Peter II of Portugal
Encyclopedia
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Peter II (Portuguese
Pedro, (ˈpedɾu), the Pacific (Port.
o Pacífico) (April 26, 1648 – December 9, 1706), Regent (1668–1683) and 23rd (or 24th according to some historians) King of Portugal
and the Algarves (1683–1706).
The youngest son of João IV
and being created Duke of Beja
, he was appointed regent for his insane brother, Afonso VI, in 1668, shortly after Spanish
recognition of Portugal's independence. Peter first locked his brother away, but came to the throne in his own right after Afonso's death in 1683. Around this time, the discovery of gold
mines in Brazil
enlarged Peter's treasury to the extent that he was able to dismiss the Cortes in 1697 and rule without its revenue grants for the rest of his reign.
Initially Peter supported France
in the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1715), but on May 16, 1703, Portugal and Britain
signed the famous Methuen Treaty
. This trade accord granted mutual commercial privileges for Portuguese wine
and English textile
traders and would later give Britain huge clout in the Portuguese economy. This was followed in December 1703 by a military alliance between Portugal, Austria
and Great Britain for an invasion of Spain. Portuguese and Allied forces, under the command of the Marquês das Minas
, captured Madrid
in 1706, during the campaign which ended in the Allied defeat at Almansa
.
Peter not only inherited his brother's throne but also married his wife, Queen Marie-Françoise of Savoy (1646–1683). They had one daughter, Princess Isabella Louise
(1669–90), princess of Beira and heiress-presumptive, a.k.a "a Sempre-Noiva" (the ever-engaged), because of the many marriage projects intended for her that were never completed. The Queen, apparently incapable of birthing more offspring, died at the end of 1683, 14 years after Isabella's birth. Because the Princess was a fragile and sick child, the King decided to marry again.
The chosen bride was Maria Sophia
(1666–1699), daughter of Phillip William
of Neuburg
. Among Sophia's sisters were Eleonor Madeleine, wife of Leopold I
of Austria
and Maria Anna
, second wife of Charles II of Spain
.
This marriage was concluded, and the couple had eight children, including the new viable heir to the throne, the younger John, who eventually succeeded his father, after his death in 1706, as King John V of Portugal.
{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
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!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|colspan=4|By Marie-Françoise of Savoy, Mademoiselle de Nemours (1646–1683; married April 2, 1668)
|-
|Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal
||January 6, 1669||October 21, 1690||2nd Princess of Beira
|-
|colspan=4|By Maria Sophia of the Palatinate-Neuburg (August 6, 1666 – August 4, 1699; married in 1687)
|-
|Infante John of Portugal||August 30, 1688||September 17, 1688||Prince of Brazil and 12th Duke of Braganza
|-
|John V of Portugal||October 22, 1689||July 31, 1750||Prince of Brazil from 1697; succeeded Peter as 24th (or 25th according to some historians) King of Portugal
|-
|Infante Francisco of Portugal||May 25, 1691||July 21, 1742||Duke of Beja
|-
|Infante António of Portugal||March 15, 1695||October 20, 1757||
|-
|Infanta Francisca Xaviera of Portugal||1694||1694||
|-
|Infanta Teresa Maria of Portugal||February 24, 1696||February 16, 1704||
|-
|Infante Manuel of Portugal||August 3, 1697||August 3, 1736|| Count of Ourém.
|-
|Infanta Francisca Josefa of Portugal||January 30, 1699||July 15, 1736||
|-
|colspan=4|By Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas (c. 1655-?)
|-
|Luísa of Braganza
||January 9, 1679||December 23, 1732||Natural daughter; Duchess of Cadaval
through marriage first to Luís Ambrósio de Melo, 2nd Duke of Cadaval
, and then to Jaime Álvares Pereira de Melo, 3rd Duke of Cadaval
|-
|colspan=4|By Anne Armande du Verger (c. 1660-?)
|-
|Miguel of Braganza||October 15, 1699||January 13, 1724||Natural son
|-
|colspan=4|By Francisca Clara da Silva (c. 1650-?)
|-
|José of Braganza
||May 6, 1703||June 3, 1756||Natural son; Archbishop
of Braga
|}
|-
|
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
Pedro, (ˈpedɾu), the Pacific (Port.
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
o Pacífico) (April 26, 1648 – December 9, 1706), Regent (1668–1683) and 23rd (or 24th according to some historians) King of Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
and the Algarves (1683–1706).
The youngest son of João IV
John IV of Portugal
|-|John IV was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown and sparked the struggle for the throne of Portugal. John was nicknamed John the Restorer...
and being created Duke of Beja
Duke of Beja
Duke of Beja was an aristocratic Portuguese title with the level of Royal Dukedom, associated with the Portuguese Royal House, created in 1453, by King Afonso V of Portugal for his younger brother Infante Ferdinand of Portugal.Infante Ferdinand younger son, became King of Portugal as Manuel I and,...
, he was appointed regent for his insane brother, Afonso VI, in 1668, shortly after Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
recognition of Portugal's independence. Peter first locked his brother away, but came to the throne in his own right after Afonso's death in 1683. Around this time, the discovery of gold
Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...
mines in Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
enlarged Peter's treasury to the extent that he was able to dismiss the Cortes in 1697 and rule without its revenue grants for the rest of his reign.
Initially Peter supported France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
in the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1715), but on May 16, 1703, Portugal and Britain
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
signed the famous Methuen Treaty
Methuen Treaty
The Methuen Treaty was an offensive military and commercial treaty between Portugal and England signed in 1703 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession....
. This trade accord granted mutual commercial privileges for Portuguese wine
Wine
Wine is an alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes. The natural chemical balance of grapes lets them ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, or other nutrients. Grape wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast. Yeast...
and English textile
Textile
A textile or cloth is a flexible woven material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands...
traders and would later give Britain huge clout in the Portuguese economy. This was followed in December 1703 by a military alliance between Portugal, Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
and Great Britain for an invasion of Spain. Portuguese and Allied forces, under the command of the Marquês das Minas
Marquês das Minas
António Luís de Sousa, 4th Count of Prado and 2nd Marquess of Minas was a Portuguese general and governor-general of Portugal.He was the son of Dom Francisco, the first Marquês das Minas, and his second wife D...
, captured Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
in 1706, during the campaign which ended in the Allied defeat at Almansa
Battle of Almansa
The Battle of Almansa, fought on 25 April 1707, was one of the most decisive engagements of the War of the Spanish Succession. At Almansa, the Franco–Spanish army under Berwick soundly defeated the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the United Provinces led by the Earl of Galway,...
.
Peter not only inherited his brother's throne but also married his wife, Queen Marie-Françoise of Savoy (1646–1683). They had one daughter, Princess Isabella Louise
Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal was a Portuguese infanta and the sole daughter of King Peter II of Portugal and his first wife and former sister-in-law Maria Francisca of Savoy. As such she was styled Princess of Beira...
(1669–90), princess of Beira and heiress-presumptive, a.k.a "a Sempre-Noiva" (the ever-engaged), because of the many marriage projects intended for her that were never completed. The Queen, apparently incapable of birthing more offspring, died at the end of 1683, 14 years after Isabella's birth. Because the Princess was a fragile and sick child, the King decided to marry again.
The chosen bride was Maria Sophia
Maria Sofia of the Palatinate
Countess Palatine Maria Sophia Elisabeth of Neuburg was Queen consort of Portugal as the second wife of Peter II from 1687 until her death in 1699.-Family:...
(1666–1699), daughter of Phillip William
Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
Philip William of Neuburg, Elector Palatine was Count Palatine of Neuburg from 1653 to 1690, Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1653 to 1679 and Elector of the Palatinate from 1685 to 1690...
of Neuburg
Neuburg
Neuburg can refer to:* Neuburg an der Donau, a town in the state of Bavaria, Germany* Neuburg an der Kammel, a town in the district of Günzburg, Bavaria, Germany* Neuburg am Inn, a town in the district of Passau, Bavaria, Germany...
. Among Sophia's sisters were Eleonor Madeleine, wife of Leopold I
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
| style="float:right;" | Leopold I was a Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia. A member of the Habsburg family, he was the second son of Emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria...
of Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
and Maria Anna
Maria Anna of Pfalz-Neuburg
Countess Palatine Maria Anna of Neuburg was Queen consort of Spain from 1689 to 1700 as the second wife of King Charles II. She was known as Mariana in her adopted Spain...
, second wife of Charles II of Spain
Charles II of Spain
Charles II was the last Habsburg King of Spain and the ruler of large parts of Italy, the Spanish territories in the Southern Low Countries, and Spain's overseas Empire, stretching from the Americas to the Spanish East Indies...
.
This marriage was concluded, and the couple had eight children, including the new viable heir to the throne, the younger John, who eventually succeeded his father, after his death in 1706, as King John V of Portugal.
Ancestry
Marriages and descendants
Peter married first to his sister-in-law Marie-Françoise of Savoy in 1666 who gave him a daughter. He married again in 1687, this time to Maria Sophia of Neuburg and she gave him several children. Outside his marriages Peter had 3 illegitimate children.{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor=cccccc
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|colspan=4|By Marie-Françoise of Savoy, Mademoiselle de Nemours (1646–1683; married April 2, 1668)
|-
|Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal
Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal was a Portuguese infanta and the sole daughter of King Peter II of Portugal and his first wife and former sister-in-law Maria Francisca of Savoy. As such she was styled Princess of Beira...
||January 6, 1669||October 21, 1690||2nd Princess of Beira
|-
|colspan=4|By Maria Sophia of the Palatinate-Neuburg (August 6, 1666 – August 4, 1699; married in 1687)
|-
|Infante John of Portugal||August 30, 1688||September 17, 1688||Prince of Brazil and 12th Duke of Braganza
Duke of Braganza
The title Duke of Braganza in the House of Braganza is one of the most important titles in the peerage of Portugal. Since the House of Braganza acceded to the throne of Portugal in 1640, the male heir of the Portuguese Crown was known as the Duke of Braganza and Prince of Brazil until 1822, or...
|-
|John V of Portugal||October 22, 1689||July 31, 1750||Prince of Brazil from 1697; succeeded Peter as 24th (or 25th according to some historians) King of Portugal
|-
|Infante Francisco of Portugal||May 25, 1691||July 21, 1742||Duke of Beja
Duke of Beja
Duke of Beja was an aristocratic Portuguese title with the level of Royal Dukedom, associated with the Portuguese Royal House, created in 1453, by King Afonso V of Portugal for his younger brother Infante Ferdinand of Portugal.Infante Ferdinand younger son, became King of Portugal as Manuel I and,...
|-
|Infante António of Portugal||March 15, 1695||October 20, 1757||
|-
|Infanta Francisca Xaviera of Portugal||1694||1694||
|-
|Infanta Teresa Maria of Portugal||February 24, 1696||February 16, 1704||
|-
|Infante Manuel of Portugal||August 3, 1697||August 3, 1736|| Count of Ourém.
|-
|Infanta Francisca Josefa of Portugal||January 30, 1699||July 15, 1736||
|-
|colspan=4|By Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas (c. 1655-?)
|-
|Luísa of Braganza
Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval
Luísa of Portugal, Duchess of Cadaval was a natural daughter of Portuguese King Peter II and a Portuguese lady named Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas....
||January 9, 1679||December 23, 1732||Natural daughter; Duchess of Cadaval
Cadaval
Cadaval is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 174.9 km² and a total population of 14,385 inhabitants.The municipality is composed of 10 parishes, and is located in Lisbon District....
through marriage first to Luís Ambrósio de Melo, 2nd Duke of Cadaval
Duke of Cadaval
The Dukes of Cadaval have their origins in Álvaro of Braganza, Lord of Tentúgal, Póvoa, Buarcos and Cadaval, 4th male son of Ferdinand I, 2nd Duke of Braganza. Dom Álvaro married Dona Phillipa of Melo, the rich daughter and heir of Rodrigo of Melo, 1st...
, and then to Jaime Álvares Pereira de Melo, 3rd Duke of Cadaval
Duke of Cadaval
The Dukes of Cadaval have their origins in Álvaro of Braganza, Lord of Tentúgal, Póvoa, Buarcos and Cadaval, 4th male son of Ferdinand I, 2nd Duke of Braganza. Dom Álvaro married Dona Phillipa of Melo, the rich daughter and heir of Rodrigo of Melo, 1st...
|-
|colspan=4|By Anne Armande du Verger (c. 1660-?)
|-
|Miguel of Braganza||October 15, 1699||January 13, 1724||Natural son
|-
|colspan=4|By Francisca Clara da Silva (c. 1650-?)
|-
|José of Braganza
Joseph, Archbishop of Braga
José of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga was a natural son of Portuguese King Peter II and a Portuguese lady named Francisca Clara da Silva.He studied at the University of Évora and achieved a doctorate in Theology...
||May 6, 1703||June 3, 1756||Natural son; Archbishop
Archbishop
An archbishop is a bishop of higher rank, but not of higher sacramental order above that of the three orders of deacon, priest , and bishop...
of Braga
Braga
Braga , a city in the Braga Municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the Braga District, the oldest archdiocese and the third major city of the country. Braga is the oldest Portuguese city and one of the oldest Christian cities in the World...
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