Pena is a Portuguese

Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...

 civil parish

Freguesia

Freguesia is the Portuguese term for a secondary local administrative unit in Portugal and some of its former colonies, and a former secondary local administrative unit in Macau, roughly equivalent to an administrative parish. A freguesia is a subdivision of a concelho, the Portuguese synonym term...

 in the heart of the historical quarter of the municipality

Municipalities of Portugal

In Portugal, municipality or concelho is the most stable subdivision of Portugal since the foundation of the country.Portugal has an entirely separate system of cities and towns. Cities and towns are located in municipalities, but often do not have the same boundaries, even if built-up is continuous...

 of Lisbon

Lisbon

Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...

. In 2001, the population of the district included 6038 residents, in an are of 0.5 km², representing a highly compact population.

History

It was created in 1564, and designated Sant'Ana by Cardinal Henry, King of Portugal, when the parish of Santa Justa was divided.

Initially, the parish authority was localized in the Monastery of Sant'Ana (founded in 1561), but transferred to a building constructed by the brothers of the Santo Sacremento (after 25 March 1705): the Church of Nossa Senhora da Pena, along the Calçada da Pena, when the parish name changed to Nossa Senhora da Penha.

But, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake

1755 Lisbon earthquake

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, was a megathrust earthquake that took place on Saturday 1 November 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning. The earthquake was followed by fires and a tsunami, which almost totally destroyed Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, and...

 caused significant damage, and it was renovated by the middle of the 18th century, with recuperation completed in both the 18th and 19th centuries. Until 1763, the parish authority occupied several buildings, including a hermitage along the Travessa do Hospital, then at the Church of Nossa Senhora da Encarnação e Carmo, along the Travessa das Recolhidas, and later to the chapel in the Palace of Mitelo (in the Largo do Palácio do Mitelo).

Geography

The parish of Pena occupies one of the hilltops in Lisbon, namely Santana, which extends from Largo São Domingos until Estafãnia and from Portas de Santo Antão to Desterro. It is part of the historical quarter of Lisbon, and is encircled by the civil parishes of Santa Justa

Santa Justa (Lisbon)

Santa Justa is a Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Lisbon. It has a population of 700 inhabitants and a total area of 0.24 km²....

, Socorro

Socorro (Lisbon)

Socorro is a Portuguese parish in the municipality of Lisbon. The local area is also designated as Martim Moniz.-Main sites:*Menino de Deus Church...

, Anjas, São Jorge de Arroios, Coração de Jesus

Coração de Jesus (Lisbon)

Coração de Jesus is a Portuguese parish in the municipality of Lisbon. It was created on February 11, 1770....

 and São José

São José (Lisbon)

São José is a Portuguese parish in the municipality of Lisbon. It was created on November 20, 1567, by Cardinal D. Henrique.-Main sites:*Capuchos Convent*São José Church*Tivoli Cinema*Odeon Cinema*Capitólio Theater...

.

The centre of the parish is the Jardim Braamcamp Freire (Braamcamp Freire Garden), dedicated to the republican historian and archeologist, who directly opposed the British administration of William Beresford

William Beresford

William Beresford was a British Conservative politician.-Background:He was the only son of Marcus Beresford and his wife Frances Arabella, daughter of Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown. Beresford was educated at St Mary Hall, Oxford, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1819 and a...

. After this period of Portuguese history the park was known as the Campo dos Mártires da Pátria (dedicated to the martyrs of the fatherland

Fatherland

Fatherland is the nation of one's "fathers", "forefathers" or "patriarchs". It can be viewed as a nationalist concept, insofar as it relates to nations...

), which was commonly referred to as the Campo de Santana until the 18th century.