  
  
• National symbols of Ethiopia
  • Coat of arms of Ethiopia
  • Flag of Ethiopia
    Flag of Ethiopia
    The flag of Ethiopia is a flag that was adopted on February 6, 1996. It conforms to the specifications set forth in article 3 of the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia. The three traditional colours date back to Emperor Menelik and were first used in a flag in 1897...
    
    
  • National anthem of Ethiopia
• People of Ethiopia
  People of Ethiopia
  Ethiopia's population is highly diverse. Most of its people speak a Semitic or Cushitic language. The Oromo, Amhara, and Tigreans make up more than three-fourths of the population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia. Some of these have as few as 10,000 members....
  
  
• Prostitution in Ethiopia
• Public holidays in Ethiopia
  Public holidays in Ethiopia
  The following are public holidays in Ethiopia. Many holidays follow the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.In addition, the following Muslim holidays, which may take place at any time of the year, are observed as public holidays:Template:!...
  
  
• Records of Ethiopia
• Religion in Ethiopia
  Religion in Ethiopia
  A large number of religions are traditionally practiced in Ethiopia, the most numerous today being Orthodox Christianity, followed by Islam. Traditional beliefs, usually categorized as Animism, attract a decreasing number of followers....
  
  
  • Buddhism in Ethiopia
  • Christianity in Ethiopia
    Christianity in Ethiopia
    Christianity in Ethiopia dates to the first century AD, and this long tradition makes Ethiopia unique amongst sub-Saharan African countries. Christianity in this country is divided into several groups...
    
    
  • Hinduism in Ethiopia
    Hinduism in Ethiopia
    -Introduction:Ancient links between India and Ethiopia have existed even before history was recorded during the Auximite period According to historian Richard Pankhurst, "contacts between the land which came to be known as Ethiopia and India date back to the dawn of history." Trade between India...
    
    
  • Islam in Ethiopia
    Islam in Ethiopia
    According to the latest 2007 national census, Islam is the second most widely practised religion in Ethiopia after Christianity, with over 25 million of Ethiopians adhering to Islam according to the 2007 national census, having arrived in Ethiopia in 615...
    
    
  • Judaism in Ethiopia
  • Sikhism in Ethiopia
• World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia

Art in Ethiopia

• Art in Ethiopia
• Cinema of Ethiopia
• Literature of Ethiopia
• Music of Ethiopia
  Music of Ethiopia
  The music of Ethiopia is extremely diverse, with each of Ethiopia's ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Some forms of traditional music are strongly influenced by folk music from elsewhere in the Horn of Africa, especially Somalia. However, Ethiopian religious music also has an...
  
  
• Television in Ethiopia
• Theatre in Ethiopia

Sports in Ethiopia

Main article: Sports in Ethiopia

• Football in Ethiopia
  Football in Ethiopia
  Football is a widely practiced and popular sport in Ethiopia. Although not one of the leading footballing nations in Africa, Ethiopia has nonetheless produced some outstanding teams at both club and international level as well as some talented individual players.-Early years:Football in Ethiopia...
  
  
• Ethiopia at the Olympics
  Ethiopia at the Olympics
  Ethiopia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1956, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1976, 1984 and 1988 Games...
  
  

Economy and infrastructure of Ethiopia

Main article: Economy of Ethiopia

Economy of Ethiopia

The economy of Ethiopia is based on agriculture, which accounts for half of gross domestic product , 43% of exports, and 85% of total employment....

• Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 98th (ninety-eighth)

• Agriculture in Ethiopia
  Agriculture in Ethiopia
  Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product , 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment....
  
  
  • Coffee production in Ethiopia
    Coffee production in Ethiopia
    The coffee production in Ethiopia is critical to the Ethiopian economy with about 25% of the population depending directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood...
    
    
  • Fishing in Ethiopia
    Fishing in Ethiopia
    Ethiopia has many lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. However, fishing contributed less than 1 percent of the Gross domestic product in 1987. Further, a study reported that only 15,389 tonnes were actually caught in 2001, 30% of an estimated potential of 51,481 tonnes....
    
    
  • Forestry in Ethiopia
    Forestry in Ethiopia
    In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The northern parts of the highlands...
    
    
• Banking in Ethiopia
  • National Bank of Ethiopia
    National Bank of Ethiopia
    The National Bank of Ethiopia is the central bank of Ethiopia. Its headquarters are in the capital city of Addis Ababa. The bank's name is abbreviated to NBE.-History:...
    
    
• Communications in Ethiopia
  Communications in Ethiopia
  Telecommunications in Ethiopia is currently a monopoly in the control of the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation ; all telephone service and internet access requires ETC to be involved. As of 2006, 866,700 cellular phones and 725,000 main line phones were in use.-Overview:The telephone system...
  
  
  • Internet in Ethiopia
    Internet in Ethiopia
    Ethiopia has the second lowest Internet penetration rate in sub-Saharan Africa and is currently attempting a broad expansion of access throughout the country. These efforts have been hampered by the largely rural makeup of the Ethiopian population and the government’s refusal to permit any...
    
    
• Land reform in Ethiopia
  Land reform in Ethiopia
  The problem of Land reform in Ethiopia has hampered that country's economic development throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries. Attempts to modernize land ownership by giving title either to the peasants who till the soil, or to large-scale farming programs, have been tried under imperial...
  
  
• Companies of Ethiopia
• Currency of Ethiopia
  Currency
  In economics, currency refers to a generally accepted medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply...
  
  : Birr
  Ethiopian birr
  The birr is the unit of currency in Ethiopia. Before 1976, dollar was the official English translation of birr. Today, it is officially birr in English as well....
  
  
  • ISO 4217
    ISO 4217
    ISO 4217 is a standard published by the International Standards Organization, which delineates currency designators, country codes , and references to minor units in three tables:* Table A.1 – Current currency & funds code list...
    
    : ETB
    ETB
    ETB may refer to:* End Transmission Block, a control code in computing* Euskal Telebista, the Basque Country public broadcast service* The Economics and Trade Branch of the United Nations* Electric trolleybus* An exchange code for the Ethiopian birr...
    
    
• Economic history of Ethiopia
• Energy in Ethiopia
  Energy in Ethiopia
  Energy in Ethiopia is an industry lacking in natural resources, though it has plenty of potential.-Hydropower:Hydropower accounts for the bulk of Ethiopia's electric power generating capacity and output. In 2002, the country's generating capacity stood at 501 MW, with hydropower accounting for...
  
  
  • Energy policy of Ethiopia
  • Oil industry in Ethiopia
• Health care in Ethiopia
• Mining in Ethiopia
• Ethiopia Stock Exchange
  • Addis Ababa Stock Exchange
• Tourism in Ethiopia
  Tourism in Ethiopia
  Tourism in Ethiopia accounted for 5.5% of the country's gross domestic product in 2006, having barely increased 2% over the previous year. The government is proving its commitment and willingness to develop tourism through a number of initiatives...
  
  
• Trade unions in Ethiopia
  Trade unions in Ethiopia
  The trade unions of Ethiopia have a total membership of approximately 300,000. Over 203,000 are members of the Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions ....
  
  
• Transport in Ethiopia
  Transport in Ethiopia
  Transportation infrastructure in Ethiopia has been neglected for decades, but is now a priority of the government of Ethiopia. Most of the roads and railways are now under construction, and will be completed between 2011 and 2014...
  
  
  • Airports in Ethiopia
  • Rail transport in Ethiopia
  • Roads in Ethiopia
• Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia
  Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia
  Access to water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia is amongst the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa and the entire world. While access has increased substantially with funding from external aid, much still remains to be done to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving the share of people...
  
  

See also

• Index of Ethiopia-related articles
• List of Ethiopia-related topics
• List of international rankings
• Member state of the United Nations
• Outline of Africa
  Outline of Africa
  The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to the continent Africa:Africa – world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia.-Geography of Africa:* Atlas of Africa* List of cities in Africa...
  
  
• Outline of geography
  Outline of geography
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography:Geography – science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.- Geography is :...
  
  

External links

Overview

• Rural poverty in Ethiopia (IFAD)
• Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia, Geopolicity Inc. (Peter Middlebrook
  Peter Middlebrook
  Dr. Peter J. Middlebrook is the Managing Director of Geopolicity Inc., and an English political economist/Political Scientist and Emerging Markets expert specializing in fragile states, international relations and the development of Transition economies...
  
  )

Education

• Addis Ababa University
• Arba Minch University
• Bahir Dar University
• Debub University
• Gondar University
• Haramaya University
• Jimma University
• Mekelle University

Health

• List of Hospitals in Ethiopia

Directory

• EthioFile.com
• Meet Ethiopia

Tourism

• Ethiopian Airlines
• Ethiopian Hotels Guide
• Ethiopian Tourism Commission
• Ethiopian Tourism information

Photos

• Ethiopian photogallery
• Ethiopia Photo Gallery

Government

• Official Ethiopian News online
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia
• Walta Information Center
• Aiga Forum

Independent Ethiopian Web sites

• Ethiopian Community Association of Chicago
• EthioTube - Broadcast Ethiopia
• Addis Fortune
• yebbo travel
• Jimma Times
• Capital Ethiopia
• nazret.com
• CyberEthiopia
• Ethioindex
• Ethiopian Discussion Forum
• Made in Ethiopia
• Ethio2k
• Ethiofact
• EthioStartPage
• Ethiotrans
• Ethiopian Millennium
• Ethiopian Cult Information Center(ECIC)
• addisalem.com
• ethiospaces.com