Pearl Rivers
Encyclopedia
Eliza Jane Poitevent Holbrook Nicholson (1843–1896), who wrote under the nom de plume Pearl Rivers, was a United States journalist and poet. She took the name from the Pearl River near her home in Mississippi.
on 11 March 1843 (some sources say 1849). She was the third child of a prosperous family of five, with a busy father and sickly mother.
When she was nine she moved to her aunt Jane's house in Hobolochitto (now called Picayune
), in Pearl River County, Mississippi, where her uncle Leonard managed a plantation, a store and a toll bridge.
She was sent to the Amite Female Seminary in Liberty, Mississippi
, graduating in 1859, where she earned (or gave herself) the title of the "wildest girl in school".
Eliza's first romance was with a young man she had met while at the seminary, but this was suppressed by the headmaster and her uncle. During the American Civil War
(1861–1865) she may have fallen in love with a soldier, since such a romance was described in a group of poems she wrote in 1866 for the New Orleans Times.
After the war she began submitting her work to newspapers and magazines under the pseudonym "Pearl Rivers", and her poems were published in the New Orleans literary sheet, The South, and in the New York Home Journal and the New York Ledger. On 17 October 1866 the New Orleans daily The Picayune published her poem "A Little Bunch of Roses", the first of her work known to have been published in that paper, and after 1867 all her work was published in this paper.
A month after their marriage, Holbrook's first wife returned from New York and attacked her with a pistol and a bottle of rum.
This was followed by a messy and protracted court battle.
Holbrook died in bankruptcy in 1876 owing $80,000, a very large amount of money in those days. He left the newspaper to his young widow, which she continued to run. This was courageous decision for a woman at that time. She had fallen in love with the business manager of the paper, a married man named George Nicholson. A year after Nicholson's first wife died, he married Eliza in June 1878.
, a pioneer women's advice columnist.
The introduction of a society column on 16 March 1879, the "Society Bee", was controversial. One reader wrote that it was "shabby", "shoddy" and "shameful" to mention the name of any lady in a newspaper. But by 1890 the column had become the largest section in the Sunday edition and was widely imitated.
The visual appearance of the paper evolved.
Advertising was moved out of column space and into boxes, which first appeared in June 1882.
Before 1885 the paper rarely ran illustrations.
By 1887 the pages were full of chalk plate drawings. The rakish and sophisticated Weather Frog appeared in cartoons from 13 January 1894, and the first political cartoon on 18 April 1896.
She changed the paper into a family newspaper, and, between 1880 and 1890, the circulation more than tripled while the paper grew in size and influence.
Under Eliza the paper fought corruption, gave strong opinions on public works on the Mississippi, supported railroad construction, advocated political changes and took other principled stands.
But paper reflected the views of its readers.
It was hostile to the Negro Republican Party
, publishing editorials in the 1890s in favor of disenfranchizing negroes on the basis that they were "unfit to vote, ignorant, shiftless, depraved and criminal-minded", and would be controlled by a "ring" of white politicians. The Picayune reported Negro lynchings casually.
Eliza was made president of the Women's National Press Association in 1884, and became the first honorary member of the New York Women's Press Club.
In March 1886 the editor of the New York magazine Forest and Stream
invited Mr. E.J. Nicholson to be vice-president of the Audubon Society. Two weeks later the editor apologised for assuming Eliza Jane was a man and ranking her with the "inferior sex".
A lover of animals, Eliza wrote editorials to protest against dog fighting and the beating of horses and mules.
She was a driving force in launching the New Orleans Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1888.
Her husband caught influenza and died in New Orleans and Eliza died of the same disease two weeks later, on 15 February 1896, leaving two teenage children.
An example of her early poetry, first published anonymously:
Talking of her early life in the poem Myself, she introduced the "gossip loving bee", who gave its name to the Society Bee column:
Her later blank verse
works "Hagar" and "Leah", published in Cosmopolitan
in 1893 and 1894, have more depth, giving a powerful sense of the bitterness and jealousy of her heroines.
Her more important work, however, was in journalism. Through vivid and entertaining prose she gave thoughtful and intelligent commentary on many of the issues of the day. Despite a lack of confidence in her abilities, she was a remarkable and discerning writer.
Early life
Eliza Jane Poitevent was born in Gainesville, MississippiMississippi
Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi...
on 11 March 1843 (some sources say 1849). She was the third child of a prosperous family of five, with a busy father and sickly mother.
When she was nine she moved to her aunt Jane's house in Hobolochitto (now called Picayune
Picayune, Mississippi
Picayune is the largest city in Pearl River County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 10,878 at the 2010 census. Located approximately from New Orleans, Hattiesburg, and Gulfport/Biloxi...
), in Pearl River County, Mississippi, where her uncle Leonard managed a plantation, a store and a toll bridge.
She was sent to the Amite Female Seminary in Liberty, Mississippi
Liberty, Mississippi
Liberty is a town in Amite County, Mississippi, United States. It is part of the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 633 at the 2000 census...
, graduating in 1859, where she earned (or gave herself) the title of the "wildest girl in school".
Eliza's first romance was with a young man she had met while at the seminary, but this was suppressed by the headmaster and her uncle. During the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
(1861–1865) she may have fallen in love with a soldier, since such a romance was described in a group of poems she wrote in 1866 for the New Orleans Times.
After the war she began submitting her work to newspapers and magazines under the pseudonym "Pearl Rivers", and her poems were published in the New Orleans literary sheet, The South, and in the New York Home Journal and the New York Ledger. On 17 October 1866 the New Orleans daily The Picayune published her poem "A Little Bunch of Roses", the first of her work known to have been published in that paper, and after 1867 all her work was published in this paper.
Marriages
During one of Eliza's visits to her grandfather in New Orleans she met the co-owner of the Daily Picayune, Alva M. Holbrook. He asked her to become literary editor of the newspaper. She accepted the job and in May 1872 married Holbrook, who was divorced and almost thirty years her senior. The marriage was unhappy. In a letter to her first lover she confided that Holbrook "never did, and never will" love her.A month after their marriage, Holbrook's first wife returned from New York and attacked her with a pistol and a bottle of rum.
This was followed by a messy and protracted court battle.
Holbrook died in bankruptcy in 1876 owing $80,000, a very large amount of money in those days. He left the newspaper to his young widow, which she continued to run. This was courageous decision for a woman at that time. She had fallen in love with the business manager of the paper, a married man named George Nicholson. A year after Nicholson's first wife died, he married Eliza in June 1878.
Picayune owner
George Nicholson was a talented businessman who managed to pay down the debt and increase advertising revenue. Eliza introduced many innovations to the Daily Picayune which greatly increased circulation, making the paper one of the leading journals in the South. Among other changes, she added stories on women, children's pages, poetry and literary stories. She also started a gossip column and hired Dorothy DixDorothy Dix
Dorothy Dix , was the pseudonym of U.S. journalist Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer....
, a pioneer women's advice columnist.
The introduction of a society column on 16 March 1879, the "Society Bee", was controversial. One reader wrote that it was "shabby", "shoddy" and "shameful" to mention the name of any lady in a newspaper. But by 1890 the column had become the largest section in the Sunday edition and was widely imitated.
The visual appearance of the paper evolved.
Advertising was moved out of column space and into boxes, which first appeared in June 1882.
Before 1885 the paper rarely ran illustrations.
By 1887 the pages were full of chalk plate drawings. The rakish and sophisticated Weather Frog appeared in cartoons from 13 January 1894, and the first political cartoon on 18 April 1896.
She changed the paper into a family newspaper, and, between 1880 and 1890, the circulation more than tripled while the paper grew in size and influence.
Under Eliza the paper fought corruption, gave strong opinions on public works on the Mississippi, supported railroad construction, advocated political changes and took other principled stands.
But paper reflected the views of its readers.
It was hostile to the Negro Republican Party
Negro Republican Party
The Negro Republican Party is the name given to African American branches of the Republican Party formed in the southern USA after the American Civil War .William F...
, publishing editorials in the 1890s in favor of disenfranchizing negroes on the basis that they were "unfit to vote, ignorant, shiftless, depraved and criminal-minded", and would be controlled by a "ring" of white politicians. The Picayune reported Negro lynchings casually.
Eliza was made president of the Women's National Press Association in 1884, and became the first honorary member of the New York Women's Press Club.
In March 1886 the editor of the New York magazine Forest and Stream
Forest and Stream
Forest and Stream was a magazine featuring hunting, fishing, and other outdoor activities. Founded in 1873, it was the ninth oldest magazine in the United States....
invited Mr. E.J. Nicholson to be vice-president of the Audubon Society. Two weeks later the editor apologised for assuming Eliza Jane was a man and ranking her with the "inferior sex".
A lover of animals, Eliza wrote editorials to protest against dog fighting and the beating of horses and mules.
She was a driving force in launching the New Orleans Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1888.
Her husband caught influenza and died in New Orleans and Eliza died of the same disease two weeks later, on 15 February 1896, leaving two teenage children.
Literary achievements
Eliza's early rhyming verse was mainly pastoral, with some poetry touching on love and heartbreak and, in retrospect, was not exceptional although it revealed a keen perception of nature. However, Dr. W.H. Holcomb, a scholarly critic at the time wrote of her book Lyrics that "She stands by this volume ahead of any other Southern poet, and no female writer in America, from Mrs. Sigourney to the Carey sisters, has evidenced more poetic genius".An example of her early poetry, first published anonymously:
-
- Whistling through the corn field,
Whistling a merry air,
My feet are deep in the pea-vines,
And tangles are in my hair.
- Whistling through the corn field,
-
- Old folks say 'tis unlucky
For maidens to whistle; still,
Life is a rugged country,
And whistling helps uphill.
- Old folks say 'tis unlucky
Talking of her early life in the poem Myself, she introduced the "gossip loving bee", who gave its name to the Society Bee column:
-
- With windows low and narrow too,
Where birds came peeping in
To wake me up at early morn
And oft I used to win
- With windows low and narrow too,
-
- The Cherokees to climb the sill,
The gossip loving bee,
To come so near that he would pause
And buzz a word to me.
- The Cherokees to climb the sill,
Her later blank verse
Blank verse
Blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the sixteenth century" and Paul Fussell has claimed that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."The first...
works "Hagar" and "Leah", published in Cosmopolitan
Cosmopolitan (magazine)
Cosmopolitan is an international magazine for women. It was first published in 1886 in the United States as a family magazine, was later transformed into a literary magazine and eventually became a women's magazine in the late 1960s...
in 1893 and 1894, have more depth, giving a powerful sense of the bitterness and jealousy of her heroines.
Her more important work, however, was in journalism. Through vivid and entertaining prose she gave thoughtful and intelligent commentary on many of the issues of the day. Despite a lack of confidence in her abilities, she was a remarkable and discerning writer.