Transnistria

Transnistria

Transnistria is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine...

, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, is a breakaway republic

Republic

A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of...

 within the internationally recognised borders of Moldova

Moldova

Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part...

 with the official status of an autonomous territory. Although only partially recognised, it is claimed in whole by Moldova as its de jure

De jure

De jure is an expression that means "concerning law", as contrasted with de facto, which means "concerning fact".De jure = 'Legally', De facto = 'In fact'....

 territory, it is de facto

De facto

De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...

 independent

Independence

Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory....

 and functions like a state. It is organised as a presidential republic, with its own government, parliament, military, police, and postal system. Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, a national anthem, and a coat of arms.

Transnistria is located mostly in a strip between the Dniester River and Ukraine

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...

. After the dissolution of the USSR, Transnistria declared independence leading to the war with Moldova

War of Transnistria

The War of Transnistria was a limited conflict that broke out in November 1990 at Dubăsari between pro-Transnistria forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and Cossack units, and supported by elements of the Russian 14th army, and pro-Moldovan forces, including Moldovan...

 that started in March 1992 and was concluded by the ceasefire

Ceasefire

A ceasefire is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty, but they have also been called as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces...

 of July 1992. As part of that agreement, a three-party (Russia

Russia

Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...

, Moldova, PMR) Joint Control Commission

Joint Control Commission

The Joint Control Commission , is a tri-lateral peacekeeping force and joint military command structure which operates in a buffer zone on the border between the Republic of Moldova and the disputed territory controlled by the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic .-History:Following the War of...

 supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarized zone

Demilitarized zone

In military terms, a demilitarized zone is an area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers , where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice, or other bilateral or multilateral agreement...

, comprising 20 localities on both sides of the river. Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved, and Transnistria has been de facto independent since that time.

Transnistria is sometimes compared with other post-Soviet frozen conflict zones such as Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains...

, Abkhazia

Abkhazia

Abkhazia is a disputed political entity on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus.Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Apsny...

, and South Ossetia

South Ossetia

South Ossetia or Tskhinvali Region is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic....

. These states all recognise Transnistrian sovereignty.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Transnistria:

General reference

• Pronunciation
  International Phonetic Alphabet
  The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...
  
  :
• Common English country name: Transnistria
  Transnistria
  Transnistria is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine...
  
  
• Official English country name: The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
• Common endonym(s):
• Official endonym(s):
• Adjectival(s):
• Demonym(s):
• Etymology
  Etymology
  Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
  
  : Name of Transnistria
• ISO country codes: See the Outline of Moldova
• ISO region codes: See the Outline of Moldova
• Internet
  Internet
  The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
  
   country code top-level domain
  Country code top-level domain
  A country code top-level domain is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, a sovereign state, or a dependent territory....
  
  : See the Outline of Moldova

Geography of Transnistria

• Transnistria is: a de facto
  De facto
  De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
  
   independent
  Independence
  Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory....
  
   though a partially recognised sovereign state
  Sovereign state
  A sovereign state, or simply, state, is a state with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood to be a state which is neither...
  
  
• Location:
  • Northern Hemisphere
    Northern Hemisphere
    The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator...
    
     and Eastern Hemisphere
    Eastern Hemisphere
    The Eastern Hemisphere, also Eastern hemisphere or eastern hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the Prime Meridian and west of 180° longitude. It is also used to refer to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, vis-à-vis the Western Hemisphere, which includes...
    
    
  • Eurasia
    Eurasia
    Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
    
    
    • Europe
      Europe
      Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
      
      
      • Eastern Europe
        Eastern Europe
        Eastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...
        
        
  • Time zone
    Time zone
    A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. In order for the same clock time to always correspond to the same portion of the day as the Earth rotates , different places on the Earth need to have different clock times...
    
    : Eastern European Time
    Eastern European Time
    Eastern European Time is one of the names of UTC+02:00 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in some European countries that also use Eastern European Summer Time as a summer daylight saving time.- Usage :...
    
     (UTC+02), Eastern European Summer Time
    Eastern European Summer Time
    Eastern European Summer Time is one of the names of UTC+3 time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used as a summer daylight saving time in some European, North African, and Middle Eastern countries...
    
     (UTC+03)
  • Extreme points of Transnistria
• Population of Transnistria:
• Area of Transnistria: 4163 km²
• Atlas of Transnistria

Environment of Transnistria

• Climate of Transnistria
• World Heritage Sites in Transnistria: None

Ecoregions of Transnistria

Administrative divisions of Transnistria

• Raions of Transnistria
  • Municipalities of Transnistria

Raions of Transnistria

• Camenca
  Administrative Region of Camenca
  Camenca sub-district is an administrative sub-region of Transnistria, Moldova. Its seat is the town of Camenca . The district contains this town and 12 communes :...
  
   (Кáменка, Kamenka)
• Dubăsari
  Administrative Region of Dubasari
  Dubăsari sub-district, is an administrative sub-region of Transnistria, Moldova. It is located along the river Dniester, in the center of Transnsitria. Its seat is the city of Dubăsari...
  
   (Дубоссáры, Dubossary)
• Grigoriopol
  Administrative Region of Grigoriopol
  right|100pxGrigoriopol sub-district is an administrative sub-district of Transnistria, Moldova. It is located along the river Dniester, in the center of Transnsitria. Its seat is the city of Grigoriopol, located at , on the river Dniester...
  
   (Григориóполь)
• Rîbniţa
  Rîbnita (Administrative Region)
  Rîbniţa sub-district, also spelled Râbniţa sub-district . It is located at . The district contains this city and 22 communes :...
  
   (Рыбница, Rybnitsa)
• Slobozia
  Administrative Region of Slobozia
  Slobozia sub-district is an administrative sub-district of Transnistria, Moldova. It is the southernmost sub-district of Transnistria, located mostly south of Tiraspol. Its seat is the city of Slobozia, located at , on the river Dniester...
  
   (Слободзéя)

Municipalities of Transnistria

• Capital of Transnistria: Tiraspol
• Cities of Transnistria

• Bendery (Бендéры), officially a separate municipality from Transnistria
• Tiraspol
  Tiraspol
  Tiraspol is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic . The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River...
  
   (Тирáсполь)

Demography of Transnistria

• Demographic history of Transnistria
  Demographic history of Transnistria
  A demographic history of Transnistria shows that actual Transnistria has been home to numerous ethnic groups, in varying proportions, over time. Until the early 19th century, it was sparsely populated...
  
  

Government and politics of Transnistria

Main article: Government of Transnistria

Government of Transnistria

The Government of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is the political leadership of the unrecognized, but de facto independent, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, better known in English as Transnistria.-Executive branch:...

 and Politics of Transnistria

Politics of Transnistria

Politics of Transnistria, a de facto independent state situated de jure within the Republic of Moldova in Eastern Europe, takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Transnistria is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the...

• Form of government
  Form of government
  A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".-Empirical and conceptual problems:...
  
  : Presidential republic
• Capital of Transnistria: Tiraspol

• Elections in Transnistria
  • (specific elections)
• Political parties in Transnistria
• Political scandals of Transnistria
• Taxation in Transnistria

Executive branch of the government of Transnistria

• Head of state
  Head of State
  A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
  
  : President of Transnistria
  President of Transnistria
  The President of Transnistria is the highest elected official of Transnistria, a small unrecognized country which declared independence from Moldova in 1990. The president of the republic is the country's head of state and is commander in chief...
  
  , Igor Smirnov
  Igor Smirnov
  Igor Nikolaevich Smirnov , is the President of the internationally unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic, also known as Transnistria. He has held this post since 1990.- Childhood :...
  
  
• Cabinet of Transnistria

Legislative branch of the government of Transnistria

• Parliament of Transnistria (unicameral)

Judicial branch of the government of Transnistria

• Supreme Court of Transnistria

Foreign relations of Transnistria

• Diplomatic missions in Transnistria
• Diplomatic missions of Transnistria

Law and order in Transnistria

• Capital punishment in Transnistria
• Constitution of Transnistria
  Constitution of Transnistria
  The current Constitution of Transnistria was approved by national referendum on 24 December 1995, and signed into law by the President of Transnistria on 17 January 1996. As part of the territory's move towards market based reforms, it was modified on 30 June 2000.The constitution provides for a...
  
  
• Crime in Transnistria
  Crime in Transnistria
  Crime in Transnistria covers criminality-related incidents in the breakaway Republic of Transnistria, still nominally part of Moldova.-EUBAM border controls and smuggling issues:Transnistria has a reputation of being a haven for smuggling...
  
  
• Human rights in Transnistria
  Human rights in Transnistria
  The human rights record of Transnistria has been criticized by several governments and international organizations. The Republic of Moldova, as well as other states and non-governmental organizations claim that the government of Transnistria is authoritarian and has a record of arbitrary arrest...
  
  
  • LGBT rights in Transnistria
  • Freedom of religion in Transnistria
• Law enforcement in Transnistria
  Law enforcement in Transnistria
  Law enforcement in Transnistria is administered by the regions own police force . Transnistria functions as a presidential republic, with its own government, parliament, military and police force, constitution, currency, postal system and stamps, flag, national anthem, and coat of arms...
  
  

Military of Transnistria

• Command
  • Commander-in-chief
    Commander-in-Chief
    A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
    
    :
    • Ministry of Defence of Transnistria
• Forces
  • Army of Transnistria
  • Navy of Transnistria
  • Air Force of Transnistria
  • Special forces of Transnistria
• Military history of Transnistria
• Military ranks of Transnistria

History of Transnistria

Main article: History of Transnistria

History of Transnistria

This is the history of Transnistria.See also the history of Europe.-Antiquity:In ancient times, the area was inhabited by Thracian and Scythian tribes...

, Timeline of the history of Transnistria, and Current events of Transnistria

• History of Transnistria to 1792
• Transnistria Governorate
• Economic history of Transnistria
• Military history of Transnistria

Culture of Transnistria

• Media in Transnistria
  Media in Transnistria
  The media in Transnistria, the breakaway territory within the borders of Moldova, features both state-owned or supported outlets and opposition media. The publishing languages reflect the ethnic makeup of the country, with Moldovan, Ukrainian and Russian language publications. English media is...
  
  
• National symbols of Transnistria
  • Coat of arms of Transnistria
    Coat of arms of Transnistria
    The national emblem of Transnistria is a remodeled version of the former Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic emblem, that was substituted by the internationally-recognized Moldovan government after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The only major change made in the Transnistrian device...
    
    
  • Flag of Transnistria
    Flag of Transnistria
    The flag of Transnistria is a version of the former flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was adopted by the 2000 Law about State Symbols.-History:...
    
    
  • National anthem of Transnistria
• Public holidays in Transnistria
  Public holidays in Transnistria
  Public holidays in Transnistria lists the official public holidays recognized by the breakaway Transnistrian government. On these days, government offices, offices of foreign missions and some shops, are closed...
  
  
• Religion in Transnistria
• World Heritage Sites in Transnistria: None

Economy and infrastructure of Transnistria

• Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007):

• Communications in Transnistria
  • Internet in Transnistria
• Currency of Transnistria
  Currency
  In economics, currency refers to a generally accepted medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply...
  
  : Ruble
  Transnistrian ruble
  The ruble is the official currency of Transnistria. It is divided into 100 kopecks. Since Transnistria is a state with limited international recognition, its currency has no ISO 4217 code. However, unofficially some Transnistrian organisations such as Agroprombank and Gazprombank used the code PRB...
  
  
  • ISO 4217
    ISO 4217
    ISO 4217 is a standard published by the International Standards Organization, which delineates currency designators, country codes , and references to minor units in three tables:* Table A.1 – Current currency & funds code list...
    
    : N/A (informally PRB)

See also

• Index of Transnistria-related articles
• List of international rankings
• List of Transnistria-related topics
• Outline of Europe
• Outline of geography
  Outline of geography
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography:Geography – science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.- Geography is :...
  
  
• Outline of Moldova
  Outline of Moldova
  The Republic of Moldova is a landlocked sovereign country located in Eastern Europe between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. Moldova is a parliamentary democracy with a president as its head of state and a prime minister as its head of government...
  
  

External links

• BBC
  BBC
  The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...
  
  : Profile of Trans-Dniester
• Economist
  Economist
  An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy...
  
  : The black hole that ate Moldova
• OSCE Mission to Moldova
• Radio Free Europe
  Radio Free Europe
  Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty is a broadcaster funded by the U.S. Congress that provides news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East "where the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed"...
  
  : Transdniester Conflict Was Long In The Making
• Jos Boonstra, "Moldova, Transnistria, and European Democracy Polices", FRIDE, February 2007
• Stuart Hensel, Moldova Strategic Conflict Assessment (SCA), Economist Intelligence Unit.

Local links "Chelovek i ego Prava" ("Man and his Rights"), local newspaper Conflict.md, site about the conflict Moldova Azi: News from Moldova, news portal Moldova.org, non-governmental country portal PMR News, English-language news and commentaries
Pridnestrovie.net, official English site of the PMR authorities Transnistria.md, English-language news and interviews VisitPMR.com, official tourist information Website of the Supreme Council (Parliament) of PMR, official site