Paa (film)
Encyclopedia
Paa is a 2009 Indian film directed by R. Balakrishnan (credited onscreen as R. Balki) starring Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

, Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai....

, and Vidya Balan
Vidya Balan
Vidya Balan is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. After graduating with a degree in sociology, she started her career starring in music videos, television shows and commercials, before appearing in feature films....

. The film is based on a rare genetic condition known as progeria
Progeria
Progeria is an extremely rare genetic condition wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" , meaning "before", and "géras" , meaning "old age"...

 and places emphasis on a father-son relationship. Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

 and Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai....

, in real life, are father and son respectively, but in Paa, they played opposite roles. The film was released worldwide on 4 Dec 2009. Veteran composer Ilaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist mainly in the Tamil film Industry. He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India. Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter...

 scored the music. The film was critically acclaimed and a success at the box office, for which Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

 received his third National Film Award for Best Actor
National Film Award for Best Actor
The National Film Award for Best Actor is an honor presented annually at the National Film Awards of India to an actor who has delivered the best performance in a leading role within the Indian film industry.-Background:The Directorate of Film Festivals makes awards annually in several categories...

 and his fifth Filmfare Best Actor Award
Filmfare Best Actor Award
The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The award was first given in 1954....

 and Vidya Balan
Vidya Balan
Vidya Balan is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. After graduating with a degree in sociology, she started her career starring in music videos, television shows and commercials, before appearing in feature films....

 got her first Filmfare Best Actress Award
Filmfare Best Actress Award
The Filmfare Award for Best Actress is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The award was first given in 1954.-Superlatives:...

. Paa deals with a real medical condition that results in accelerated aging.

Plot

Auro (Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

) is an intelligent and witty 12-year-old boy with an extremely rare genetic defect called progeria
Progeria
Progeria is an extremely rare genetic condition wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" , meaning "before", and "géras" , meaning "old age"...

. Mentally he is twelve and very normal, but physically he looks five times older. In spite of his condition, Auro is a very happy boy. He lives with his mother Vidya (Vidya Balan
Vidya Balan
Vidya Balan is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. After graduating with a degree in sociology, she started her career starring in music videos, television shows and commercials, before appearing in feature films....

) who is a gynecologist. Amol Arte (Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai....

) is a young, cold blooded politician. He is out to prove to the world that 'politics' is not a bad word. He is a man with a mission. Auro is Amol's son; however, Vidya conceals this from him. Amol meets Auro when he visits the boy's school. Though he does not know that Auro is his son, he takes him to Delhi to see the president's house. Auro, who knows the truth, tries to get his mother and father back together, but Vidya resists, still hurt by the fact that Amol wanted her to have an abortion when they first found out she was pregnant. Amol realizes his mistake though, and proposes to Vidya, as he is still in love with her. He stays by Auro's side when he finds out that Auro is his son. Auro's health begins to deteriorate as he reaches his 13th birthday, his physical defects catching up. However, he is finally able to reunite his mother and father once again as Vidya gives in to her feelings for Amol and her motherly love for Auro. Auro, succumbing to his disease, says his last words "Maa" and "Paa" before dying with a satisfying smile.

Cast

  • Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

     as Auro
  • Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. After graduating with a degree in sociology, she started her career starring in music videos, television shows and commercials, before appearing in feature films....

     as Vidya
  • Abhishek Bachchan
    Abhishek Bachchan
    Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai....

     as Amol Arte
  • Paresh Rawal
    Paresh Rawal
    Paresh Rawal is an Indian actor of Gujarati background.Making his film debut in 1984, he mainly played supporting and villain roles throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Since 2000 he has mostly played comic roles.- Family and early life :...

     as Mr. Arte
  • Arundhati Nag as Vidya's mother
  • Jaya Bachchan
    Jaya Bachchan
    Jaya Bhaduri Bachchan is an Indian actress and politician. She is an alumna of the Film and Television Institute of India, Pune. Bachchan is the wife of Amitabh Bachchan, and is the mother of Shweta Bachchan-Nanda and Abhishek Bachchan...

     as a Narrator
  • Pratik Katare as Vishnu
  • Swini Khara
    Swini Khara
    Swini Khara is an Indian child actress. She became known for her role as the mischievous Chaitali in Baa, Bahu aur Baby. This was followed by roles in advertisements for ICICI Bank and Lakme- before acting with Amitabh Bachchan in the movie Cheeni Kum...

  • Satyajit Sharma

Production

Maximum parts of this movie were shot in Lucknow
Lucknow
Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh in India. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division....

 and some parts of the film were shot in UK and Malaysia. Some of the filming was done at Cambridge. The clock of Corpus Christi College and courtyard of St. John's College have been shown in a song sequence. The film was also shot in Taiping
Taiping, Perak
Taiping is a town located in northern Perak, Malaysia. With a population of 191,104 , it is the second largest town in Perak after Ipoh, the state capital. Taiping took over Kuala Kangsar's role as the state capital from 1876 to 1937, but was then replaced by Ipoh...

, Malaysia. The King Edward VII school
King Edward VII School (Taiping)
King Edward VII School is a premier school located in Taiping, Perak, Malaysia. It is a premier school. It is also a Smart School which emphasize in the use of Information Technology in academic classes....

 was actually one of the Malaysian local schools.

One of the notable things in the movie was the Amitabh's prosthetic make up. It was done by Hollywood’s Christien Tinsley
Christien Tinsley
Christien Tinsley is a make-up artist. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Makeup for his work in The Passion of the Christ . He won an Academy Award for Technical Achievement in 2008 "for the creation of the transfer techniques for creating and applying 2D and 3D makeup known as Tinsley...

 (famous for his work in The Passion of the Christ
The Passion of the Christ
The Passion of the Christ is a 2004 American drama film directed by Mel Gibson and starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus. It depicts the Passion of Jesus largely according to the New Testament Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John...

, Catwoman and other films) and Dominie Till of The Lord of the Rings film trilogy
The Lord of the Rings film trilogy
The Lord of the Rings is an epic film trilogy consisting of three fantasy adventure films based on the three-volume book of the same name by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King .The films were directed by Peter...

 fame.

There was a plan to make a sequel named Maa, but Balki stopped it. In the words of Balki, "My main aim was not to make a film on progeria
Progeria
Progeria is an extremely rare genetic condition wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" , meaning "before", and "géras" , meaning "old age"...

. My main motive behind making Paa was to reverse the roles of Amitabh and Abhishek. I decided to do something like this because once I was with both of them and I saw Abhishek behaving in a very matured manner. It was then that this idea struck me."

Paa was Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai....

's first venture into producing films for his family company AB Corp. Ltd. Abhishek not only was one of the lead actors in Paa, but was the main hands-on producer in charge of the film's budget, marketing, and the entire production of the film. It took hours for Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

 to put on his makeup and to take it off.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack (songs and the background score) was scored by veteran composer Ilaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist mainly in the Tamil film Industry. He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India. Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter...

. “Gumm Summ Gumm” is based on the Malayalam song "Thumbi Vaa" and Telugu song "Aakasam", which he had composed for the 1981 film Nireekshana
Nireekshana
Nireekshana is a Telugu Drama film directed by Balu Mahendra starring Bhanu Chander and Archana. The music was composed by Maestro Ilayaraja. This movie was released in the year 1982 and remained as all time classic. What is worth noting about this film is the music by Ilayaraja, not only songs...

and 1982 film Olangal
Olangal
Olangal is a 1982 Indian film in Malayalam directed by Balu Mahendra.-Synopsis:Life goes on happily for the couple, Ravi and Radha who live with their only daughter until Father John arrives in the city with a young boy Raju, Ravi's son from an affair with Reetha before his marriage to Radha...

. "Halke Se Bole” is based on the Tamil song “Putham Pudhu Kaalai” from his 1980 film Alaigal Oivathillai
Alaigal Oivathillai
Alaigal Oyivathillai is a 1981 Indian Tamil language film directed by P. Bharathiraja. The film stars Karthik and Radha in the lead roles. -Plot:...

. The song "Mere Paa" is based on his song "Kaatru Vizhi", from Balu Mahendra
Balu Mahendra
Balanathan "Balu" Mahendran is an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, and cinematographer widely regarded as part of the first in a wave of directors and screenwriters from the Chennai film industry who revitalised Tamil cinema...

's film Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam
Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam
Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam is a Tamil film directed by Balu Mahendra released in 2005, starring Dhanush and Priyamani. It was a remake of Balu Mahendra's 1987 Telugu film Nireekshana with slight modifications, but however it was said that the film was based on a true incident.-Box office:*The film...

. The song has an eclectic mix of Irish and Tamil Folk music, both seamlessly fused to create a soothing melody that appears as a leitmotif, in the film's theme music.
Track # Song Singer(s) Duration
1 "Mudhi Mudhi Isteffaq Se" Shilpa Rao
Shilpa Rao
Shilpa Rao is an Indian female playback singer.-Early life:She was born on 11 April 1984 in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Her father S. V. Rao, who held a degree in music, introduced her to music...

 
2:53
2 "Gumm Summ Gumm" Bhavatharini
Bhavatharini
Bhavatharani is an Indian Tamil singer and music director. She is the daughter of film composer Ilaiyaraaja and her brothers are the noted film composers Karthik Raja and Yuvan Shankar Raja and has mostly sung songs under her father and her brothers' direction...

, Shravan
Shravan
Shravan is a Sanskrit word, which literally means listening.* Shravanam is one of the nine most important angas of bhakti.Shravan Kumar belonged to the time when King Dashratha ruled Ayodhya. He was born of poor and blind parents, but they had brought him up remarkably well. He was strong healthy...

 
4:40
3 "Udhi Udhi Iteffaq Se" Shilpa Rao
Shilpa Rao
Shilpa Rao is an Indian female playback singer.-Early life:She was born on 11 April 1984 in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Her father S. V. Rao, who held a degree in music, introduced her to music...

 
2:36
4 "Hichki Hichki" Sunidhi Chauhan
Sunidhi Chauhan
Sunidhi Chauhan is an Indian playback singer, best known for her Hindi film songs in Bollywood. She has also recorded songs for Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Bengali, Assamese and Gujarati films and is credited with over 2000 songs....

 
4:22
5 "Gali Mudhi Ittefaq Se" Shaan
Shaan (singer)
Shaan , is an Indian playback singer, and television host. He hosted the shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs, Star Voice of India and "Star Voice of India 2"...

 
2:40
6 "Halke Se Bole" Chorus
Choir
A choir, chorale or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform.A body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus...

 
1:22
7 "Mere Paa" Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan
Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

 
4:16
8 "Paa Theme [Remix]" Instrumental
Instrumental
An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics or singing, although it might include some non-articulate vocal input; the music is primarily or exclusively produced by musical instruments....

 
3:21

National Film Awards


Star Screen Awards

  • Won Star Screen Award Best Actor
    Star Screen Award Best Actor
    The Star Screen Award Best Actor is chosen via a distinguished panel of judges from the film industry. The winners are announced in January. The winners are listed below:-The first actor to receive this award was Nana Patekar in 1994....

     - Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

  • Won Star Screen Award for Best Actress - Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. After graduating with a degree in sociology, she started her career starring in music videos, television shows and commercials, before appearing in feature films....

  • Won Star Screen Award for Best Child Artist
    Star Screen Award for Best Child Artist
    The ' is a new award conducted by the Star Screen Awards to recognise a great performance by a child actor in the previous year.-Winners:...

     - Pratik Katare
  • Won Star Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress - Arundathi Nag
    Arundathi Nag
    Arundhati Nag is a prominent South Indian polyglot film actress and theatre personality. She has been involved with multilingual Theatre in India, for over 25 years, first in Mumbai where she got involved with Indian People's Theatre Association , and did various productions in Gujarati, Marathi,...

  • Won Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1
    Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1
    The Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1 was first introduced in 2001. The award goes to a pair that have stood out and been appreciated by the Indian audience. Unlike the other awards this one is chosen by the viewers. The winner is announced in January.-Winners:...

     - Amitabh Bacchan along with Abhishek Bachchan
    Abhishek Bachchan
    Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai....

  • Nominated Best Film - Paa
  • Nominated Best Director - R Balki - Paa
  • Nominated Best Background Music - Illaiyaraja
  • Nominated Best Playback Singer (Female) - Shilpa Rao - Mudi mudi
  • Nominated Best Story - R. Balki
  • Nominated Best Screenplay - R. Balki
  • Nominated Best Dialogue - R. Balki
  • Nominated Best Editing - Anil Naidu
  • Nominated Best Cinematography - P. C. Sreeram
  • Nominated Best sound - Tapas

Stardust Awards

  • Won Stardust Star of the Year Award - Male
    Stardust Star of the Year Award - Male
    The Stardust Star of the Year Award – Male is chosen by the readers of the annual Stardust magazine. The award honours a star that has made an impact with their acting in that certain film.Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won....

     - Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

  • Won Stardust Best Supporting Actor Award
    Stardust Best Supporting Actor Award
    The Stardust Best Supporting Actor Award is chosen by the readers of the annual Stardust magazine. The award honours a star that has made an impact with their acting and represents new talent....

     - Abhishek Bachchan
    Abhishek Bachchan
    Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai....

  • Nominated Star Of The Year -Female - Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. After graduating with a degree in sociology, she started her career starring in music videos, television shows and commercials, before appearing in feature films....

    http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/16/5853/index.html

Filmfare Awards

  • Won Filmfare Best Actor Award
    Filmfare Best Actor Award
    The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The award was first given in 1954....

     - Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

  • Won Filmfare Best Actress Award
    Filmfare Best Actress Award
    The Filmfare Award for Best Actress is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The award was first given in 1954.-Superlatives:...

     - Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. After graduating with a degree in sociology, she started her career starring in music videos, television shows and commercials, before appearing in feature films....

  • Nominated Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award
    Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award
    The Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Awards is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role...

     - Arundhati Nag
  • Nominated Filmfare Best Film Award - AB Corp Ltd. - Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

    , Sunil Manchanda
    Sunil Manchanda
    Sunil Manchanda is an Indian film director, film producer, and advertisement producer.His most recently developed movie is Paa.-Career:On December 4, 2009, Paa was released in 34 countries worldwide. It was originally supposed to be produced by Manchanda and Director R Balakrishnan, but was instead...

  • Nominated Filmfare Best Director Award
    Filmfare Best Director Award
    The Filmfare Best Director Award is one of the main awards presented given by the annual Filmfare Awards to recognise directors working in the Hindi film Industry. It was first presented in 1954 in the inaugural year.-Superlatives:...

     - R Balki

IIFA Awards

  • Won IIFA Best Actor Award
    IIFA Best Actor Award
    The IIFA Best Actor award is given annually by the International Indian Film Academy. The recipient is chosen by viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony....

     - Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan
    Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades...

  • Won IIFA Best Actress Award
    IIFA Best Actress Award
    The IIFA Best Actress Award is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the actual ceremony. The most wins are by Rani Mukerji, leading with three consecutive wins.-2000s:* 2000 Aishwarya Rai – Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam as Nandini...

     - Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan
    Vidya Balan is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. After graduating with a degree in sociology, she started her career starring in music videos, television shows and commercials, before appearing in feature films....

  • Won Best Make up Artist
    IIFA Best Makeup Award
    The IIFA Makeup is a technical award chosen ahead of the ceremonies.The winners are listed below:-- See also :* IIFA Awards* Bollywood* Cinema of India...

     - Christien Tinsley, Domini Till
  • Nominated Best Film
    IIFA Best Movie Award
    The IIFA Best Movie Award is chosen via a worldwide poll and the winner is announced at the ceremony.The winners are listed below:...

     - Sunil Manchanda & AB Corp
  • Nominated Best Direction
    IIFA Best Director Award
    The IIFA Best Director Award is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony. The nominations for the category are given by the film fraternity.Sanjay Leela Bhansali has the most wins with 3 awards.The winners are listed below:-...

     - R Balki
  • Nominated Best Supporting Actor
    IIFA Best Supporting Actor Award
    The IIFA Best Supporting Actor is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony. Saif Ali Khan, Arjun Rampal and Abhishek Bachchan are leading with 2 wins.The winners are listed below:-- See also :* IIFA Awards* Bollywood...

     - Abhishek Bachchan
    Abhishek Bachchan
    Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai....

  • Nominated Best Supporting Actress
    IIFA Best Supporting Actress Award
    The IIFA Best Supporting Actress Award is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony.The award is given in the current year but the actress who wins it is awarded for the previous year.The winners are listed below:-- See also :...

     - Arundhati Nag
  • Nominated Best Story
    IIFA Best Story Award
    The IIFA Best Story is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony.The winners are listed below:...

     - R Balki
  • Nominated Best Female Playback Singer
    IIFA Best Female Playback Award
    The IIFA Best Female Playback Award is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony.The winners are listed below:-- See also :* IIFA Awards* Bollywood* Cinema of India...

     - Shilpa Rao
    Shilpa Rao
    Shilpa Rao is an Indian female playback singer.-Early life:She was born on 11 April 1984 in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Her father S. V. Rao, who held a degree in music, introduced her to music...

    - Moodi Moodi

Apsara Film and Television Producers Guild Awards


Other Awards


External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK