Palazzo Rucellai
Encyclopedia
Florence
Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....
, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
. The Rucellai Palace is believed by most scholars to have been designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed, at least in part, by Bernardo Rossellino
Bernardo Rossellino
Bernardo di Matteo del Borra Gamberelli , better known as Bernardo Rossellino, was an Italian sculptor and architect, the elder brother of the sculptor Antonio Rossellino...
. Its facade was one of the first to proclaim the new ideas of Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance...
based on the use of pilaster
Pilaster
A pilaster is a slightly-projecting column built into or applied to the face of a wall. Most commonly flattened or rectangular in form, pilasters can also take a half-round form or the shape of any type of column, including tortile....
s and entablature
Entablature
An entablature refers to the superstructure of moldings and bands which lie horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals. Entablatures are major elements of classical architecture, and are commonly divided into the architrave , the frieze ,...
s in proportional relationship to each other.
History
The designer and the construction date of the palace are not known with certainty. Traditionally, with the support of some 16th-century sources, it has been dated to the period 1446-51, making the facades of both the Medici-Riccardi and Rucellai palaces near contemporaries.In 1974, Charles Mack proposed a two-phase construction history for the palace based upon his interpretation of property descriptions contained in the tax declarations catastiof Giovanni Rucellai, members of his family, and his immediate neighbors.
In these tax records, the location of property is defined by naming adjacent features be they streets or buildings. Mack, thus, was able to reconstruct ownership histories for the site now occupied by the palace for each of the of the years in the fifteenth century in which a tax was levied. What Mack discovered substantiates Giovanni Rucellai
Giovanni Rucellai
Giovanni Rucellai is the name of a father and grandson of the Rucellai family wool-dyers turned bankers.The former, Giovanni di Paolo, or Giovanni I, as the effective head of the Rucellai family commissioned the building of the Palazzo Rucellai, designed by Leon Battista Alberti and the father of...
's own testimony that "out of eight houses, I made one". Eight individual dwellings did, in fact, once occupy the site of the present Rucellai Palace.
Records for the tax year 1446 show that Giovanni Rucellai and his immediate family lived in a house at the corner of the Via della Vigna Nuova and the narrow Via dei Palchetti. Evidently intending to enlarge his living quarters in keeping with his growing financial and civic standing, Rucellai had acquired a row of houses along the Via dei Palchetti. Shortly thereafter, the house contiguous to his own along the Via della Vigna Nuova, owned by his mother, passed into Rucellai's hands. Finally (c. 1460), the house adjoining his mother's was added to the growing residential complex. The present internal disposition of the palace testifies to the agglutinative process by which the building evolved. By 1455 one of the Via dei Palchetti houses had been razed and replaced by a courtyard, surrounded on three sides by arcades whose round arches were supported by Corinthian columns. A cross-vaulted corridor now linked the courtyard with the Via della Vigna Nuova.
Externally, the hodgepodge way in which the Rucellai Palace was created may be seen along the Via dei Palchetti. In order to visually solidify the three separate houses along the Via della Vigna Nuova, Rucellai sought a facade which would testify to his progressive taste and prominent standing within the community. Exactly when the design and execution of that historic facade took place remains uncertain. Paolo Sanpaolesi (1963), seconded by Brenda Preyer (1981), proposed a two-phase facade construction, with the first (c. 1450), equal to five bays, covering the exeriors of the old dwellings of Giovanni and his mother and then a later two bay expansion to cover the house added in 1460. That Rucellai never managed to add the next house in the row to his holdings would account for the facade remaining unfinished and one bay short of the eight intended.
Mack (1974), together with Kurt Forster (1976) and Howard Saalman
(1966) have interpreted the evidence differently, arguing that work on the unifing facade would have awaited the acquisition of the third property along the Via della Vigna Nuova and actually was stimulated by the engagement of Rucellai's son Bernardo to Piero di Cosimo de' Medici
Piero di Cosimo de' Medici
Piero di Cosimo de' Medici , , was the de facto ruler of Florence from 1464 to 1469, during the Italian Renaissance. He was the father of Lorenzo the Magnificent and Giuliano de' Medici-Biography:Piero was born in Florence, the son of Cosimo de' Medici the Elder and Contessina de' Bardi...
's daughter Nannina in 1461. According to this theory it could only have been after the betrothal, that thet pairing of clearly identifiable Medici devices with those of the Rucellai in the friezes could have been permissible. The same is true for the Medici interlocking rings insignia that occupy the spandrels of the windows within the facade. That would postpone construction of the Rucellai facade to a date after 1461 and,thus,calls into question its primacy over the almost identical design used for the Palazzo Piccolomini (designed by Bernardo Rossellino 1459-62) in Pienza
Pienza
Pienza, a town and comune in the province of Siena, in the Val d'Orcia in Tuscany , between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino, is the "touchstone of Renaissance urbanism."...
. Unlike the wrap-around, four-side facade of the Pientine palace, that applied to to the frontof Rucellai residence is only applied to the side facing the Via della Vigna Nuova with only a small portion turning the corner into the narrow Via dei Palchetti.
The post-1461 dating for Rucellai Palace's exterior, argued by Mack raises once more the question of authorship. Based upon the word of Giorgio Vasari and some other mid-to-late-16th century comments, as well as upon Giovanni Rucellai's known use of Leon Battista Alberti as the architect of his chapel in the neighboring church of San Pancrazio and for the completion of the facade of Santa Maria Novella, the humanist scholar and artistic theoretician generally has been accepted as having been responsible for having designed the Rucellai Palace's facade. However, the first comments on the facade, made in the early 16th century, do not mention Alberti, but rather link it to Bernardo Rossellino by saying that he had made "the model for the palace." That might mean that he was responsible for the actual design of thefacade or simply that he had furnished a model following someone else's directions (i.e., Alberti).
The first scholar to doubt Alberti's role as the architect of the Palazzo Rucellai was Julius Schlosser (1929). Schlosser's opinion was seconded by Leo Planiscig (1942), Howard Saalman (1966), and Mario Salmi (1967). Basing his opinion on the tax information which pointed to a later dating for the facade stage of the Rucellai project and the possible precedence of the Piccolomini Palace in Pienza, Mack argued for Bernardo Rossellino' authorship in 1974, receiving support from Forster (1976) and Marvin Trachtenberg (2000). Despite these attempts at rethinking the facade and its date, general support for Alberti remains and strong counter arguments in his favor have been made by Brenda Preyer (1981) and others. While Bernardo Rossellino's role in remodeling the interior of the palace, in constructing the entry passage, and in creating the courtyard is universally accepted, his involvement with the celebrated facade and the date it was executed remain open questions.
Description
The grid-like facade is achieved through the application of a scheme of trabeated articulation.The stone veneer of this facade is given a channeled rustication and serves as the background for the smooth-faced pilasters and entablatures which divide the facade into a series of three-story bays. The three stories of the Rucellai facade have different classical order
Classical order
A classical order is one of the ancient styles of classical architecture, each distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details, and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed. Three ancient orders of architecture—the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—originated in...
s, as in the Colosseum
Colosseum
The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre , is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire...
, but with the Tuscan order
Tuscan order
Among canon of classical orders of classical architecture, the Tuscan order's place is due to the influence of the Italian Sebastiano Serlio, who meticulously described the five orders including a "Tuscan order", "the solidest and least ornate", in his fourth book of Regole generalii di...
at the base, a Renaissance original in place of the Ionic order
Ionic order
The Ionic order forms one of the three orders or organizational systems of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric and the Corinthian...
at the second level, and a very simplified Corinthian order
Corinthian order
The Corinthian order is one of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric and Ionic. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order...
at the top level. Twin-lit, round-arched windows in the two upper stories are set within arches with highly pronounced voussoir
Voussoir
A voussoir is a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch or vault.Although each unit in an arch or vault is a voussoir, two units are of distinct functional importance: the keystone and the springer. The keystone is the center stone or masonry unit at the apex of an arch. A...
s that spring from pilaster
Pilaster
A pilaster is a slightly-projecting column built into or applied to the face of a wall. Most commonly flattened or rectangular in form, pilasters can also take a half-round form or the shape of any type of column, including tortile....
to pilaster. The facade is topped by a projecting cornice.
The ground floor was for business (the Rucellai family were powerful bankers) and was flanked by benches running along the street facade. The second story (the piano nobile
Piano nobile
The piano nobile is the principal floor of a large house, usually built in one of the styles of classical renaissance architecture...
) was the main formal reception floor and the third story the private family and sleeping quarters. A fourth "hidden" floor under the roof was for servants; because it had almost no windows, it was quite dark inside.
The palace contains an off-center court (three sides of which originally were surrounded by arcades), built to a design that may have been adapted from Brunelleschi
Filippo Brunelleschi
Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for inventing linear perspective and designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also included bronze artwork, architecture , mathematics,...
's loggia at his Spedale degli Innocenti. In the triangular Piazza dei Rucellai in front of the palace and set at right angles to it is the Loggia de' Rucellai
Loggia de' Rucellai
The Loggia de' Rucellai is the loggia, maybe designed by Leon Battista Alberti, of the Palazzo Rucellai in the Piazza de' Rucellai in Florence, Italy. Originally used as a place for the Rucellai family to have weddings and other celebrations, it has since had glass built into it and is currently...
, which was used for family celebrations, weddings, and as a public meeting place. The two buildings (palace and loggia) taken together with the open space between them (piazza), form one of the most refined urban compositions of the Italian Renaissance.
See also
- Giovanni RucellaiGiovanni RucellaiGiovanni Rucellai is the name of a father and grandson of the Rucellai family wool-dyers turned bankers.The former, Giovanni di Paolo, or Giovanni I, as the effective head of the Rucellai family commissioned the building of the Palazzo Rucellai, designed by Leon Battista Alberti and the father of...
- Leon Battista Alberti
- Bernardo RossellinoBernardo RossellinoBernardo di Matteo del Borra Gamberelli , better known as Bernardo Rossellino, was an Italian sculptor and architect, the elder brother of the sculptor Antonio Rossellino...
- Palazzo StrozziPalazzo StrozziPalazzo Strozzi is a palace in Florence, Italy.-History:The construction of the palace begun in 1489 by Benedetto da Maiano, for Filippo Strozzi the Elder, a rival of the Medici who had returned to the city in November 1466 and desired the most magnificent palace to assert his family's continued...
- Palazzo Medici-Riccardi
- Palazzo dello StrozzinoPalazzo dello StrozzinoPalazzo dello Strozzino is a palace in Florence, Italy. was a residence of the Strozzi family, older than the larger and more prestigious Palazzo Strozzi.It was also called Palazzo delle Tre Porte for his three portals...
Sources
- Kurt Forster, "Discussion: The Palazzo Rucellai and Questions of Typology in the Development of Renaissance Buildings," Art Bulletin, 58, 1976, 109-13.
- Charles R. Mack, "The Rucellai Palace: Some New Proposals", Art Bulletin, 56, 1974, 517-29.
- Brenda Preyer, "The Rucellai Palace", in F.W. Kent, et al, Giovanni Rucellai ed il suo Zibaldone: A Florentine Patrician and his Palace, London: 1981.
- Paolo Sanpaolesi, "Precisazioni sul Palazzo Rucellai", Palladio, 13, 1963, 61-66.
- Julius Schlosser, "Ein Kuenstlerproblem der Renaissance: L.B. Alberti", in Akademie der Wissenachafen in Wien: Sitzunsberichte 210, Vienna: 1929.