Pectinidae
Encyclopedia
The Pectinidae are a family of bivalve
Bivalvia
Bivalvia is a taxonomic class of marine and freshwater molluscs. This class includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and many other families of molluscs that have two hinged shells...

 mollusks including the scallop
Scallop
A scallop is a marine bivalve mollusk of the family Pectinidae. Scallops are a cosmopolitan family, found in all of the world's oceans. Many scallops are highly prized as a food source...

 and closely related to the clam
Clam
The word "clam" can be applied to freshwater mussels, and other freshwater bivalves, as well as marine bivalves.In the United States, "clam" can be used in several different ways: one, as a general term covering all bivalve molluscs...

 and oyster
Oyster
The word oyster is used as a common name for a number of distinct groups of bivalve molluscs which live in marine or brackish habitats. The valves are highly calcified....

. They are hermaphrodite
Hermaphrodite
In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes.Many taxonomic groups of animals do not have separate sexes. In these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which both...

, and the male gonads mature first. Pectinidae can live attached by means of a filament they secrete, or are simply recumbent. Their valves can propel them through the water in case of need. There are numerous examples of large size in all of the oceans, and several species are of commercial importance.

Morphology

In general, shells of Pectinidae consist of two valves, which are circular to broadly ovate with the right valve usually more inflated than the left valve. The valves become narrower and pointed at the umbones which have flattened triangular extensions on both sides, known as auricles or ears. The upper edge of the ears forms a somewhat straight hinge line. The umbones project only slightly above this line. Most Pectinidae have radial ribs and concentric ridges, although a few are smooth. The ctenolium is a key feature that separates Pectinidae from all other familie.

Distribution and Habitat

Pectinidae inhabit all the oceans of the world, with the largest number of species living in the Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
The Indo-Pacific is a biogeographic region of the Earth's seas, comprising the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the seas connecting the two in the general area of Indonesia...

 region. Most species of Pectinidae live in relatively shallow watersfrom the low tide line to 100 meters, while others prefer much deeper water. Although some species only live in very narrow environments, most are opportunistic and can live under a wide variety of conditions. Pectinidae can be found living within, uppon, or under either rocks, coral, rubble, sea grass, kelp
Kelp
Kelps are large seaweeds belonging to the brown algae in the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera....

, sand or mud. Adult specimens are either byssally
Byssus
Byssus means both a silky filament by which certain molluscs attach themselves to hard surfaces, and a rare fabric, also called sea silk and its fibre source.-Word:...

 attached or cemented to a substrate, while others are free swimmers.

Fossil Record

The fossil history of Pectinidae is rich in species and specimens. The earliest known records of true Pectinidae (those with a ctenolium) can be found from the Triassic period over 200 Million years ago. The earliest species were divided into two groups, one with a nearly smooth exterior: Pleuronectis von Schlotheim, 1820, while the other had radial ribs or riblets and auricles: Praechlamys Allasinaz, 1972. Fossil records also indicate that the existence of Pectinidae has been unstable at times; from being the most speciose family of the Mesozoic era, to almost disappearing completely by the end of the Cretaceous period. Fortunately survivors evolved rapidly during the Tertiary period. Nearly 7,000 species and subspecies names have been introduced for both fossil and recent Pectinidae.

Taxonomy and list of genera

There are more than 30 genera
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...

 and around 350 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 in the Family Pectinidae. Raines & Poppe (2006) list nearly 900 species' names, most considered either questionable or non valid. They state that there are over 50 genera
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...

 and around 250 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 and subspecies
Subspecies
Subspecies in biological classification, is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, ora taxonomic unit in that rank . A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or two or more, never just one...

. While species are generally well circumscribed, their attribution to subfamilies and genera is sometimes equivocal, and there is minimal information about phylogeny and relationships of the species, not least because most work has been based on adult morphology
Morphology (biology)
In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....

 (Barucca et al., 2004).

Genera

      • Hyalopecten
        Hyalopecten
        Hyalopecten is a genus of marine bivalve mollusks.The placement of the genus Hyalopecten is currently uncertain. Habe included Hyalopecten within the subfamily Camptonectinae. However, Hyalopecten lacks antimarginal microsculpture, which is a key characteristic of Camptonectinae...

         Verrill
        Addison Emery Verrill
        Addison Emery Verrill was an American zoologist. He was a student of Louis Agassiz at Harvard University and graduated in 1862...

        , 1897

  • Subfamilia: Camptonectinae Habe, 1977
      • Delectopecten Stewart, 1920
      • Ciclopecten Seguenza, 1877
      • Pseudohinnites Dijkstra, 1989

  • Subfamilia: Hemipectinae Habe, 1977
      • Hemipecten Adams & Reeve, 1849

  • Subfamilia: Palliolinae Korbkov in Eberzin, 1960
    • Tribus Palliolini Waller, 1993
      • Palliolum Monterosato, 1884
      • Lissochlamys Sacco, 1897
      • Placopecten
        Placopecten
        Placopecten is a genus of molluscs in the family Pectinidae.-Species:* Placopecten magellanicus — Atlantic deep-sea scallop...

        Verrill
        Addison Emery Verrill
        Addison Emery Verrill was an American zoologist. He was a student of Louis Agassiz at Harvard University and graduated in 1862...

        , 1897
      • Pseudamussium Mörch, 1853
      • Mesopeplum
        Mesopeplum
        Mesopeplum is a genus of scallops, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Pectinidae.-Species in the genus Mesopeplum:* Mesopeplum caroli* Mesopeplum convexum * Mesopeplum fenestratum -References:...

        Iredale, 1929

  • Subfamilia: Pectininae
    • Tribus Decatopectinini Waller, 1986
      • Anguipecten Dall
        W. H. Dall
        William Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...

        , Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
      • Annachlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939
      • Bractechlamys
        Bractechlamys
        Bractechlamys is a genus of molluscs in the family Pectinidae.-Species:* Bractechlamys antillarum — Antillean scallop...

        Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939
      • Decatopecten Rüppell in G. B. Sowerby II, 1839
      • Excellichlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939
      • Flexopecten Sacco, 1897
      • Glorichlamys Dijkstra, 1991
      • Gloripallium Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939
      • Juxtamusium Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939
      • Mirapecten Dall
        W. H. Dall
        William Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...

        , Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
    • Tribus: Pectinini Wilkes, 1810
      • Amusium Röding
        Peter Friedrich Röding
        Peter Friedrich Röding was a German malacologist who lived in Hamburg. Very little is known about this naturalist.Many of Röding's descriptions are of species which were first named by earlier authors such as Johann Hieronymus Chemnitz, Friedrich Wilhelm Martini and Martin Lister...

        , 1798
      • Dentamussium Dijkstra, 1990
      • Pecten Müller
        Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller
        Philipp Ludwig Statius Muller was a German zoologist.Statius Muller was born in Esens, and was Professor of Natural Science at Erlangen. Between 1773 and 1776, he published a German translation of Linnaeus's Natursystem...

        , 1776
        (includes the Great or King scallop, Pecten maximus
        Pecten maximus
        Pecten maximus, common name the "great scallop" or "king scallop", is a species of scallop, an edible saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pectinidae, the scallops.This is the type species of the genus....

        , Japanese (sea) scallop, Pecten yessoensis, the New Zealand scallop, Pecten novaezealandiae
        Pecten novaezealandiae
        Pecten novaezealandiae, or the New Zealand scallop, is a bivalve mollusc of the family Pectinidae.-Distribution:Pecten novaezealandiae is endemic to New Zealand. It is found in the North Island, South Island, Stewart Island, and the Chatham Islands.-Habitat:Pecten novaezealandiae is found in sand,...

        , and the Ravenel or Round-rib scallop, Pecten raveneli)
      • Euvola
        Euvola
        Euvola is a genus of molluscs in the family Pectinidae.-Species:* Euvola papyracea — paper scallop* Euvola raveneli — Ravenel's scallop* Euvola ziczac — zigzag scallop...

        Dall
        W. H. Dall
        William Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...

        , 1898
        (includes the Zigzag scallop, Euvola ziczac
        Euvola ziczac
        Euvola ziczac, or the zigzag scallop, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pectinidae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from North Carolina to the West Indies and Bermuda.-Features:...

        )
      • Minnivola Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939
      • Serratovola Habe, 1951
  • Subfamilia: Chlamydinae von Teppner, 1922
    • Tribus Clamydini von Teppner, 1922
      • Chlamys Röding
        Peter Friedrich Röding
        Peter Friedrich Röding was a German malacologist who lived in Hamburg. Very little is known about this naturalist.Many of Röding's descriptions are of species which were first named by earlier authors such as Johann Hieronymus Chemnitz, Friedrich Wilhelm Martini and Martin Lister...

        , 1798
      • Complichlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939
      • Coralichlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939
      • Equichlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1929
      • Hinnites Defrance, 1821
      • Laevichlamys Waller, 1993
      • Manupecten Monterosato, 1872
      • Nodipecten
        Nodipecten
        Nodipecten is a genus of large scallops, marine bivalve molluscs in the Pectinidae family. These scallops often have attractive, strongly colored, thick shells...

        Dall
        W. H. Dall
        William Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...

        , 1898
      • Notochlamys Cotton, 1930
      • Pascahinnites Dijkstra & Raines, 1999
      • Pedum Bruguière
        Jean Guillaume Bruguière
        Jean Guillaume Bruguière was a French physician, zoologist and diplomat.Bruguière was born in Montpellier.He was a doctor, connected to the University of Montpellier. His was interested in invertebrates, mostly snails ....

        , 1791
      • Psychrochlamys Jonkers, 2003
      • Scaeochlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1929
      • Semipallium Jousseaume in Lamy, 1928
      • Swiftopecten Hertlein, 1936
      • Veprichlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1929
    • Tribus Austrochlamydini Jonkers, 2003
      • Austrochlamys Jonkers, 2003
    • Tribus: Adamussiini Habe, 1977
      • Adamussium Thiele, 1934
    • Tribus Fortipectinini Masuda, 1963
      • Mizuhopecten Masuda, 1963
      • Patinopecten Dall
        W. H. Dall
        William Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...

        , 1898
    • Tribus Crassadomini Waller, 1993
      • Crassadoma Bernard, 1986
      • Caribachlamys
        Caribachlamys
        Caribachlamys is a genus of molluscs in the family Pectinidae.-Species:* Caribachlamys imbricata — little knobby scallop* Caribachlamys ornata — ornate scallop...

        Waller, 1993
    • Tribus Mimachlamydini Waller, 1993
      • Mimachlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1929
      • Spathochlamys Waller, 1993
      • Talochlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1935
        includes Talochlamys pusio (Linnaeus, 1758) Chlamys distorta (da Costa, 1778)
    • Tribus Aequipectinini F. Nordsieck, 1969
      • Aequipecten
        Aequipecten
        Aequipecten is a genus of scallops, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pectinidae.-Species:* Aequipecten acanthodes — thistle scallop* Aequipecten audouinii — sometimes given as a subspecies of A...

        Fischer, 1886 (includes Rough scallop
        Rough scallop
        The rough scallop, Aequipecten muscosus, grows up to . It has a small, scallop-shaped shell with about twenty strong ribs which have many erect scales or small spines near the margin...

         Aequipecten muscosus)
      • Argopecten
        Argopecten
        Argopecten is a genus of saltwater clams, of scallops, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pectinidae.-Species:Species within the genus Argopecten include:* Argopecten gibbus — Atlantic calico scallop...

        Monterosato, 1889 (includes bay scallop, Argopecten irradians
        Argopecten irradians
        Argopecten irradians, formerly classified as Aequipecten irradians, common names the "Atlantic bay scallop" or "bay scallop", is an edible species of saltwater clam, a scallop, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pectinidae, the scallops....

        , Atlantic calico scallop
        Atlantic calico scallop
        The Atlantic calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, is a species of medium-sized edible saltwater clam, specifically a scallop, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pectinidae, the scallops....

         Argopecten gibbus and Pacific calico scallop, Argopecten ventricosus)
      • Cryptopecten
        Cryptopecten
        Cryptopecten is a genus of molluscs in the family Pectinidae....

        Dall
        W. H. Dall
        William Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...

        , Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
      • Haumea Dall
        W. H. Dall
        William Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...

        , Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
      • Leptopecten Verrill
        Addison Emery Verrill
        Addison Emery Verrill was an American zoologist. He was a student of Louis Agassiz at Harvard University and graduated in 1862...

        , 1897
      • Volachlamys Iredale
        Tom Iredale
        Tom Iredale was an English-born ornithologist and malacologist who had a long association with Australia, where he lived for most of his life. He was an autodidact who never went to university and lacked formal training...

        , 1939

Gallery

File:Argopecten irradians.jpg|A live individual of Argopecten irradians
Argopecten irradians
Argopecten irradians, formerly classified as Aequipecten irradians, common names the "Atlantic bay scallop" or "bay scallop", is an edible species of saltwater clam, a scallop, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pectinidae, the scallops....

, the Atlantic Bay scallop, photographed at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Woods Hole is a census-designated place in the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. It lies at the extreme southwest corner of Cape Cod, near Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands...


Image:Pecten maximus(02).jpg|The great scallop, Pecten maximus
Pecten maximus
Pecten maximus, common name the "great scallop" or "king scallop", is a species of scallop, an edible saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pectinidae, the scallops.This is the type species of the genus....

, on the right, next to the native European oyster Ostrea edulis
Image:Ammusiumcristatum.jpg|Amusium cristatum from the Pliocene
Pliocene
The Pliocene Epoch is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.332 million to 2.588 million years before present. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch...

 of Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...


Image:SerpulidsPecten.JPG|Shell of a Pecten species with serpulid worm
Serpulidae
Serpulidae is a family of sessile, tube-building annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. The members of this family differ from the sabellid tube worms in that they have a specialized operculum that blocks the entrance of their tubes when they withdraw into the tubes. In addition, serpulids secrete...

 encrustation; Duck Harbor Beach on Cape Cod
Cape Cod
Cape Cod, often referred to locally as simply the Cape, is a cape in the easternmost portion of the state of Massachusetts, in the Northeastern United States...

 Bay, Wellfleet, Massachusetts
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...


Image:Aviculopecten subcardiformis01.JPG|External mold of Aviculopecten
Aviculopecten
Aviculopecten is an extinct genus of bivalve mollusc that lived from the Early Devonian to the Late Triassic in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.-External links:* in the Paleobiology Database...

 from the Logan Formation
Logan Formation
The Logan Formation is the name given to a Lower Carboniferous siltstone, sandstone and conglomeratic unit exposed in east-central Ohio and parts of western West Virginia, USA.-Stratigraphy and paleoenvironment:...

, Lower Carboniferous
Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian Period, about 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya , to the beginning of the Permian Period, about 299.0 ± 0.8 Mya . The name is derived from the Latin word for coal, carbo. Carboniferous means "coal-bearing"...

, Ohio.
Image:Placopecten magellanicus.jpg|Placopecten magellanicus
Placopecten magellanicus
Placopecten magellanicus, the Atlantic sea scallop, is a commercially important Pectinid bivalve mollusk native to the western Atlantic Ocean. -Description:...


Image:Pedum_spondyloideum.jpg| Pedum spondyloideum from the North coast of East Timor
East Timor
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor , is a state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor...



External links
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