Pacaraos Quechua
Encyclopedia
Pacaraos Quechua is a variety of Quechua
spoken until the middle of the 20th century in the community of Pacaraos (Pacaraos District
) in the Peru
vian Lima Region
in the Chancay
valley up to 3000 m above sea level.
The Quechua of Pacaraos was investigated by the Dutch linguist Willem F. H. Adelaar in 1970s, when it was still spoken by women in their sixties and older. Around the year 2000 there were possibly no active speakers left, but there are probably some people with passive knowledge who grew up with their grandparents.
A peculiarity of Pacaraos Quechua is that it does not belong to any of the two main branches of the Quechua family (Waywash and Wampuy). In contrast to other Quechua varianties, the Quechua of Pacaraos has phonemic word accent, which is either on the penultimate or the ultimate syllable. Like the Waywash varieties but in contrast to Wampuy, it ditinguishes between short and long vowels.
The first person of the verb and the possessive form for nouns is expressed by accent on the last syllable and addition of -y, e.g.: tarpuy "to sow" (root: tarpu-) - tarpúy "I sow" (cf. Waywash: tarpuu, Wampuy: tarpuni) - tarpunki "you sow" - tarpun "he/she sows".
The vocabulary of Pacaraos Quechua corresponds in part with Southern Quechua
(e.g. kunan "now"), and partially with Waywash (e.g. yarku- "to rise", akshu, "potato"). Furthermore there are many loanword from Jaqaru or other Aymaran languages
(e.g. achara "old", uni- "to hate", wilka "sun"). Some words of Pacaraos Quechua are unique, e.g. arapu- "to answer", chaqpa "clothes", rapqa- "both".
Pacaraos Quechua shares many suffixes with Waywash, e.g. -ĉaw "in, on, at" or -piqta, -piq "from, out of". The accusative suffix -kta has a long form -kta and a short form -k, the latter being combined with final stress. The negation suffix -su (<*-chu) is often shortened to -s.
The gerund is expressed with -shpa, as in all Wampuy varianties.
The /q/ of Proto-Quechua is a fricative, at the end of a syllable or near a voiceless consonant it is voiceless [x] and otherwise voiced [g]. In contrast to other Quechua varianties it distinguishes between a simple [r] (tap, e.g. rapqan "they both") and a vibrant [rr] (e.g. rraqak "girl"). As in some dialects of Ancash Quechua
/č/ has become [s] (e.g. say "that") and /s/ hast turned to [h] (e.g. huti "name", haĉa "plant" , rrahu "snow"). The retroflex /ĉ/ has been preserved.
Quechua languages
Quechua is a Native South American language family and dialect cluster spoken primarily in the Andes of South America, derived from an original common ancestor language, Proto-Quechua. It is the most widely spoken language family of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, with a total of probably...
spoken until the middle of the 20th century in the community of Pacaraos (Pacaraos District
Pacaraos District
Pacaraos District is one of twelve districts of the province Huaral in Peru.Until the middle of the 20th century, the inhabitants of the village Pacaraos spoke Pacaraos Quechua.-References:...
) in the Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
vian Lima Region
Lima Region
Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions of Peru. Located in the central coast of the country, its regional seat is Huacho....
in the Chancay
Chancay
Chancay is a small city in the Lima Region of Peru. Its population is 26,958....
valley up to 3000 m above sea level.
The Quechua of Pacaraos was investigated by the Dutch linguist Willem F. H. Adelaar in 1970s, when it was still spoken by women in their sixties and older. Around the year 2000 there were possibly no active speakers left, but there are probably some people with passive knowledge who grew up with their grandparents.
A peculiarity of Pacaraos Quechua is that it does not belong to any of the two main branches of the Quechua family (Waywash and Wampuy). In contrast to other Quechua varianties, the Quechua of Pacaraos has phonemic word accent, which is either on the penultimate or the ultimate syllable. Like the Waywash varieties but in contrast to Wampuy, it ditinguishes between short and long vowels.
The first person of the verb and the possessive form for nouns is expressed by accent on the last syllable and addition of -y, e.g.: tarpuy "to sow" (root: tarpu-) - tarpúy "I sow" (cf. Waywash: tarpuu, Wampuy: tarpuni) - tarpunki "you sow" - tarpun "he/she sows".
The vocabulary of Pacaraos Quechua corresponds in part with Southern Quechua
Southern Quechua
Southern Quechua , or only Quechua, is the most widely spoken of the major regional groupings of mutually intelligible dialects within the Quechua language family, with about 5 million speakers...
(e.g. kunan "now"), and partially with Waywash (e.g. yarku- "to rise", akshu, "potato"). Furthermore there are many loanword from Jaqaru or other Aymaran languages
Aymaran languages
Aymaran is one of the two dominant language families of the central Andes, along with Quechuan....
(e.g. achara "old", uni- "to hate", wilka "sun"). Some words of Pacaraos Quechua are unique, e.g. arapu- "to answer", chaqpa "clothes", rapqa- "both".
Pacaraos Quechua shares many suffixes with Waywash, e.g. -ĉaw "in, on, at" or -piqta, -piq "from, out of". The accusative suffix -kta has a long form -kta and a short form -k, the latter being combined with final stress. The negation suffix -su (<*-chu) is often shortened to -s.
The gerund is expressed with -shpa, as in all Wampuy varianties.
The /q/ of Proto-Quechua is a fricative, at the end of a syllable or near a voiceless consonant it is voiceless [x] and otherwise voiced [g]. In contrast to other Quechua varianties it distinguishes between a simple [r] (tap, e.g. rapqan "they both") and a vibrant [rr] (e.g. rraqak "girl"). As in some dialects of Ancash Quechua
Ancash Quechua
Ancash Quechua, or Huaylay, is a Quechua variety with a number of dialects, spoken in the department of Ancash by approximately 1,000,000 people. Like Wanka Quechua, it belongs to Quechua I .-External links:...
/č/ has become [s] (e.g. say "that") and /s/ hast turned to [h] (e.g. huti "name", haĉa "plant" , rrahu "snow"). The retroflex /ĉ/ has been preserved.