Personality Assessment System
Encyclopedia
The Personality Assessment System (PAS) is a descriptive model of personality formulated by John W. Gittinger.
The system has been used by scientists in studying personality and by clinicians in clinical practice.
A major feature of the PAS is that a personality profile can by systematically interpreted from a set of
Weschler Scales
subtest scores.
The PAS has two aspects which distinguish it from other personality models. They are the use of
the Weschler subtests, an objective test, to determine a personality and the use of a developmental model
in which the description of personality includes development through adolescence.
Krauskopf has proposed that differential aptitudes are the "cause" of personality differences.
The reason is that people prefer to use aptitudes they feel they are better at than ones where they feel
weaker. Krauskopf calls this hypothesis "radical" because so little attention has been paid to the idea.
With this "radical hypothesis", the use of an intelligence test, the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
to obtain personality information makes sense.
the PAS although there is no disagreement with other
descriptions.
The PAS is based on premises (among others) that behavior is determined by both heredity and
environment and behavior is determined by an interacting system of traits. Furthermore, these
traits can be modified through learning to such an extent that some might be nearly opposite
to the original genetic direction. Gittinger's original formulation defines three primitive dimensions
to which must be added general ability level which is referred to in the PAS as Normal Level.
There is an additional dimension related to psychological energy. In the theory, gender and age
also affect the final personality description.
The first dimension is Internalizer-Externalizer which is an ability to manipulate internal stimuli
or symbols without being distracted by the external world. This is similar, but not identical, to
the familiar introversion-extroversion dimension. The internalizer relies more on his own
experience and internal landscape and is likely to be less active than externalizers. The externalizer
is dependent on input from the outside and is more dependent on relating for the sake of relating.
Gittinger called this the intellectual dimension.
The Regulated-Flexible dimension can be viewed by thinking of a regulated person as one who can
see details within a whole, but not the whole. The regulated person is more stimulus bound and less able to see the "big picture". The regulated person is more procedurally oriented and emotionally insulated. The flexible person is involved with relationships and has attention diverted from step by step procedures. In theory, the regulated person has a high sensory threshold which is therefore satisfied less often than
a flexible person. Gittinger called this the procedural dimension.
The Role Adaptable-Role Uniform dimension refers to a person's skill in meeting demands that
others make of him. It is thus a social dimension. The behavior related to this dimension is generally without awareness. The adaptable person easily plays a variety of roles, being charming and moving easily in many different situations always making good first impressions. The role uniform person is able to handle
only a few social roles at best and is often said to be socially inept. The behavior is most apparent in new social situations, since the role uniform may comfortable and accepted in a very familiar situation. The role adaptive can suffer from making good first impressions and then not understanding the unrealistic expectations others place upon him. Gittinger called this the social dimension.
As the environment places demands upon a person to learn to compensate for weaknesses, the person may compensate to such an extent as to actually appear to have the opposite primitive trait. For example a primitive externalizer may compensate and appear more as an internalizer. However, there are differences between an uncompensated primitive
externalizer and a compensated internalizer. The compensated adjustment is a more tense adjustment and requires more rehearsal and more display of consistency. Also, a person who is compensated often reacts negatively to seeing their primitive trait displayed in others. A person may compensate in none, one, two or
all three dimensions. The PAS calls the adjustment including compensation the basic level.
The PAS defines an additional level of adjustment called the contact or surface level.
At the surface level, there are four possible adjustments. A person who is not compensated may either become modified, that is, attempt to display the opposite of their primitive trait on the surface or they may remain completely uncompensated and unmodified, retaining their primitive trait. A person who is compensated at the basic level may revert back towards their primitive trait on the surface (this is called a controlled adjustment) or continue to move towards the opposite (this is called a repressed adjustment).
A person makes adjustments in all three dimensions independently. For example, a person might
have a modified adjustment in one dimension, a controlled adjustment in another, and a repressed
adjustment in the third.
A key feature of the PAS is that the profile of a particular person may be derived from their scores
on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
. The development of the PAS actually began when John Gittinger noticed certain behaviors which seemed to relate to subtest scores on the Weschler. Over the years, as he observed may people, he developed the full theory and the method of translating Weschler scores into PAS profiles. Many refinements in the method used to produce PAS profiles from Weschler scores were made
with the 2001 method and one much older method the most extensively used by psychologists using the PAS.
education, career analysis, self-help, and intelligence gathering.
DuVivier discusses the importance of working with individual differences when
analyzing college student success and drop-out rates with particular attention to avoiding drop-out.
She uses an "Impressionistic Model Analysis" based on the PAS.
Downs studied college students majoring in mathematics and mathematics education.
In the study, most students in both groups were primitive regulated, in fact, compensated regulated.
Pure mathematics majors tended to be primitive and basic role uniform whereas mathematics education majors tended to be primitive role adaptive.
Meyers studied several police forces and discovered that police tended to be either
primitive role adaptive or compensated role uniform people.
Wilton describes an entire toolbox of building life skills,
everything from child training to dealing with obnoxious people to building security. She bases her
work on her understanding of indidual differences which she credits foremost to John Gittinger and the
PAS.
DeForest describes the use of the PAS in two aspects of intelligence gathering in Vietnam. One use was to develop interrogation methods appropriate to the personality type of the
subject. According the DeForest's report of the work, Vietnamese were very similar to each other, especially at the primitive level, and this led to develop of a consistent method of interrogation.
The PAS was also used to identify personalities which were likely to remain loyal, as opposed to ones who would flip-flop according to who they were dealing with at the moment. This was used to select subjects from among captives or deserters to return to enemy locations to gather intelligence.
during the time he developed the PAS. Early publications describing the PAS appeared in academic publications and did not mention Gittinger's employer.
While the PAS has been used in many contexts such as education and clinical work, it was developed by John Gittinger who worked with a number of other CIA employees. Gittinger and his PAS work were related to a wide range of projects, some of which were part of the set of projects called MKULTRA.
When there were Senate hearings on the MKULTRA project, Gittinger was a witness and identified as
a CIA psychologist.
The relationship of Gittinger, the PAS and MKULTRA is discussed by Marks in chapter 11 of his book
based upon examination of thousands of documents.. Earlier articles on the PAS in professional and academic journals never mentioned John Gittinger's employer.
While Marks' book is critical of the CIA and the MKULTRA project, Marks reports of Gittinger's passion for his personality system and describes it quite thoroughly. Marks also reports that Gittinger was very concerned that Marks' 1974 article connecting Gittinger, the PAS, and the CIA would damage Gittinger's
professional career. Marks also reports that Gittinger was "humiliated" by the 1973 hearings saying Gittinger was interested in talking about his personality system, not the drug and sex scandals being pursued by the Senate committee. Note that Gittinger retired from government service in 1978.
The use of the PAS by a CIA psychologist in the field is described in DeForest's book. The book describes the work of a psychologist, Bill Todd (a pseudonym) in Vietnam.
Treverton says that this book "is one
for intelligence fans, not an assessment but a lively tale of a spymaster and his agents-"
Manning's review in the New York Times says,
"Orrin DeForest, the principal author of the book, certainly comes across as a disaffected C.I.A. person, and its contents are certainly self-serving. Whether the book is also misleading is difficult for someone outside the spook fraternity of hired dissemblers to ascertain. Nevertheless, Slow Burn has its virtues anyway."
Due to the uniqueness of the developer, John W. Gittinger, and the nature of John Gittinger's career,
the literature is somewhat unusual in two ways. First, while there are many journal articles published
about the PAS and research using the PAS, only a small number are authored or co-authored by John Gittinger.
Second, much research has been conducted which has not been published. Krauskopf and Suanders'
book
has the most thorough discussion of the theory of the PAS, how it relates to other theories in psychology, and of research concerning the PAS. This book has a very extensive bibliography of both research on the PAS itself and works using the PAS. Gittinger's
major work, a 1964 work called the PAS Atlas contains the most complete
description of the wide range of possible personality profiles. The PAS Atlas was never formally published by Gittinger. A revised version, which improved readability and usability, was published in 1992.
Gittinger did publish two shorter descriptions of the PAS in academic journals with coauthor J. F. Winne in 1973.
An extensive summary of the relationship of the Wechsler and the PAS is available from Matarazzo
in chapter 14 (Personality and Related Correlates of the Wechsler Scales) of the standard reference on
the Wechsler.
The system has been used by scientists in studying personality and by clinicians in clinical practice.
A major feature of the PAS is that a personality profile can by systematically interpreted from a set of
Weschler Scales
Weschler Scales
Weschler Scales may refer to:* Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale* Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children...
subtest scores.
The PAS has two aspects which distinguish it from other personality models. They are the use of
the Weschler subtests, an objective test, to determine a personality and the use of a developmental model
in which the description of personality includes development through adolescence.
Krauskopf has proposed that differential aptitudes are the "cause" of personality differences.
The reason is that people prefer to use aptitudes they feel they are better at than ones where they feel
weaker. Krauskopf calls this hypothesis "radical" because so little attention has been paid to the idea.
With this "radical hypothesis", the use of an intelligence test, the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale intelligence quotient tests are the primary clinical instruments used to measure adult and adolescent intelligence. The original WAIS was published in February 1955 by David Wechsler, as a revision of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale...
to obtain personality information makes sense.
Description
This very brief description is based primarily on the most recently published description ofthe PAS although there is no disagreement with other
descriptions.
The PAS is based on premises (among others) that behavior is determined by both heredity and
environment and behavior is determined by an interacting system of traits. Furthermore, these
traits can be modified through learning to such an extent that some might be nearly opposite
to the original genetic direction. Gittinger's original formulation defines three primitive dimensions
to which must be added general ability level which is referred to in the PAS as Normal Level.
There is an additional dimension related to psychological energy. In the theory, gender and age
also affect the final personality description.
The first dimension is Internalizer-Externalizer which is an ability to manipulate internal stimuli
or symbols without being distracted by the external world. This is similar, but not identical, to
the familiar introversion-extroversion dimension. The internalizer relies more on his own
experience and internal landscape and is likely to be less active than externalizers. The externalizer
is dependent on input from the outside and is more dependent on relating for the sake of relating.
Gittinger called this the intellectual dimension.
The Regulated-Flexible dimension can be viewed by thinking of a regulated person as one who can
see details within a whole, but not the whole. The regulated person is more stimulus bound and less able to see the "big picture". The regulated person is more procedurally oriented and emotionally insulated. The flexible person is involved with relationships and has attention diverted from step by step procedures. In theory, the regulated person has a high sensory threshold which is therefore satisfied less often than
a flexible person. Gittinger called this the procedural dimension.
The Role Adaptable-Role Uniform dimension refers to a person's skill in meeting demands that
others make of him. It is thus a social dimension. The behavior related to this dimension is generally without awareness. The adaptable person easily plays a variety of roles, being charming and moving easily in many different situations always making good first impressions. The role uniform person is able to handle
only a few social roles at best and is often said to be socially inept. The behavior is most apparent in new social situations, since the role uniform may comfortable and accepted in a very familiar situation. The role adaptive can suffer from making good first impressions and then not understanding the unrealistic expectations others place upon him. Gittinger called this the social dimension.
As the environment places demands upon a person to learn to compensate for weaknesses, the person may compensate to such an extent as to actually appear to have the opposite primitive trait. For example a primitive externalizer may compensate and appear more as an internalizer. However, there are differences between an uncompensated primitive
externalizer and a compensated internalizer. The compensated adjustment is a more tense adjustment and requires more rehearsal and more display of consistency. Also, a person who is compensated often reacts negatively to seeing their primitive trait displayed in others. A person may compensate in none, one, two or
all three dimensions. The PAS calls the adjustment including compensation the basic level.
The PAS defines an additional level of adjustment called the contact or surface level.
At the surface level, there are four possible adjustments. A person who is not compensated may either become modified, that is, attempt to display the opposite of their primitive trait on the surface or they may remain completely uncompensated and unmodified, retaining their primitive trait. A person who is compensated at the basic level may revert back towards their primitive trait on the surface (this is called a controlled adjustment) or continue to move towards the opposite (this is called a repressed adjustment).
A person makes adjustments in all three dimensions independently. For example, a person might
have a modified adjustment in one dimension, a controlled adjustment in another, and a repressed
adjustment in the third.
A key feature of the PAS is that the profile of a particular person may be derived from their scores
on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale intelligence quotient tests are the primary clinical instruments used to measure adult and adolescent intelligence. The original WAIS was published in February 1955 by David Wechsler, as a revision of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale...
. The development of the PAS actually began when John Gittinger noticed certain behaviors which seemed to relate to subtest scores on the Weschler. Over the years, as he observed may people, he developed the full theory and the method of translating Weschler scores into PAS profiles. Many refinements in the method used to produce PAS profiles from Weschler scores were made
with the 2001 method and one much older method the most extensively used by psychologists using the PAS.
Applications
The PAS has been used for many applications over the years. A sample of applications includeeducation, career analysis, self-help, and intelligence gathering.
DuVivier discusses the importance of working with individual differences when
analyzing college student success and drop-out rates with particular attention to avoiding drop-out.
She uses an "Impressionistic Model Analysis" based on the PAS.
Downs studied college students majoring in mathematics and mathematics education.
In the study, most students in both groups were primitive regulated, in fact, compensated regulated.
Pure mathematics majors tended to be primitive and basic role uniform whereas mathematics education majors tended to be primitive role adaptive.
Meyers studied several police forces and discovered that police tended to be either
primitive role adaptive or compensated role uniform people.
Wilton describes an entire toolbox of building life skills,
everything from child training to dealing with obnoxious people to building security. She bases her
work on her understanding of indidual differences which she credits foremost to John Gittinger and the
PAS.
DeForest describes the use of the PAS in two aspects of intelligence gathering in Vietnam. One use was to develop interrogation methods appropriate to the personality type of the
subject. According the DeForest's report of the work, Vietnamese were very similar to each other, especially at the primitive level, and this led to develop of a consistent method of interrogation.
The PAS was also used to identify personalities which were likely to remain loyal, as opposed to ones who would flip-flop according to who they were dealing with at the moment. This was used to select subjects from among captives or deserters to return to enemy locations to gather intelligence.
The CIA Connection
John Gittinger, the developer of the PAS, worked as a psychologist for the Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. It is an executive agency and reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence, responsible for providing national security intelligence assessment to senior United States policymakers...
during the time he developed the PAS. Early publications describing the PAS appeared in academic publications and did not mention Gittinger's employer.
While the PAS has been used in many contexts such as education and clinical work, it was developed by John Gittinger who worked with a number of other CIA employees. Gittinger and his PAS work were related to a wide range of projects, some of which were part of the set of projects called MKULTRA.
When there were Senate hearings on the MKULTRA project, Gittinger was a witness and identified as
a CIA psychologist.
The relationship of Gittinger, the PAS and MKULTRA is discussed by Marks in chapter 11 of his book
based upon examination of thousands of documents.. Earlier articles on the PAS in professional and academic journals never mentioned John Gittinger's employer.
While Marks' book is critical of the CIA and the MKULTRA project, Marks reports of Gittinger's passion for his personality system and describes it quite thoroughly. Marks also reports that Gittinger was very concerned that Marks' 1974 article connecting Gittinger, the PAS, and the CIA would damage Gittinger's
professional career. Marks also reports that Gittinger was "humiliated" by the 1973 hearings saying Gittinger was interested in talking about his personality system, not the drug and sex scandals being pursued by the Senate committee. Note that Gittinger retired from government service in 1978.
The use of the PAS by a CIA psychologist in the field is described in DeForest's book. The book describes the work of a psychologist, Bill Todd (a pseudonym) in Vietnam.
Treverton says that this book "is one
for intelligence fans, not an assessment but a lively tale of a spymaster and his agents-"
Manning's review in the New York Times says,
"Orrin DeForest, the principal author of the book, certainly comes across as a disaffected C.I.A. person, and its contents are certainly self-serving. Whether the book is also misleading is difficult for someone outside the spook fraternity of hired dissemblers to ascertain. Nevertheless, Slow Burn has its virtues anyway."
Literature
The PAS was developed primarily during the 1950s and 1960s with continued refinement since then.Due to the uniqueness of the developer, John W. Gittinger, and the nature of John Gittinger's career,
the literature is somewhat unusual in two ways. First, while there are many journal articles published
about the PAS and research using the PAS, only a small number are authored or co-authored by John Gittinger.
Second, much research has been conducted which has not been published. Krauskopf and Suanders'
book
has the most thorough discussion of the theory of the PAS, how it relates to other theories in psychology, and of research concerning the PAS. This book has a very extensive bibliography of both research on the PAS itself and works using the PAS. Gittinger's
major work, a 1964 work called the PAS Atlas contains the most complete
description of the wide range of possible personality profiles. The PAS Atlas was never formally published by Gittinger. A revised version, which improved readability and usability, was published in 1992.
Gittinger did publish two shorter descriptions of the PAS in academic journals with coauthor J. F. Winne in 1973.
An extensive summary of the relationship of the Wechsler and the PAS is available from Matarazzo
in chapter 14 (Personality and Related Correlates of the Wechsler Scales) of the standard reference on
the Wechsler.