Peter Baumann (psychiatrist)
Encyclopedia
Peter Baumann was a Swiss psychiatrist
who engendered controversy for conducting physician assisted suicides.
. He employed body therapy
in addition to more conventional methods and attracted attention with his comments on Swiss military psychiatry. Baumann also fought for the reputation of LSD
in an organisation called "Schweizerische Ärztegesellschaft für Psycholytische Therapie" or SÄPT. Another member was the also controversial Samuel Widmer
.
Baumann worked as a prescribing doctor for “Exit (Switzerland)” from 1998 to 2002 and sat on their Ethics Committee. This organisation assists the terminally ill to take lethal doses of a barbiturate
(commonly Pentobarbital sodium) which can be legally prescribed by a doctor. An organisation with similar approach is the Swiss Dignitas
.
Baumann left Exit to form his own organisation, Suizidhilfe, as he believed that Exit did not do enough to further the cause of the mentally ill should they decide to end their own lives. As it is not allowable to prescribe fatal doses of barbiturates for these people, he had to create suitable secure methods including the "exit bag" combined with helium
or nitrous oxide
.
Using such methods, Baumann assisted two people, one with an anakastic personality and a heavily depressed
woman. Because of this, the public prosecution office in Basel accused him of “vermutete Beihilfe zum Suizid aus selbstsüchtigen Motiven“ (supposed suicide assistance with egoistic motive). By the end of 2002, the Society of Zurich Physicians ("Zürcher Ärztegesellschaft") sought to prevent Baumann from continuing with his work, but having reached the end of his career, he left the society. He also left the Zurich Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy ("Zürcher Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie").
Baumann was held on remand for 2 months in Basel. Upon release, he pledged to stop actively assisting suicide for the mentally ill until the matter had been legally clarified, but remained a consultant for his organisation "Suizidhilfe Schweiz."
Assisting suicide is legally allowed in Switzerland under certain circumstances. For the terminally ill, a doctor is allowed to prescribe a fatal dose of barbiturates. However, for those without a terminal illness, this is not allowed, but it is legal to assist these people if they are mentally competent. Baumann extended this assistance to the mentally ill, raising the question of whether they are mentally competent. He searched for freely available and “prescription-free” methods.
The programme "Rundschau" on SF 1
showed Baumann aiding in the suicide of a 60 year old depressive and wheelchair user known as Heidi T. on 15 January 2003. Unsurprisingly, it generated heated debate. Baumann was arrested for having assisted her "for selfish motives" in violation of Article 115 of the Swiss criminal code. Prior to this, the "selfish motives" clause had normally been used only in cases in which the defendant was seeking material benefits, and not simply a desire for publicity. He was also arrested for negligent homicide in two other cases. In June 2007 he was found guilty on one of the two counts of negligent homicide, in which the court decided that the patient was incompetent and incapable of judgment. This court also found him guilty in the case of the televised suicide, although he was later acquitted of this charge on an appeal in September 2008. As of 2010, Baumann had been sentenced to four years in jail and it was not known whether there would be more appeals. This is a theme that had occupied him for many years; in a Tages-Anzeiger
article on 18 August 1973, he asked "Ist Leben freiwillig?" and discussed the relation of life and death and the right to end life.
Psychiatrist
A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. All psychiatrists are trained in diagnostic evaluation and in psychotherapy...
who engendered controversy for conducting physician assisted suicides.
Background
Baumann began practising when 38 years old in ZurichZürich
Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich...
. He employed body therapy
Body work (alternative medicine)
Bodywork is a term used in alternative medicine to describe any therapeutic or personal development technique that involves working with the human body in a form involving manipulative therapy, breath work, or energy medicine...
in addition to more conventional methods and attracted attention with his comments on Swiss military psychiatry. Baumann also fought for the reputation of LSD
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synaesthesia, an...
in an organisation called "Schweizerische Ärztegesellschaft für Psycholytische Therapie" or SÄPT. Another member was the also controversial Samuel Widmer
Samuel Widmer
Samuel Widmer is a controversial Swiss physician, psychiatrist, psychotherapist and author, who uses psycholytic substances in therapy and has very liberal opinions on polygamy and free forms of love....
.
Baumann worked as a prescribing doctor for “Exit (Switzerland)” from 1998 to 2002 and sat on their Ethics Committee. This organisation assists the terminally ill to take lethal doses of a barbiturate
Barbiturate
Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, as hypnotics, and as anticonvulsants...
(commonly Pentobarbital sodium) which can be legally prescribed by a doctor. An organisation with similar approach is the Swiss Dignitas
Dignitas (euthanasia group)
Dignitas is a Swiss assisted dying group that helps those with terminal illness and severe physical and mental illnesses to die assisted by qualified doctors and nurses...
.
Baumann left Exit to form his own organisation, Suizidhilfe, as he believed that Exit did not do enough to further the cause of the mentally ill should they decide to end their own lives. As it is not allowable to prescribe fatal doses of barbiturates for these people, he had to create suitable secure methods including the "exit bag" combined with helium
Helium
Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table...
or nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or sweet air, is a chemical compound with the formula . It is an oxide of nitrogen. At room temperature, it is a colorless non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odor and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic...
.
Using such methods, Baumann assisted two people, one with an anakastic personality and a heavily depressed
Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, feelings and physical well-being. Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, or restless...
woman. Because of this, the public prosecution office in Basel accused him of “vermutete Beihilfe zum Suizid aus selbstsüchtigen Motiven“ (supposed suicide assistance with egoistic motive). By the end of 2002, the Society of Zurich Physicians ("Zürcher Ärztegesellschaft") sought to prevent Baumann from continuing with his work, but having reached the end of his career, he left the society. He also left the Zurich Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy ("Zürcher Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie").
Baumann was held on remand for 2 months in Basel. Upon release, he pledged to stop actively assisting suicide for the mentally ill until the matter had been legally clarified, but remained a consultant for his organisation "Suizidhilfe Schweiz."
Assisting suicide is legally allowed in Switzerland under certain circumstances. For the terminally ill, a doctor is allowed to prescribe a fatal dose of barbiturates. However, for those without a terminal illness, this is not allowed, but it is legal to assist these people if they are mentally competent. Baumann extended this assistance to the mentally ill, raising the question of whether they are mentally competent. He searched for freely available and “prescription-free” methods.
The programme "Rundschau" on SF 1
SF 1
SF 1 is a Swiss television channel run under the public SRG SSR idée suisse broadcasting group. It is the first of the three national German language channels in Switzerland ....
showed Baumann aiding in the suicide of a 60 year old depressive and wheelchair user known as Heidi T. on 15 January 2003. Unsurprisingly, it generated heated debate. Baumann was arrested for having assisted her "for selfish motives" in violation of Article 115 of the Swiss criminal code. Prior to this, the "selfish motives" clause had normally been used only in cases in which the defendant was seeking material benefits, and not simply a desire for publicity. He was also arrested for negligent homicide in two other cases. In June 2007 he was found guilty on one of the two counts of negligent homicide, in which the court decided that the patient was incompetent and incapable of judgment. This court also found him guilty in the case of the televised suicide, although he was later acquitted of this charge on an appeal in September 2008. As of 2010, Baumann had been sentenced to four years in jail and it was not known whether there would be more appeals. This is a theme that had occupied him for many years; in a Tages-Anzeiger
Tages-Anzeiger
Tages-Anzeiger, also abbreviated Tagi or TA, is a German language Swiss national daily newspaper based in Zurich. Among newspapers in Switzerland, it has one of the largest readerships, reaching around 550,000 readers. The Tages-Anzeiger was first published in 1893...
article on 18 August 1973, he asked "Ist Leben freiwillig?" and discussed the relation of life and death and the right to end life.