Parfait-Louis Monteil
Encyclopedia
Parfait-Louis Monteil was a French
colonial military officer and explorer who made an epic journey in West Africa
between 1890 and 1892, travelling east from Senegal
to Lake Chad
, and then north across the Sahara
to Tripoli
.
. He served in Senegal, where his duties included cartographical surveys.
In 1884 he was made a member of the Société de géographie de Paris and in 1886 became an officer of the society.
He was influenced by the former governor of Senegal, Louis Faidherbe
, whom he regularly visited in his apartment (where Faidherbe was confined by paralysis) in the middle 1880s.
Monteil served in the French protectorate of Annam, now part of Vietnam
, from 1886 to 1888.
He then spent time investigating a railway project to link Bafoulabé
and Bamako
in Senegal, before launching on his great journey across West Africa in 1890.
France, Britain
, Germany
, Portugal
and Italy
came to a broad agreement on the way in which they would divide up the continent of Africa at the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference.
France gained primacy in the bulk of West Africa from Algeria and Tunisia south across the Sahara
and the Sahel
into the Sudanian Savanna
. The other powers could extend their coastal colonies north from the Gulf of Guinea
into the interior.
In the case of Britain, these colonies included The Gambia
, Sierra Leone
, the Gold Coast
(now Ghana
), the Lagos colony
and the territory claimed by the Royal Niger Company
.
On 5 August 1890 the British and French concluded an agreement to clarify the boundary between French West Africa
and what would become Nigeria
. Britain would acquire all territories up to and including the Sokoto Caliphate, while the French would take the lands further to the north. However, they did not know the extent of the Sokoto Caliphate.
Monteil was given charge of an expedition to discover its northern limits.
Colonel Monteil and a small party of Frenchmen arrived in Dakar
in September 1890. He traveled by railway up the coast to St. Louis
where he hired bearers and tirailleurs. He continued his journey up the Sénégal River
by steamer, arriving on 18 October 1890 at Kayes
, where he bought equipment and horses.
Monteil reached Ségou
on the upper Niger River on 14 December, the last outpost of the French in the Sudan.
The countries to the east were known to be Moslem, were rumored to be rich in gold, slaves and ivory, but were uncharted territory to Europeans.
Monteil set out eastwards, generally obtaining a friendly reception and signing treaties of friendship, although suffering from heat, mosquitos and lack of drinking water.
The Almami
of San
signed a peace treaty placing the town under French protection. Monteil praised the caravan center at San, saying that transactions could be made in total security, with no duties levied on imports, exports or sales.
Entering what is now Burkina Faso
, Monteil wanted Wobogo
, the Mogho Naba
of Mossy and ruler of Ouagadougou
, to agree to a French protectorate. Wobogo refused to receive him, and he was forced to make a hurried departure.
He reached Dori
, the capital of Liptako
, on 22 May 1891, at a time when the Amiirou, Amadou Iisa, was dying, and became involved in a dispute over succession.
Monteil started to negotiate a treaty with the followers of Issa, son of the Amiirou and next in line, but the Amiirous's nephew Sori managed to gain the support needed to become the next ruler.
In June Monteil went on to Sebba
, capital of Yagha
, where after a considerable payment to the "greedy" ruler another treaty was agreed. From there he travelled via Torodi
to Say
, a large commercial town on the Niger River
, and then onward to Sokoto
via the Argungu
triangle. He observed that the Kebbi Argungu Emirate was independent of the Sokoto Caliphate. This later became a point of dispute between the French and British authorities. Further, he found little evidence that the Royal Niger Company was present in the region as claimed, apart from some trading posts in the Gwandu Emirate to the south of Argundu.
Monteil was welcomed by the Caliph of Sokoto, Abd ar-Rahman dan Abi Bakar, who at the time was engaged in a war with the Emir of Argungu. He signed a treaty with the Caliph on 28 October 1891, and presented him with silks, brocades, embroidered caftans and money. He said the state of the Caliphate was precarious when he visited, but may have over-estimated the combined effects of the war and the recent accession of an unpopular ruler. Shortly after Monteil left, Sokoto defeated Argungu.
Monteil journeyed from Sokoto to the important trading center of Kano
, a city full of shrewd merchants and skilled artisans, then via Hadejia
to Lake Chad.
On 9 April 1892 he reached Kuka
on the shore of the lake, where he was met by a group of 150 cavalrymen arrayed in colorful costumes, with their horses dressed in padded caparison
s. The horsemen charged him with spears leveled, stopping at the last minute, a sign of respect and also a test of courage.
He exchanged courtesies with the Sultan of Bornu
, and was his guest for several months while he explored the country around the lake - and while the Sultan tried to extract gifts in exchange for a safe conduct.
When finally allowed to depart, he traveled northward across the Sahara to Tripoli, reaching the Mediterranean on 10 December 1892. His journey had done much to clarify for Europeans, and for France in particular, the geography and politics of the region.
Within 15 years, almost all the territory Monteil had visited was firmly under colonial control.
The successful expedition across West Africa impressed the statesman Théophile Delcassé
, who took Monteil to meet the President of France, Sadi Carnot
on 4 May 1893. Carnot wanted Monteil to undertake an expedition to Fashoda on the upper Nile
, but on 30 May Delcassé sent him to the French Congo
to reinforce Haut-Oubangui (now the Central African Republic
) against Belgian intrusions.
He arrived at the port of Luango
on 24 August 1894, planning to travel first to Ubangi and then onwards to the Nile. Before starting for the interior, however, he was urgently reassigned to the Côte d'Ivoire
to help deal with the threat from the imam-warrior Samori Ture.
In September 1894 he directed an expedition into Baoulé
country in the Côte d'Ivoire, reaching Tiassalé
in December before being turned back by fierce opposition north of the city.
Later, Monteil tried without success to enter politics, and was involved in colonization of the south of Tunisia
.
He died at Herblay
, Seine-et-Oise
in 1925.
French people
The French are a nation that share a common French culture and speak the French language as a mother tongue. Historically, the French population are descended from peoples of Celtic, Latin and Germanic origin, and are today a mixture of several ethnic groups...
colonial military officer and explorer who made an epic journey in West Africa
West Africa
West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. Geopolitically, the UN definition of Western Africa includes the following 16 countries and an area of approximately 5 million square km:-Flags of West Africa:...
between 1890 and 1892, travelling east from Senegal
Senegal
Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...
to Lake Chad
Lake Chad
Lake Chad is a historically large, shallow, endorheic lake in Africa, whose size has varied over the centuries. According to the Global Resource Information Database of the United Nations Environment Programme, it shrank as much as 95% from about 1963 to 1998; yet it also states that "the 2007 ...
, and then north across the Sahara
Sahara
The Sahara is the world's second largest desert, after Antarctica. At over , it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as Europe or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean...
to Tripoli
Tripoli
Tripoli is the capital and largest city in Libya. It is also known as Western Tripoli , to distinguish it from Tripoli, Lebanon. It is affectionately called The Mermaid of the Mediterranean , describing its turquoise waters and its whitewashed buildings. Tripoli is a Greek name that means "Three...
.
Early career
Monteil was a graduate of the École spéciale militaire de Saint-CyrÉcole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr
The École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr is the foremost French military academy. Its official name is . It is often referred to as Saint-Cyr . Its motto is "Ils s'instruisent pour vaincre": literally "They study to vanquish" or "Training for victory"...
. He served in Senegal, where his duties included cartographical surveys.
In 1884 he was made a member of the Société de géographie de Paris and in 1886 became an officer of the society.
He was influenced by the former governor of Senegal, Louis Faidherbe
Louis Faidherbe
Louis Léon César Faidherbe was a French general and colonial administrator. He created the Senegalese Tirailleurs when he was governor of Senegal.- Background :...
, whom he regularly visited in his apartment (where Faidherbe was confined by paralysis) in the middle 1880s.
Monteil served in the French protectorate of Annam, now part of Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
, from 1886 to 1888.
He then spent time investigating a railway project to link Bafoulabé
Bafoulabé
Bafoulabé is a town and commune in south-western Mali. It is located in the Region of Kayes. Bafoulabé is the capital of the Cercle of Bafoulabé, which in 1887 was the first Cercle to be created in Mali.-Local administration:...
and Bamako
Bamako
Bamako is the capital of Mali and its largest city with a population of 1.8 million . Currently, it is estimated to be the fastest growing city in Africa and sixth fastest in the world...
in Senegal, before launching on his great journey across West Africa in 1890.
Political background
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
and Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
came to a broad agreement on the way in which they would divide up the continent of Africa at the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference.
France gained primacy in the bulk of West Africa from Algeria and Tunisia south across the Sahara
Sahara
The Sahara is the world's second largest desert, after Antarctica. At over , it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as Europe or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean...
and the Sahel
Sahel
The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition between the Sahara desert in the North and the Sudanian Savannas in the south.It stretches across the North African continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea....
into the Sudanian Savanna
Sudanian Savanna
The Sudanian Savanna is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ethiopian Highlands in the east. The Sahel, a belt of drier grasslands and acacia savannas, lies to the north, between the Sudanian Savanna and...
. The other powers could extend their coastal colonies north from the Gulf of Guinea
Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean between Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. The intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian is in the gulf....
into the interior.
In the case of Britain, these colonies included The Gambia
The Gambia
The Republic of The Gambia, commonly referred to as The Gambia, or Gambia , is a country in West Africa. Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west....
, Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has an estimated population between 5.4 and 6.4...
, the Gold Coast
Gold Coast (British colony)
The Gold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa that became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957.-Overview:The first Europeans to arrive at the coast were the Portuguese in 1471. They encountered a variety of African kingdoms, some of which controlled substantial...
(now Ghana
Ghana
Ghana , officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south...
), the Lagos colony
Lagos Colony
Lagos Colony was a British colonial possession centered on the port of Lagos in what is now southern Nigeria. Lagos was annexed on 6 August 1861 and declared a colony on 5 March 1862....
and the territory claimed by the Royal Niger Company
Royal Niger Company
The Royal Niger Company was a mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. It formed the basis of the modern state of Nigeria....
.
On 5 August 1890 the British and French concluded an agreement to clarify the boundary between French West Africa
French West Africa
French West Africa was a federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan , French Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire , Upper Volta , Dahomey and Niger...
and what would become Nigeria
Nigeria
Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in...
. Britain would acquire all territories up to and including the Sokoto Caliphate, while the French would take the lands further to the north. However, they did not know the extent of the Sokoto Caliphate.
Monteil was given charge of an expedition to discover its northern limits.
From Senegal to Tripoli via Chad
Dakar
Dakar is the capital city and largest city of Senegal. It is located on the Cap-Vert Peninsula on the Atlantic coast and is the westernmost city on the African mainland...
in September 1890. He traveled by railway up the coast to St. Louis
Saint-Louis, Senegal
Saint-Louis, or Ndar as it is called in Wolof, is the capital of Senegal's Saint-Louis Region. Located in the northwest of Senegal, near the mouth of the Senegal River, and 320 km north of Senegal's capital city Dakar, it has a population officially estimated at 176,000 in 2005. Saint-Louis...
where he hired bearers and tirailleurs. He continued his journey up the Sénégal River
Sénégal River
The Sénégal River is a long river in West Africa that forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania.The Sénégal's headwaters are the Semefé and Bafing rivers which both originate in Guinea; they form a small part of the Guinean-Malian border before coming together at Bafoulabé in Mali...
by steamer, arriving on 18 October 1890 at Kayes
Kayes
Kayes is a city in western Mali on the Sénégal River, with a population of roughly 100,000 people. Kayes is the capital of the administrative region of the same name. The name "Kayes" comes from the Soninké word "karré", which describes a low humid place that floods in rainy season...
, where he bought equipment and horses.
Monteil reached Ségou
Ségou
Ségou is a city in south-central Mali, lying northeast of Bamako on the River Niger, in the region of Ségou. It was founded by the Bozo people, on a site about from the present town...
on the upper Niger River on 14 December, the last outpost of the French in the Sudan.
The countries to the east were known to be Moslem, were rumored to be rich in gold, slaves and ivory, but were uncharted territory to Europeans.
The Almami
Almami
Almami is a title of West African Muslim rulers, used especially in the conquest states of the 19th century. It is a contraction of Amir al-Mu'minin , usually translated "Commander of the Faithful" or "Prince of the Faithful"...
of San
San, Mali
San is a town and commune and capital of the Cercle of San in the Ségou Region of Mali. As of 1998 the commune had a population of 26,744.San is the center of bògòlanfini production, a traditional Malian fabric.-References:...
signed a peace treaty placing the town under French protection. Monteil praised the caravan center at San, saying that transactions could be made in total security, with no duties levied on imports, exports or sales.
Entering what is now Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...
, Monteil wanted Wobogo
Wobogo
Wobogo was the Mogho Naba of Ouagadougou from 1890 to 1897, at the time of the French colonial conquest of Upper Volta.Wobogu was originally called Boukary Koutou, but dropped those names on his accession and assumed the name "Wobogu", meaning elephant.-Years of independence:Ouagadougou was the...
, the Mogho Naba
Mogho Naba
Mogho Naba is a title for king of the Mossi, an ethnic group in Burkina Faso.-References:...
of Mossy and ruler of Ouagadougou
Ouagadougou
Ouagadougou is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic center of the nation. It is also the country's largest city, with a population of 1,475,223 . The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga. The inhabitants are called ouagalais...
, to agree to a French protectorate. Wobogo refused to receive him, and he was forced to make a hurried departure.
He reached Dori
Dori, Burkina Faso
Dori is a town in northeastern Burkina Faso. It is located at around . It is the capital of Sahel Region and has a population of 17 675. The main ethnic group is the Fula .- Mines :...
, the capital of Liptako
Liptako
Liptako is an historic region of West Africa. It today falls in eastern Burkina Faso, southwestern Niger and a small portion of southeast central Mali. A hilly region beginning on the right back of the Niger river, Liptako is usually associated with the Liptako Emirate, an early 19th century...
, on 22 May 1891, at a time when the Amiirou, Amadou Iisa, was dying, and became involved in a dispute over succession.
Monteil started to negotiate a treaty with the followers of Issa, son of the Amiirou and next in line, but the Amiirous's nephew Sori managed to gain the support needed to become the next ruler.
Sebba
Sebba is a town located in the province of Yagha in Burkina Faso. It is the capital of Yagha Province.The mayor of Sebba is Hama Amirou Ly, of the Party for Democracy and Socialism.Sebba also means leet....
, capital of Yagha
Yagha
Yagha is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Sahel Region.Its capital is Sebba....
, where after a considerable payment to the "greedy" ruler another treaty was agreed. From there he travelled via Torodi
Torodi
Torodi is a small town and a rural commune in Niger. As a rural center, Torodi hosts a large weekly market and the seat of local tribal authority . Torodi is in the Say Department of the Tillaberi Region, which surrounds the national capital, Niamey...
to Say
Say, Niger
Say is a town in southwest Niger, situated on the Niger River. It is the capital of the Say Department in the Tillabéri Region. The municipality has 12,000 inhabitants, and its economy is dominated by agriculture, herding and small trade.-Overview:...
, a large commercial town on the Niger River
Niger River
The Niger River is the principal river of western Africa, extending about . Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea...
, and then onward to Sokoto
Sokoto
Sokoto is a city located in the extreme northwest of Nigeria, near to the confluence of the Sokoto River and the Rima River. As of 2006 it has a population of 427,760...
via the Argungu
Argungu
Argungu is a city in Nigeria's Kebbi State, situated on the Sokoto River. As of 2007 Argungu had an estimated population of 47,064.The city is the seat of the Argungu Emirate, a traditional state....
triangle. He observed that the Kebbi Argungu Emirate was independent of the Sokoto Caliphate. This later became a point of dispute between the French and British authorities. Further, he found little evidence that the Royal Niger Company was present in the region as claimed, apart from some trading posts in the Gwandu Emirate to the south of Argundu.
Monteil was welcomed by the Caliph of Sokoto, Abd ar-Rahman dan Abi Bakar, who at the time was engaged in a war with the Emir of Argungu. He signed a treaty with the Caliph on 28 October 1891, and presented him with silks, brocades, embroidered caftans and money. He said the state of the Caliphate was precarious when he visited, but may have over-estimated the combined effects of the war and the recent accession of an unpopular ruler. Shortly after Monteil left, Sokoto defeated Argungu.
Kano
Kano is a city in Nigeria and the capital of Kano State in Northern Nigeria. Its metropolitan population is the second largest in Nigeria after Lagos. The Kano Urban area covers 137 sq.km and comprises six Local Government Area - Kano Municipal, Fagge, Dala, Gwale, Tarauni and Nassarawa - with a...
, a city full of shrewd merchants and skilled artisans, then via Hadejia
Hadejia
Hadejia is a Hausa town in eastern Jigawa State, northern Nigeria. The population was approximately 47,400 . The people of Hadejia are largely Muslim, although some follow indigenous belief systems...
to Lake Chad.
On 9 April 1892 he reached Kuka
Kukawa
Kukawa is a town and Local Government Area in the northeastern Nigerian state of Borno, close to Lake Chad.The town was founded in 1814 as capital of the Kanem-Bornu Empire by the Muslim scholar and warlord Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi after the fall of the previous capital, Ngazargamu, conquered in...
on the shore of the lake, where he was met by a group of 150 cavalrymen arrayed in colorful costumes, with their horses dressed in padded caparison
Caparison
A caparison is a covering, or cloth, laid over a horse or other animal, especially a pack animal, or horse of state. In modern times, it is used mainly for decoration in parades and for historical reenactments. A similar term is horse-trapper....
s. The horsemen charged him with spears leveled, stopping at the last minute, a sign of respect and also a test of courage.
He exchanged courtesies with the Sultan of Bornu
Bornu Empire
The Bornu Empire was an African state of Nigeria from 1396 to 1893. It was a continuation of the great Kanem Empire founded centuries earlier by the Sayfawa Dynasty...
, and was his guest for several months while he explored the country around the lake - and while the Sultan tried to extract gifts in exchange for a safe conduct.
When finally allowed to depart, he traveled northward across the Sahara to Tripoli, reaching the Mediterranean on 10 December 1892. His journey had done much to clarify for Europeans, and for France in particular, the geography and politics of the region.
Within 15 years, almost all the territory Monteil had visited was firmly under colonial control.
Later career
After Monteil's return to France, in 1893 the Société de géographie awarded him the Grand Gold Medal for his book recording the journey.The successful expedition across West Africa impressed the statesman Théophile Delcassé
Théophile Delcassé
Théophile Delcassé was a French statesman.-Biography:He was born at Pamiers, in the Ariège département...
, who took Monteil to meet the President of France, Sadi Carnot
Marie François Sadi Carnot
Marie François Sadi Carnot was a French statesman and the fourth president of the Third French Republic. He served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.-Early life:...
on 4 May 1893. Carnot wanted Monteil to undertake an expedition to Fashoda on the upper Nile
Nile
The Nile is a major north-flowing river in North Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is long. It runs through the ten countries of Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt.The Nile has two major...
, but on 30 May Delcassé sent him to the French Congo
French Congo
The French Congo was a French colony which at one time comprised the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and the Central African Republic...
to reinforce Haut-Oubangui (now the Central African Republic
Central African Republic
The Central African Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Chad in the north, Sudan in the north east, South Sudan in the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west. The CAR covers a land area of about ,...
) against Belgian intrusions.
He arrived at the port of Luango
Petit Loango
Petit Loango is a town located in Ogooué-Maritime province, Gabon....
on 24 August 1894, planning to travel first to Ubangi and then onwards to the Nile. Before starting for the interior, however, he was urgently reassigned to the Côte d'Ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast is a country in West Africa. It has an area of , and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be...
to help deal with the threat from the imam-warrior Samori Ture.
In September 1894 he directed an expedition into Baoulé
Baoulé
The Baoulé are an Akan people and one of the largest groups in the Ivory Coast. The Baoulé are farmers who live in the eastern side of Côte d'Ivoire . The Baoule people are represented by religion, art, festivals, and equal society . There are more than sixty-five different Akan-speaking ethnic...
country in the Côte d'Ivoire, reaching Tiassalé
Tiassalé
Tiassalé is one of the fifty-eight departments of Côte d'Ivoire. It is also the name of a principal town in the department. Tiassalé Department is part of Lagunes Region....
in December before being turned back by fierce opposition north of the city.
Later, Monteil tried without success to enter politics, and was involved in colonization of the south of Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
.
He died at Herblay
Herblay
Herblay is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris.-Transport:Herblay is served by Herblay station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.-References:** -External links:...
, Seine-et-Oise
Seine-et-Oise
Seine-et-Oise was a département of France encompassing the western, northern, and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris. Its préfecture was Versailles and its official number was 78. Seine-et-Oise was abolished in 1968....
in 1925.