Pauline Maier
Encyclopedia
Pauline Maier is a popular scholar of the American Revolution
, the preceding era and post-revolutionary United States. She is the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of American History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT).
Maier has achieved prominence over a fifty-year career of critically acclaimed scholarly histories and journal articles. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
and teaches undergraduates. She authors textbooks and online courses. Her popular career includes series with PBS and the History Channel. She's appeared on Charlie Rose, C-SPAN2's In Depth and written 20 years for the New York Times review pages. Maier is 2011 President, Society of American Historians and she won the 2011 George Washington Book Prize
.
Pauline Maier was born in 1938 as Pauline Rubbelke in St. Paul, Minnesota, where she attended parochial schools. Her father was a firefighter and her mother was a homemaker with five children. On entering Radcliffe as an undergraduate, her original ambition was to be in the newspaper business.
She was a writer on The Harvard Crimson
and worked summers at the Quincy, Massachusetts ‘Patriot Ledger’. She graduated from Radcliffe College
in 1960 with a bachellor's degree in History and Literature.
It was on the Crimson that she met her future husband, Charles S. Maier
. After graduation, they both attended schools at Oxford on fellowships, she as a Fulbright Scholar at the London School of Economics and Political Science. On completing their studies, they married and toured Europe together.
The couple returned to Harvard University
to pursue doctoral degrees, Charles in European History, and Pauline in 20th Century urban studies in line with her interest in contemporary politics. But after a seminar class in Bernard Bailyn
’s ‘Colonial and Revolutionary America’, she said it was ‘Once you get into the 18th Century, you never get out.” Pauline and Charles earned their PhDs at Harvard, and Charles began a career there. They raised two daughters and a son in Cambridge. She is said to hold onto a trace of Midwestern accent, interviews with an engaging courtesy, and, decidedly not the stuffy academician, interrupts discussion with bursts of laughter. Maier pursues gardening and cooking at the family weekend home.
-Boston for nine years, and one year at the University of Wisconsin before taking her position at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
in 1978 as William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of American History. Her career has included various appointments in five prestigious universities, and numerous fellowships and awards. She teaches in three courses of Early American History, and co-teaches “Riots, Strikes and Conspiracy in American History” with urban historian Robert M. Fogelson.
Maier chaired a university-wide committee at MIT in 1985 to re-organize its humanities
schools and broaden and structure its programs. Its adopted recommendations expanded women’s studies, awarded specific area degrees, and initiated a doctoral program collaborating History and Anthropology under Dean Ann Fetter Friedlaender. MIT's faculty voted Maier the Killian Award in 1998, given annually to one senior faculty member for outstanding achievement. The recipient presents on their professional activities over their Lecturer year.
Since 1976, she has been a member of the American Antiquarian Society
. An offprint of its proceedings features her “Boston and New York in the 18th Century” (1982). In the 1990s, Maier was a charter member of “The Historical Society”, group among American Historical Association membership who were concerned about restrictive ‘political correctness’ and collegial civility. Maier was elected as an American Academy of Arts and Sciences
“History Fellow” in 1998. In 2010, Maier became one of two women honorary members of the Colonial Massachusetts Society since 1947.
Pauline Maier is 2011 President, Society of American Historians (SAH), an affiliate of the American Historical Association
. It is dedicated to literary distinction in history and biography. Past presidents include Alan Nevins, Eric Foner
, James McPherson
, and David McCullough
.
Maier’s writing is characterized as serious and unadorned, with a crossover appeal from scholars to intelligent readers who enjoy a well-told story of well-researched scholarly history. In 'Ratification', Maier attributed her masterful storytelling to Barbara Tuchman
’s insight that the writer can build suspense by never acknowledging a development until the characters in the narrative could know it. (Related: see reviews noted on this page from New York Times Books, Washington Post and others.)
Professionally, her research-writing technique is self-described as looking for something comparative to come up with new questions. For example, in “American Scripture” she found over 90 local declarations and then compared them to that of the Second Continental Congress
. Popular support for the Declaration of Independence
was built on how much was known and how widely the newspapers circulated. Massachusetts did not control Virginia, there was a confluence of ideas, assumptions, and similar responses to similar events. (See related on this page, “Ratification: the People Debate the Constitution”, online reviews, interviews.)
As a popular history
writer, she seeks to understand her subjects as humans as well as their causes. Personal elements may not be important to public life, but they are the kinds of things people want to know. In Hamilton’s famous phrase, he was “unfaithful to my wife, but not to my country.” Historians always ask, What did they do for the public?
, and how their uses changed. Assumed things were not always so. Students should understand how things can and do change. “Every time you understand what’s distinctive about a different time, you are understanding what is distinctive about our time." (See related on this page, “Texts and Teaching”.)
The neo-Whigs
Maier’s scholarship belongs to the “Neo-Whig” school of historiography founded by Bernard Bailyn
in reaction to the “Progressive” historians
. Her work is likened to that of Gordon S. Wood
and Edmund S. Morgan. Radical English libertarian thought changed American beliefs and society and culture. The spreading ideas of natural rights and individual liberty distinctively altered politics, economy and society. These are explained with political analysis apart from ideology, incorporating English and French sources.
Neo-Whigs of the 1950s forward avoided the triumphalism of the 1930s 'Whig historians
’ of the Revolution. The neo-Whigs added empire perspective, explored Patriot differences among colonies and within each colony, and added treatment of Tory elements. Maier's account of evolving Patriot differences is "Ratification: the people debate the constitution 1787-1788". Still, neo-Whigs have critics who see no causal imperative to revolution by Lockean ideals. Maier's account of the connections is found in "American Scripture: the making of the Declaration of the Independence".
Neo-Whigs versus neo-Progressives
In contrast to the neo-Whigs, neo-Progressives explain many developments as a conservative return to Coke’s ‘Rights of Englishmen’, a reaction to economic imperatives of expanding Empire.
The British of all classes everywhere in the empire were more free than any in the world. Neo-progressives show that the structural economic change in the English Atlantic empire and local profit margins counted as much for merchants and planters as a colonial concern for Parliament's enactments. Control of domestic markets motivated as much as rights and ideals. The Neo-Whigs have difficulty explaining a tipping point from mild protest to sustained violence. At times they have not accounted for the exodus by Tories and ex-slave British. 'Liberty' in 1776 meant different things to different people. Maier's take is found in "From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765-1776".
Neo-Whigs in general answer that doctrine of every kind was underpinned by a colonial social reality that was by its nature uncertain and unstable. Nevertheless, they are charged with favoring those who could read and write. Social historians expanded historical inquiry into urban labor movements and rural militias. Maier contributed to the wider sensibility with her article “Popular Uprisings in 18th Century America” in the William and Mary Quarterly, featured in a reissue of their 50-year best. And while neo-Whigs can explain much of later social, economic and political transformation, see Maier’s “Revolutionary Origins of the American Corporation”, there still remains how marginalized populations (day-laborers, women, blacks slave and free, Amerindians) should be incorporated into the narrative of the American Revolution.
Expanding 'early American' history
Indeed, whatever was once “Early American History” is changed and changing. The field is ‘imperialistically’ reaching chronologically forward fifty years and backwards a century. It has spread geographically over the entire continent and across Atlantic communities. It topically encompasses slavery, gender, ethnicity and borderland outliers. The new intellectual fault line is methodological, based on differences in research standards and how to relate theory and archival research.
A recent collection by Donald A. Yerxa
looks towards finding a ‘reconceptualization’ of the field with chronological bounds based on newly researched continutiy and change, along with more coherent themes. Maier’s section was a forum on historiography, Peter C. Mancall
led ‘the colonial period’, and Gordon S. Wood
started ‘revolution and early republic’. Maier began the historiography section with three “Disjunctions” based on her previous work at NEH and a newly written rejoinder following comments by five other scholars.
In the first disjunction considered by Maier, the social 'Colonial' history is unlike the predominantly political and ideological 'Revolution' history. Colonial history from the Amerindian experience reaches a discontinuity at a time when U.S. imperialism overtakes earlier Hispanic developments in the 1800s. Maier agreed, “a disjunction in historical research is not a disjunction in history.” The challenge is to find a bridge from modern fruitful research into the previous scholarship based on national boundaries. The second disjunction is between scholarly interests and the general public. Younger scholars are dropping the history of white men’s politics. While bestsellers are written on Franklin, Washington, Adams, and '1776', many modern, cultural historians
shun white male elites. “Nation” is dismissed as an imagined or invented construct and ‘nationalism’ in their critique lacks explanatory power for inclusive historical analysis.
Maier’s third disjunction, related to the second, is between historical scholarship and history taught in secondary schools and college survey courses. While social and cultural historians add to the body of the scholarly literature in their professional careers, Maier asks, “why not synthesize and perpetuate the contributions of previous (political, military and diplomatic) scholars, at least in the classroom?” (Related on this page, see references to Maier’s work in two fellowships at National Endowment of Humanities, Guggenheim Foundation, Annenberg Foundation, PBS, History Channel,and textbooks referenced by scholars.)
Paperback and ebook
These works are cited by scholars in the field as noted. Ebook, paperback, and audiobook editions offer easiest access to Maier's work. See titles re-listed below in "Books and scholarly articles" for approving and critical reviews, online interviews, panel discussion and lectures associated with each one.
Hardback editions
Co-authored and contributed chapters
Scholarly Articles
Scholarly reviews
Beyond traditional college offerings, Maier integrated participatory learning, political history and social history
in a collaboration with online MUVE
gaming project in a format that younger "digital divide" learners find engaging. She reaches out to students before college in texts used in high schools for Advanced Placement courses and previously in a text for middle schoolers with a braille edition. She connects with secondary teachers through the "Teaching American History" courses. She has been a TAH presenter and her books are used for required readings in college credit courses around the country for high school teachers to acquire a better background in American history.
texts
online courses
avatar virtual gaming
Lectures and panel discussions
out of George Mason University.
Washington Post reviews
“Liberty’s exiles” 02/22/2011. Maier’s approving review of Maya Jasanoff’s well-written “Liberty’s exiles: American loyalists in the Revolutionary world” and recalling Mary Beth Norton
’s 1970 prize-winning “British Americans”.
Compare with Thomas H. Bender
in the New York Times 05/01/2011 “The King’s men, after the American Revolution”.
NYT Reviews
Looking at twenty years as a NYT reviewer, one can see an evolution from (a) 1980s family, women’s and children’s books, to (b) early to mid 1990s specialty monographs concerning the Revolutionary period, to (c) late 1990s big name authors and best sellers in her field. (Note: keep scrolling through the Arts page ads for text.)
“John Adams” May 27, 2001. Review of David McCullough’s “John Adams”. “The do-it-yourself society” March 1, 1998. On Paul Johnson’s “A history of the American people”. “Sparring for Liberty” November 1, 1998. On Eric Foner’s “The story of American freedom”. “James Madison made us up” July 3, 1988. On Edmund S. Morgan’s “Inventing the people: the rise of popular sovereignty in England and America”.
“Reversal of Fortune” November 16, 1997. on Richard M. Ketchum’s “Saratoga: turning point of America’s Revolutionary War”. “Continent of conquest” July 14, 1996. On John Keegan’s “Fields of battle: the wars for North America”. “The all-purpose bad guy” August 26, 1990. On Willard S. Randall’s “Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor”.
“The dissertation that would not die” July 30, 1989. On Frank Bourgin’s “The great challenge: the myth of laissez-faire in the Early Republic”.
“Children’s books: … getting it right” reviewing ten children’s books on Revolution and Constitution. “A world of women” December 12, 1982. On Barbara Strachey’s “Remarkable relations: the story of the Pearsall Smith women”. “Victorian Women, including Victoria” May 16, 1982. On Janet H. Murray’s “Strong-minded women and other lost voices from 19th Century England”. “A marriage that worked” September 1981. On Lynne Withey’s “Dearest friend: a life of Abigail Adams”.
NYT Opinion
“Justice Breyer’s sharp aim” December 21, 2010. “Jefferson, Real and Imagined” July 4, 1997.
Radio
“Costa Report” interview with California based Rebecca D. Costa’s radio show features research based scholars with unconventional takes on nonpartisan ‘PBS content’. Costa’s “Maier interview” KSCO radio, Feb 4, 2011. Viewed 05/16/2001. “Wilson Center”, 'strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and the world of public affairs'. “Dialogue Radio: “#946 ‘Ratification’”, Dec 19-26, 2010. Viewed 05/16/2001.
TV and video series
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Scholarship
Journals
Education
American Revolution
The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America...
, the preceding era and post-revolutionary United States. She is the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of American History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...
(MIT).
Maier has achieved prominence over a fifty-year career of critically acclaimed scholarly histories and journal articles. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...
and teaches undergraduates. She authors textbooks and online courses. Her popular career includes series with PBS and the History Channel. She's appeared on Charlie Rose, C-SPAN2's In Depth and written 20 years for the New York Times review pages. Maier is 2011 President, Society of American Historians and she won the 2011 George Washington Book Prize
George Washington Book Prize
The George Washington Book Prize was instituted in 2005 and is awarded annually to the best book on America's founding era, especially those that have the potential to advance broad public understanding of American history. It is administered by Washington College’s C.V...
.
Early life, education and family
She was a writer on The Harvard Crimson
The Harvard Crimson
The Harvard Crimson, the daily student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873. It is the only daily newspaper in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is run entirely by Harvard College undergraduates...
and worked summers at the Quincy, Massachusetts ‘Patriot Ledger’. She graduated from Radcliffe College
Radcliffe College
Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was the coordinate college for Harvard University. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges. Radcliffe College conferred joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas beginning in 1963 and a formal merger agreement with...
in 1960 with a bachellor's degree in History and Literature.
It was on the Crimson that she met her future husband, Charles S. Maier
Charles S. Maier
Charles S. Maier is the Leverett Saltonstall Professor of History at Harvard University. He teaches European and international history at Harvard. Maier has also served as the director of the Center for European Studies at Harvard.Maier has written several books...
. After graduation, they both attended schools at Oxford on fellowships, she as a Fulbright Scholar at the London School of Economics and Political Science. On completing their studies, they married and toured Europe together.
The couple returned to Harvard University
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
to pursue doctoral degrees, Charles in European History, and Pauline in 20th Century urban studies in line with her interest in contemporary politics. But after a seminar class in Bernard Bailyn
Bernard Bailyn
Bernard Bailyn is an American historian, author, and professor specializing in U.S. Colonial and Revolutionary-era History. He has been a professor at Harvard University since 1953. Bailyn has won the Pulitzer Prize for History twice . In 1998 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected...
’s ‘Colonial and Revolutionary America’, she said it was ‘Once you get into the 18th Century, you never get out.” Pauline and Charles earned their PhDs at Harvard, and Charles began a career there. They raised two daughters and a son in Cambridge. She is said to hold onto a trace of Midwestern accent, interviews with an engaging courtesy, and, decidedly not the stuffy academician, interrupts discussion with bursts of laughter. Maier pursues gardening and cooking at the family weekend home.
Career
Maier taught at University of MassachusettsUniversity of Massachusetts
This article relates to the statewide university system. For the flagship campus often referred to as "UMass", see University of Massachusetts Amherst...
-Boston for nine years, and one year at the University of Wisconsin before taking her position at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...
in 1978 as William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of American History. Her career has included various appointments in five prestigious universities, and numerous fellowships and awards. She teaches in three courses of Early American History, and co-teaches “Riots, Strikes and Conspiracy in American History” with urban historian Robert M. Fogelson.
Maier chaired a university-wide committee at MIT in 1985 to re-organize its humanities
Humanities
The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences....
schools and broaden and structure its programs. Its adopted recommendations expanded women’s studies, awarded specific area degrees, and initiated a doctoral program collaborating History and Anthropology under Dean Ann Fetter Friedlaender. MIT's faculty voted Maier the Killian Award in 1998, given annually to one senior faculty member for outstanding achievement. The recipient presents on their professional activities over their Lecturer year.
Since 1976, she has been a member of the American Antiquarian Society
American Antiquarian Society
The American Antiquarian Society , located in Worcester, Massachusetts, is both a learned society and national research library of pre-twentieth century American History and culture. Its main building, known also as Antiquarian Hall, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark...
. An offprint of its proceedings features her “Boston and New York in the 18th Century” (1982). In the 1990s, Maier was a charter member of “The Historical Society”, group among American Historical Association membership who were concerned about restrictive ‘political correctness’ and collegial civility. Maier was elected as an American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...
“History Fellow” in 1998. In 2010, Maier became one of two women honorary members of the Colonial Massachusetts Society since 1947.
Pauline Maier is 2011 President, Society of American Historians (SAH), an affiliate of the American Historical Association
American Historical Association
The American Historical Association is the oldest and largest society of historians and professors of history in the United States. Founded in 1884, the association promotes historical studies, the teaching of history, and the preservation of and access to historical materials...
. It is dedicated to literary distinction in history and biography. Past presidents include Alan Nevins, Eric Foner
Eric Foner
Eric Foner is an American historian. On the faculty of the Department of History at Columbia University since 1982, he writes extensively on political history, the history of freedom, the early history of the Republican Party, African American biography, Reconstruction, and historiography...
, James McPherson
James McPherson
James McPherson may refer to:* James Alan McPherson, American short story writer and essayist, and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction* James Alpin McPherson, Australian bushranger* James B. McPherson, General in the United States Civil War...
, and David McCullough
David McCullough
David Gaub McCullough is an American author, narrator, historian, and lecturer. He is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award....
.
Writing
Barbara Tuchman
Barbara Wertheim Tuchman was an American historian and author. She became known for her best-selling book The Guns of August, a history of the prelude to and first month of World War I, which won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 1963....
’s insight that the writer can build suspense by never acknowledging a development until the characters in the narrative could know it. (Related: see reviews noted on this page from New York Times Books, Washington Post and others.)
Professionally, her research-writing technique is self-described as looking for something comparative to come up with new questions. For example, in “American Scripture” she found over 90 local declarations and then compared them to that of the Second Continental Congress
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774,...
. Popular support for the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of independence
A declaration of independence is an assertion of the independence of an aspiring state or states. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state...
was built on how much was known and how widely the newspapers circulated. Massachusetts did not control Virginia, there was a confluence of ideas, assumptions, and similar responses to similar events. (See related on this page, “Ratification: the People Debate the Constitution”, online reviews, interviews.)
As a popular history
Popular history
Popular history is a broad and somewhat ill-defined genre of historiography that takes a popular approach, aims at a wide readership, and usually emphasizes narrative, personality and vivid detail over scholarly analysis...
writer, she seeks to understand her subjects as humans as well as their causes. Personal elements may not be important to public life, but they are the kinds of things people want to know. In Hamilton’s famous phrase, he was “unfaithful to my wife, but not to my country.” Historians always ask, What did they do for the public?
Teaching teachers
Maier has won fellowships to write curriculum for college courses and high school teachers. She believes that the interest in American history is not tapped in the curriculum of many states. As a democratic country, the U.S. should give any student a background knowledge of what happened to make the Declaration and the ConstitutionUnited States Constitution
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The first three...
, and how their uses changed. Assumed things were not always so. Students should understand how things can and do change. “Every time you understand what’s distinctive about a different time, you are understanding what is distinctive about our time." (See related on this page, “Texts and Teaching”.)
Scholarship
The neo-Whigs
Maier’s scholarship belongs to the “Neo-Whig” school of historiography founded by Bernard Bailyn
Bernard Bailyn
Bernard Bailyn is an American historian, author, and professor specializing in U.S. Colonial and Revolutionary-era History. He has been a professor at Harvard University since 1953. Bailyn has won the Pulitzer Prize for History twice . In 1998 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected...
in reaction to the “Progressive” historians
Progressive historians
Progressive historians, or progressive historiography, designates a school of American historians whose leader was Charles A. Beard.- References :* Turner, Beard, Parrington, by Richard Hofstadter,...
. Her work is likened to that of Gordon S. Wood
Gordon S. Wood
Gordon S. Wood is Alva O. Way University Professor and Professor of History Emeritus at Brown University and the recipient of the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for History for The Radicalism of the American Revolution. His book The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 won a 1970 Bancroft Prize...
and Edmund S. Morgan. Radical English libertarian thought changed American beliefs and society and culture. The spreading ideas of natural rights and individual liberty distinctively altered politics, economy and society. These are explained with political analysis apart from ideology, incorporating English and French sources.
Neo-Whigs of the 1950s forward avoided the triumphalism of the 1930s 'Whig historians
Whig history
Whig history is the approach to historiography which presents the past as an inevitable progression towards ever greater liberty and enlightenment, culminating in modern forms of liberal democracy and constitutional monarchy. In general, Whig historians stress the rise of constitutional government,...
’ of the Revolution. The neo-Whigs added empire perspective, explored Patriot differences among colonies and within each colony, and added treatment of Tory elements. Maier's account of evolving Patriot differences is "Ratification: the people debate the constitution 1787-1788". Still, neo-Whigs have critics who see no causal imperative to revolution by Lockean ideals. Maier's account of the connections is found in "American Scripture: the making of the Declaration of the Independence".
Neo-Whigs versus neo-Progressives
In contrast to the neo-Whigs, neo-Progressives explain many developments as a conservative return to Coke’s ‘Rights of Englishmen’, a reaction to economic imperatives of expanding Empire.
The British of all classes everywhere in the empire were more free than any in the world. Neo-progressives show that the structural economic change in the English Atlantic empire and local profit margins counted as much for merchants and planters as a colonial concern for Parliament's enactments. Control of domestic markets motivated as much as rights and ideals. The Neo-Whigs have difficulty explaining a tipping point from mild protest to sustained violence. At times they have not accounted for the exodus by Tories and ex-slave British. 'Liberty' in 1776 meant different things to different people. Maier's take is found in "From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765-1776".
Neo-Whigs in general answer that doctrine of every kind was underpinned by a colonial social reality that was by its nature uncertain and unstable. Nevertheless, they are charged with favoring those who could read and write. Social historians expanded historical inquiry into urban labor movements and rural militias. Maier contributed to the wider sensibility with her article “Popular Uprisings in 18th Century America” in the William and Mary Quarterly, featured in a reissue of their 50-year best. And while neo-Whigs can explain much of later social, economic and political transformation, see Maier’s “Revolutionary Origins of the American Corporation”, there still remains how marginalized populations (day-laborers, women, blacks slave and free, Amerindians) should be incorporated into the narrative of the American Revolution.
Expanding 'early American' history
Indeed, whatever was once “Early American History” is changed and changing. The field is ‘imperialistically’ reaching chronologically forward fifty years and backwards a century. It has spread geographically over the entire continent and across Atlantic communities. It topically encompasses slavery, gender, ethnicity and borderland outliers. The new intellectual fault line is methodological, based on differences in research standards and how to relate theory and archival research.
A recent collection by Donald A. Yerxa
Donald A. Yerxa
-Career:A noted historian, Yerxa is a Director of The Historical Society at Boston University and a Senior Editor of Historically Speaking, published by the Johns Hopkins University Press for BU.He is the former chair of the James R...
looks towards finding a ‘reconceptualization’ of the field with chronological bounds based on newly researched continutiy and change, along with more coherent themes. Maier’s section was a forum on historiography, Peter C. Mancall
Peter C. Mancall
Peter Mancall is a professor of history at the University of Southern California whose work has focused on early America, Native Americans, and the early modern Atlantic world.-Biography:...
led ‘the colonial period’, and Gordon S. Wood
Gordon S. Wood
Gordon S. Wood is Alva O. Way University Professor and Professor of History Emeritus at Brown University and the recipient of the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for History for The Radicalism of the American Revolution. His book The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 won a 1970 Bancroft Prize...
started ‘revolution and early republic’. Maier began the historiography section with three “Disjunctions” based on her previous work at NEH and a newly written rejoinder following comments by five other scholars.
In the first disjunction considered by Maier, the social 'Colonial' history is unlike the predominantly political and ideological 'Revolution' history. Colonial history from the Amerindian experience reaches a discontinuity at a time when U.S. imperialism overtakes earlier Hispanic developments in the 1800s. Maier agreed, “a disjunction in historical research is not a disjunction in history.” The challenge is to find a bridge from modern fruitful research into the previous scholarship based on national boundaries. The second disjunction is between scholarly interests and the general public. Younger scholars are dropping the history of white men’s politics. While bestsellers are written on Franklin, Washington, Adams, and '1776', many modern, cultural historians
Cultural history
The term cultural history refers both to an academic discipline and to its subject matter.Cultural history, as a discipline, at least in its common definition since the 1970s, often combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural...
shun white male elites. “Nation” is dismissed as an imagined or invented construct and ‘nationalism’ in their critique lacks explanatory power for inclusive historical analysis.
Maier’s third disjunction, related to the second, is between historical scholarship and history taught in secondary schools and college survey courses. While social and cultural historians add to the body of the scholarly literature in their professional careers, Maier asks, “why not synthesize and perpetuate the contributions of previous (political, military and diplomatic) scholars, at least in the classroom?” (Related on this page, see references to Maier’s work in two fellowships at National Endowment of Humanities, Guggenheim Foundation, Annenberg Foundation, PBS, History Channel,and textbooks referenced by scholars.)
Work
These works are cited by scholars in the field as noted. Ebook, paperback, and audiobook editions offer easiest access to Maier's work. See titles re-listed below in "Books and scholarly articles" for approving and critical reviews, online interviews, panel discussion and lectures associated with each one.
- "Ratification: the People Debate" (2010) ebook. CD-audio. (paper 07/05/2011). “”Ratification”" Google books. Links to reviews, video below.
- "American Scripture: Making the Declaration ..." paper. “”Scripture”" Amazon 'look inside'. 140 scholarly cites. Links to reviews, video below.
- “The Declaration of Indep. and the Constitution of the U.S.” (2008), paper, ebook. "“Decl-Const"" 'Google books'. 10 scholar cites. See below.
- "From Resistance to Revolution ... ", paper. “”Resistance”" 'Google books'. 149 scholarly cites. Links to reviews, video below.
- "The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams", paper. “”Revolutionaries”" Amazon 'look'. 36 scholarly cites. See below.
Books and scholarly articles
The ISBN links here and footnoted go to WP’s “Book Sources” for direct links at “find this book” resources. These include online text, formatted bibliographical information, libraries, book sellers, book swappers.Hardback editions
- "Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788" (2010): The politics of the ConstitutionUnited States ConstitutionThe Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The first three...
's ratification. Mining resources of the “The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution”
- Maier won the George Washington Book PrizeGeorge Washington Book PrizeThe George Washington Book Prize was instituted in 2005 and is awarded annually to the best book on America's founding era, especially those that have the potential to advance broad public understanding of American history. It is administered by Washington College’s C.V...
of 2011 for $50K. “MIT webpage" with reviews from the New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal” See notes for other generally favorable perspectives. “In-Depth with Pauline Maier” BookTV, Interview with Maier discussing her major works, 03/20/2011. “Ratification” Lecture at National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 10/29/2010. 58 min.- "American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence" (1997) The Declaration was written, venerated, and transformed; 90 “Declarations”, Paine, Lincoln. NYT Book Review 1997 best 11. “American Scripture”. Maier interview, Booknotes, C-SPAN 6/1/1997.
- See Gary Rosen’s “Commentary” review Oct 1997 for a critical take on Maier’s taking Jefferson down a peg. He recommends an alternative read that better fits ‘Great Man’ historiography. National “Book Critics Circle Nominee Readings”. Maier and finalists, C-SPAN Mar 23, 1998. 1 hr 51 min. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.albany.edu/talkinghistory/maier2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.albany.edu/talkinghistory/arch99july-december.html&h=200&w=165&sz=6&tbnid=_qYHD5fWrBHDbM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=86&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpauline%2Bmaier%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=pauline+maier&hl=en&usg=__8ptKvTAwk2DR2q7MKg6U-L65pJ0=&sa=X&ei=4TOcTZCYFabJ0QHAmcy7Ag&ved=0CEkQ9QEwDA“Maier interview by Prof. Ann Withington”] Audio WRPI-FM 1999 interview on “Scripture” in two parts. "BN Scripture synopsis".
- "The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel AdamsSamuel AdamsSamuel Adams was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American...
" (1980) Five revolutionaries of diverse motivations in common cause. ISBN 978-0-393-30663-7
- “The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States” (1998, 2008) paper. A 25-page introductory essay by Maier briefly describes the writing of the Declaration and of the Constitution. ISBN 978-0-553-21482-6
- "From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765-1776" (1972, 1992) The officers of the Sons of LibertySons of LibertyThe Sons of Liberty were a political group made up of American patriots that originated in the pre-independence North American British colonies. The group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists from the usurpations by the British government after 1766...
came from the middle and upper classes. "BN Resistance synopsis"
Co-authored and contributed chapters
- “Declaring Independence” (2010) second edition. Univ. of Virginia Library. by Christian Yves Dupont, ed., Maier’s essay, “Who really wrote the Declaration of Independence”. also David McCulloch, Robert G. Parkinson, David Armitage, Robert M.S. McDonald, Justice Sandra Day O’Conner. ISBN 978-0-979-99970-3 ISBN 978-0-979-99970-7
- “American Revolution” (2009) by Charlene Mires, ed. Maier writes a chapter “The path toward independence”. Others: Don Higginbotham, Gary B. Nash, Gordon S. Wood, Jimmy Carter. ISBN 978-1-590-91000-9 ISBN 978-1-590-91000-1
- “Why does America have the Constitution of 1787?: new historical perspectives” by Joseph F. Cullon, Pauline Maier, Jack N. Rakove, Woody Holton, Max M. Edling. Dartmouth College. Video, DVD 88 min. (May, 2009)
- “”Abraham Lincoln: great American historians” on our 16th President” (2008) second edition by Brian Lamb. Ebook. Book. Maier writes an essay in Part 3, Character, “The Declaration’s Influence”, p. 212. ISBN 978-0-786-72683-7
- “Declaration of Independence”, an entry in e-document "Dictionary of American History". Charles Scribner’s Sons
- “Declaring Independence: the origin and influence of America’s founding document: featuring the Albert H. Small Declaration of Independence Collection” (2008) First edition. Christian Yves, ed. by Joseph J. Ellis, Annette Gordon-Reed, Charles A. Miller, Peter S. Onuf, Garry Wills. Pauline Maier wrote the chapter, “Who really wrote the Declaration of Independence?” in both first and second editions. ISBN 978-0-97999-971-0
- “Thomas JeffersonThomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom , the third President of the United States and founder of the University of Virginia...
, Genius of Liberty” (2000) J. Joseph, Annette Gordon-Reed, Pauline Maier, … ISBN 978-0-670-88933-4 - “Interdisciplinary study of the American Revolution” (1976) Greene, Jack P., and Pauline Maier. ISBN 978-0-803-90732-4
Scholarly Articles
- “Lacroix – the ideological origins of American federalism” The William and Mary quarterly. 67, no. 3, (2010): 557
- “America unabridged – the young republic: 1787 to 1860” American Heritage (December 2004) p. 32
- “The Revolutionary Origins of the American Corporation”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Jan., 1993, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 51-84. 74 scholarly citations.
- “Interdisciplinary Studies of the American Revolution”, Pauline Maier and Jack P. Greene. (Maier led on article, Greene led on book.) Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Spring, 1976, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 543-544
- “Popular Uprisings in Eighteenth-Century America”, Reprint of 50-year best: William and Mary Quarterly. 1, (1999): 138 ; original: WMQ: A Magazine of Early American History, Jan., 1970, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 3-35. 103 scholarly citations.
Scholarly reviews
- “The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution", vols. 19-23. review of primary source collection, WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY, 68, no. 1, (2011): 155-159
- “Plain Speaking” on McCullough’s bio of John Adams, contrasting Ellis’ view of Adams’ temperament. NYT online ‘Books’, 05/27/2001.}}
Texts, online courses, avatar gaming
For a democracy to work, Maier would have its citizens to look beyond assumptions, to know how things can and do change." To “synthesize and perpetuate the contributions of previous scholars … in the classroom,” she writes college textbooks and uses them to teach undergraduates. Maier writes online courses available at her university and used by other universitiesBeyond traditional college offerings, Maier integrated participatory learning, political history and social history
Social history
Social history, often called the new social history, is a branch of History that includes history of ordinary people and their strategies of coping with life. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments...
in a collaboration with online MUVE
MUVE
MUVE refers to online, multi-user virtual environments, sometimes called virtual worlds. While this term has been used previously to refer to a generational change in MUDs, MOOs, and MMORPGs, it is most widely used to describe MMOGs that are not necessarily game-specific. The term was first used...
gaming project in a format that younger "digital divide" learners find engaging. She reaches out to students before college in texts used in high schools for Advanced Placement courses and previously in a text for middle schoolers with a braille edition. She connects with secondary teachers through the "Teaching American History" courses. She has been a TAH presenter and her books are used for required readings in college credit courses around the country for high school teachers to acquire a better background in American history.
texts
- “America’s Documents of Freedom” (2009) by Goldhil Video. Greg Heimer narrator. 11 DVD-Rs, panel. Pauline Maier, John Smolenski, Robert George, Wilson Smith. For junior high/high school. Stories behind important documents in U.S. History.
- ""Inventing America":a History of the United States" (2006) college textbook. Even when invented elsewhere, Americans adopt technology that alters their politics, economy, society.. First edition, chapters to 1800 by Maier. Maier lead author on second edition. 27 scholarly citations.
- “American Heritage” interview by Smithsonian technology archivist. Video “Inventing America”. Four authors at Chicago Hist. Soc., C-SPAN.
- Critical review by economist Sylvia NasarSylvia NasarSylvia Nasar is a German-born American economist and author, best known for her biography of John Forbes Nash, A Beautiful Mind.- Early life and history :...
in the New York Times, “A textbook case”, asserting insufficient attention to innovation and adoption, corporation and profit, societal distribution. The “Authors’ answer” is found in the NYT of Oct 06, 2002.
- “US History Skillbook with Writing Practice and Exercises” by Henry, M and Maier, P., Ed.2 use with “Inventing” ISBN 978-1-413-89589-6; “With U.S. History: A Document-Based Skillbook” by Maier, P. Ed.2. use with “Inventing”. ISBN 978-1-413-89328-1
- "The American People: A History” (1986) hardcover and braille. a survey textbook for junior-high-school students.
online courses
- “Primary Sources: workshops in American History. Workshop 2 of 8. “Common Sense and the American Revolution”: the power of the printed word. Transcripts and Video. Maier lecture on Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”.
- 2001 WGBH Educational Foundation. Annenberg Foundation 2011. Course credit. Virginia Polytechnic Institute. A “companion web site” to the video workshop series providing professional development resources for American history teachers.
- “The American Revolution”. “MIT open courseware” Undergraduate 21H.112 as taught in Spring 2006. viewed 05/08/2011. For an alternate online approach presenting similar material, see Joanne B. Freeman’s lectures-only format, “The American Revolution” at ‘Yale University Courses’.
avatar virtual gaming
- “Revolution” – virtual gaming, MITs Education Arcade, with Colonial Williamsburg. Microsoft iCampus. 2004. Pauline Maier historical collaboration with program authors Matthew Weise, Henry JenkinsHenry JenkinsHenry Jenkins III is an American media scholar and currently a Provost Professor of Communication, Journalism, and Cinematic Arts, a joint professorship at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and the USC School of Cinematic Arts...
, Kurt SquireKurt SquireDr. Kurt D. Squire is an associate professor at University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Director of the Games, Learning & Society Initiative, best known for his research into game design for education....
. A seven-avatar Multi-User Virtual Environment (MUVEMUVEMUVE refers to online, multi-user virtual environments, sometimes called virtual worlds. While this term has been used previously to refer to a generational change in MUDs, MOOs, and MMORPGs, it is most widely used to describe MMOGs that are not necessarily game-specific. The term was first used...
): conservative patriot burgess, tailoress entrepreneur, woman houseservant slave, male blacksmith, immigrant waitress, man fieldhand slave, carpenter.
Lectures and panel discussions
- See below under "Further reading"}}
Popular Reviews and Columns
Maier has written popular book reviews and Op-ed opinion columns for several periodicals, including the New York Times (NYT) Books, Arts and Opinion pages, all relating to her scholarly area of expertise. She occasionally appears as a guest on radio talk programs. Maier is an advisor to History News NetworkHistory News Network
History News Network is a project of the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University. Although the HNN resides on GMU's server, it operates independently of the university as a non-profit corporation registered in Washington State...
out of George Mason University.
Washington Post reviews
“Liberty’s exiles” 02/22/2011. Maier’s approving review of Maya Jasanoff’s well-written “Liberty’s exiles: American loyalists in the Revolutionary world” and recalling Mary Beth Norton
Mary Beth Norton
Mary Beth Norton is an American historian. She is the Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History Department of History at Cornell University. Norton was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Michigan and her Master of Arts and Ph.D. ...
’s 1970 prize-winning “British Americans”.
Compare with Thomas H. Bender
Thomas H. Bender
-Life:He graduated from Santa Clara University, and from University of California, Davis with an M.A. and Ph.D. in 1971.He moderated an online discussion at History Matters.He teaches at New York University....
in the New York Times 05/01/2011 “The King’s men, after the American Revolution”.
NYT Reviews
Looking at twenty years as a NYT reviewer, one can see an evolution from (a) 1980s family, women’s and children’s books, to (b) early to mid 1990s specialty monographs concerning the Revolutionary period, to (c) late 1990s big name authors and best sellers in her field. (Note: keep scrolling through the Arts page ads for text.)
“John Adams” May 27, 2001. Review of David McCullough’s “John Adams”. “The do-it-yourself society” March 1, 1998. On Paul Johnson’s “A history of the American people”. “Sparring for Liberty” November 1, 1998. On Eric Foner’s “The story of American freedom”. “James Madison made us up” July 3, 1988. On Edmund S. Morgan’s “Inventing the people: the rise of popular sovereignty in England and America”.
“Reversal of Fortune” November 16, 1997. on Richard M. Ketchum’s “Saratoga: turning point of America’s Revolutionary War”. “Continent of conquest” July 14, 1996. On John Keegan’s “Fields of battle: the wars for North America”. “The all-purpose bad guy” August 26, 1990. On Willard S. Randall’s “Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor”.
“The dissertation that would not die” July 30, 1989. On Frank Bourgin’s “The great challenge: the myth of laissez-faire in the Early Republic”.
“Children’s books: … getting it right” reviewing ten children’s books on Revolution and Constitution. “A world of women” December 12, 1982. On Barbara Strachey’s “Remarkable relations: the story of the Pearsall Smith women”. “Victorian Women, including Victoria” May 16, 1982. On Janet H. Murray’s “Strong-minded women and other lost voices from 19th Century England”. “A marriage that worked” September 1981. On Lynne Withey’s “Dearest friend: a life of Abigail Adams”.
NYT Opinion
“Justice Breyer’s sharp aim” December 21, 2010. “Jefferson, Real and Imagined” July 4, 1997.
Radio
“Costa Report” interview with California based Rebecca D. Costa’s radio show features research based scholars with unconventional takes on nonpartisan ‘PBS content’. Costa’s “Maier interview” KSCO radio, Feb 4, 2011. Viewed 05/16/2001. “Wilson Center”, 'strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and the world of public affairs'. “Dialogue Radio: “#946 ‘Ratification’”, Dec 19-26, 2010. Viewed 05/16/2001.
TV and video series
- See below under "Further reading"}}
Lectures and panel discussions
- “In-Depth with Pauline Maier” BookTV, C-SPAN2 Interview Sunday March 20, 2011.
- Teaching The Nation's History 2004 Adaptation of a speech delivered to a National Endowment for the HumanitiesNational Endowment for the HumanitiesThe National Endowment for the Humanities is an independent federal agency of the United States established by the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 dedicated to supporting research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. The NEH is located at...
forum. - “You Teach History at MIT?” 2003. Lecture at Alumni Association. Running time 56:37.
- “The Importance of Being Archival” The use of archives in writing histories. Mary Baker Eddy Library, 02/13/2003. Maier in England for “Resistance to Revolution”, R. Pipes in Russia for “Unknown Lenin” and B.W. Cook suing the USG for “Declassified Eisenhower”. 01:21:00
- “The Founding Fathers and Federalism”. Panel led by George WillGeorge WillGeorge Frederick Will is an American newspaper columnist, journalist, and author. He is a Pulitzer Prize-winner best known for his conservative commentary on politics...
02/23/2002. intro. Then Maier, Ellis, Rakove, four governors. 01:41:00. - “Writings of Jefferson and Madison”. Maier from Madison’s Montpelier. Part two, Maier and Roger WilkinsRoger WilkinsRoger Wilkins is an African American civil rights leader, professor of history, and journalist.-Biography:Wilkins was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and grew up in Michigan...
. Intro by Michael Quinn. C-SPAN 04/09/2001. 02:20:00 total. first part, 01:15:00, second part immediately. - “Interview with Charlie Rose” (July 4, 1997) 54 minutes.
- American Scripture 1997 Description of a lecture Maier delivered before the Library of CongressLibrary of CongressThe Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...
- Making the Declaration of Independence Transcript and streaming audio from interview with Brian LambBrian LambBrian Patrick Lamb is the founder and chief executive officer of C-SPAN, a television network dedicated to coverage of government proceedings and public affairs. Born and raised in Lafayette, Indiana, Lamb earned a degree from Purdue University before joining the United States Navy...
. - What Was The Declaration Of Independence 1997 Interview with David GergenDavid GergenDavid Richmond Gergen is an American political consultant and former presidential advisor who served during the administrations of Nixon, Ford, Reagan, and Clinton. He is currently Director of the Center for Public Leadership and a professor of public service at Harvard Kennedy School. Gergen is...
.}}
TV and video series and programs
- “Dialogue Television” video “ #2263 ‘Ratification’, Dec 8-12, 2010. Viewed 05/16/2001. Woodrow Wilson international center for scholars, 'strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and the world of public affairs'.
- They made America 2004 Maier in "Revolution", then "Newcomers", "Gamblers", "Rebels".
- “Liberty! Liberty!” PBS Series, 2004. Liberty! “The Boston Tea Party”. PBS, video of Maier describing the event.
- "Revolutionaries" 2004 - PBS series of thirteen, Episode 3. The Chess Master (1776–90), Franklin's diverse and crucial roles.
- ”The Founding Fathers”. History Channel series
- “The Adams Chronicles” NEH project
- “Benjamin Franklin” 2002 (PBS TV mini-series documentary) – advisor
- Biography of America: “Annenberg Learner”’s WGBH production of Biography of America (2000) “New world encounters”. P. Maier et al., “The Coming of Independence”. P. Maier, “The new system of government”, P. Maier, “Westward expansion”. Maier, another and host. Maier shows here an example of the new “Early American History” where it stretches a century past and fifty years forward. (see “Scholarship” this page, “Expanding early American history.”
- “Founding Fathers” 2000 - TV mini-series documentary. Four episodes on rebels, liberties, revolution, constitution.}}
External links
Pauline Maier MIT page- Pauline Maier MIT homepage. Maier has been a Professor of American History there since 1979.
Innovative places of scholarship
In her scholarly career, Pauline Maier found collaborative work among many academic institutions. These most often practiced interdisciplinary, multi-cultural study which broke through artificial chronologies. “A disjunction in historical research is not a disjunction in history.” (in Donald Yerxa book) Below is a sampling.Scholarship
- “Center for the study of the American Constitution”, Madison, Wisconsin. Sponsor substantial publications about constitutional government to be widely used by scholars, judges, and teachers. Contribute professional development in curricula and classrooms around the region and the nation.
- “Sloan Foundation”, New York, New York Promotes carefully reasoned and systematic understanding of the forces of nature and society, through research and broad-based education related to science, technology, and economic performance; and the quality of American life. A focus on science, technology, and economic institutions.
- “Guggenheim Foundation”, New York, New York. "Midcareer" awards for demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts. An annual award for U.S./Canada and one for Latin America/Caribbean. Numbers of them are elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
- “The Scherer Center for the Study of American Culture”, Chicago, Illinois. To develop scholarship in American culture and broadcast it. Within various disciplines, connect History, Philosophy, Political Science, Economics, Public Policy, the Law School—and—Social Thought, Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology, Divinity School—and—Art History, Cinema, Media, Visual and Music – and—English, Romance Languages, Linguistics.
Journals
- "Journal of Interdisciplinary History", Boston, Massachusetts. Employ the methods and insights of multiple disciplines in the study of past times to bring a historical perspective to economics, demographics, politics, sociology and psychology.
- “Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture”, Williamsburg, Virginia . Early American history and culture. From early contacts to 1820. Geographically, North America— French, Spanish, British, the Caribbean, Europe and West Africa. History, literature, law, political science, and cultural studies, anthropology, archaeology.
Education
- “National Endowment for the Humanities” (NEH), Washington, DC. Serves and strengthens our Republic by promoting excellence in the humanities and conveying the lessons of history to all Americans. Cultural resources for educational programs, reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history. Relating the humanities to the current national life.
- “”National Archives” and Records Administration”, Washington, DC . The Archives and its foundation preserve and present the records of the actions of Federal Government since 1790—interpreting relating each document to the rights of American citizens, the actions of Federal officials, and the national experience. Network archives, records centers, online.
- “Annenberg Foundation”, Los Angeles, California. Development of more effective ways to share ideas and knowledge. Multimedia resources help teachers increase their expertise in their fields and assist them in improving their teaching methods. Programs are for students and viewers at home, exemplifying excellent teaching.
- “Gilder Lehrman Institute”, New York, NY. Study and love of American history through programs and resources for students, teachers, scholars, and history enthusiasts. Work with history-focused schools; organize development programs for teachers; Print and digital publications and traveling exhibits; resources for K-12 teachers and students.
- “American Academy of Arts & Sciences”, Cambridge, Mass. Independent policy research for multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems and practical policy alternatives. Fosters public engagement and mentors new scholars and thinkers. Elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.
- “Madison’s Montpelier”, Orange, Virginia. Non-partisan organization dedicated to the study and teaching of founding principles and constitutional ideals for American self-government. A goal of becoming the nation's leading resource in Constitutional education. A teaching academy for scholars, teachers, judges, and elected officials, U.S. and abroad.
- “Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars", Washington, DC. Congress established, non-partisan, to unite the world of ideas to the world of policy. Scholarship and linking scholarship to issues of concern to Washington. Particularly study of international affairs, executive branch and Congress in a broad context in a long view.}}