Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
Encyclopedia
Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville [pronounced as described in note] (16 July 1661 – 9 July 1702 (probable)
was a soldier, ship captain, explorer, colonial administrator, knight of the order of Saint-Louis, adventurer, privateer, trader, and founder of the French colony of Louisiana
Louisiana (New France)
Louisiana or French Louisiana was an administrative district of New France. Under French control from 1682–1763 and 1800–03, the area was named in honor of Louis XIV, by French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle...

 of New France
New France
New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763...

. He is probably the most famous son of New France and the first great Canadian adventurer born in North America.

He was born at Ville-Marie, now Montreal, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

, the third son of Charles Le Moyne
Charles le Moyne de Longueuil et de Châteauguay
Charles le Moyne de Longueuil et de Châteauguay ,as many people of his time, had a variety of occupations. Born in Dieppe, France in Normandy, he came to New France in 1641. He became lord of Longueuil in Canada....

, a native of Dieppe in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 and lord of Longueuil
Longueuil
Longueuil is a city in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is the seat of the Montérégie administrative region and sits on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River directly across from Montreal. The population as of the Canada 2006 Census totaled 229,330, making it the third largest city in...

 in Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

, and of Catherine Primot. He is also known as Sieur d'Iberville
However, residents of the Mississippi Gulf Coast pronounce
his last name as "Dee-EYE-burr-Vill", and the city of
D'Iberville, MS, is also pronounced that way.

or Sieur d'Iberville et d'Ardillières.

He had eleven brothers, most of whom were soldiers. One, Jacques Le Moyne de Sainte-Hélène
Jacques le Moyne de Sainte-Hélène
Jacques Le Moyne de Sainte-Hélène was a Canadian soldier who was born on April 16, 1659 in Montréal. He was the son of Charles Le Moyne and Catherine Thierry...

 was in charge during the Schenectady massacre
Schenectady massacre
The Schenectady Massacre was a Canadien attack against the village of Schenectady in the colony of New York on 8 February 1690. A party of more than 200 Canadiens and allied Mohawk nation, Sault and Algonquin warriors attacked the unguarded community, destroying most of the homes, and killing or...

. Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil
Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil
Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil was the first native-born Canadian to be made Baron in New France....

 was governor of Montreal. Another, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, founded New Orleans. Paul and Jacques were with him on James Bay and Joseph with him in Louisiana. Destined for the priesthood, he chose a life of adventure. At the age of 12, he became a cabin boy on his uncle's ship trading to Port Royal, Nova Scotia
Port Royal, Nova Scotia
Port Royal was the capital of Acadia from 1605 to 1710 and is now a town called Annapolis Royal in the western part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Initially Port Royal was located on the north shore of the Annapolis Basin, Nova Scotia, at the site of the present reconstruction of the...

. A few years later he was in the fur trade at Sault Saint Marie where he would have learned something of canoe travel in the wilderness. He later became quartermaster on one of his father's ships.

Against the English on Hudson Bay

These events were part of the Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay
Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay
Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay: When the English built trading posts on Hudson Bay the French tried to drive them out. This lasted from 1672 until 1713 when British sovereignty over the Bay was recognized by the Treaty of Utrecht...

. The Hudson's Bay Company
Hudson's Bay Company
The Hudson's Bay Company , abbreviated HBC, or "The Bay" is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and one of the oldest in the world. A fur trading business for much of its existence, today Hudson's Bay Company owns and operates retail stores throughout Canada...

 was founded in 1670. This diverted furs away from Quebec and threatened further expansion into French territory. In 1682, the Compagnie du Nord was founded to compete with the English on the Bay. In 1686, the aggressive Governor General Denonville
Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville
Jacques-Rene de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville was Governor General of New France from 1685 to 1689 and was a key figure in the Beaver Wars....

 decided to drive out the English even though the two countries were at peace. Under the command of Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes
Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes
Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes , a captain in the French army arrived at Quebec in August 1685 with reinforcements for the colony...

, D'Iberville his brothers Paul and Jacques led the Canadian woodsmen on the Hudson Bay expedition (1686)
Hudson Bay expedition (1686)
The Hudson Bay expedition of 1686 was one of the Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay. It was the first several expeditions sent from New France against the trading outposts of the Hudson's Bay Company in the southern reaches of Hudson Bay...

. He played a heroic part in the capture of the fort at Moose Factory. At Fort-Rupert, he captured the sloop Craven and killed at least one unarmed sailor. As a result the French seized all three English posts on James Bay, leaving the English only York Factory which was far to the northwest and inaccessible by land. De Troyes left in august, 1686, leaving D'Iberville in charge with 40 men. The following summer, when no supplies arrived, Iberville left 12 men at the forts and went first south to Quebec and then to France. In France, he lobbied for the Compagnie and obtained command of the Soleil D'Afrique and returned to James Bay in the summer of 1688. There he captured
Battle of Fort Albany
The 1688 Battle of Fort Albany was one of the Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay. In the Hudson Bay expedition the French had, in time of peace, marched overland from Quebec and captured all three English posts on James Bay. The French had left a garrison at Fort Albany, Ontario and needed to...

 three HBC ships that were trying to re-establish their position on James Bay.

Returning to Quebec, he was caught up in King William's War
King William's War
The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War was the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North American theater of the Nine Years' War...

 and diverted south to attack the British colonies (see below). In July 1690, he left Quebec with three ships in the hope of capturing York Factory. Finding himself outgunned by a larger English ship, he fled south and captured the new HBC base at Fort Severn
Severn River (northern Ontario)
The Severn River is a river in northern Ontario. The northern Ontario river has its headwaters near the western border of the province. From the head of the Black Birch River, the Severn River is long and its drainage basin is 102,800 km² , a small portion of which is in Manitoba...

. In 1692 and 1693, he again planned to attack York Factory, but both times the needed ships were diverted. It was 1694 before he could effect the capture of York Factory
Capture of York Factory
The Capture of York Factory was one of the Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay. In 1686 Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville marched overland from Quebec and captured all the English posts on James Bay. This left York Factory which was too far away and could only be reached by sea. In 1688 King William's...

. His work was undone when the English recaptured Fort Albany in 1693 and York Factory in 1695. 1695 and 1696 were spent in coastal raiding. In 1697 he captured York Factory a second time in his most heroic battle
Hudson Bay Expedition
The Hudson Bay expedition of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse was a series of military raids on the lucrative fur trading posts and fortifications of the Hudson's Bay Company on the shores of Hudson Bay by a squadron of the French Royal Navy...

. It was too late in the season to capture Fort Albany, so he left Hudson Bay, never to return. York Factory remained French until 1713.

Against the English Colonies during King William's War

These events took place during King William's War
King William's War
The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War was the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North American theater of the Nine Years' War...

 (1689-1697). In 1690, he was second in command to his brother Jacques in a raid south to New York (Schenectady Massacre
Schenectady massacre
The Schenectady Massacre was a Canadien attack against the village of Schenectady in the colony of New York on 8 February 1690. A party of more than 200 Canadiens and allied Mohawk nation, Sault and Algonquin warriors attacked the unguarded community, destroying most of the homes, and killing or...

). In 1692, he convoyed supply ships from France and harassed the English costal settlements, taking three prizes. In 1694, he returned to the Bay and captured York Factory for the first time. In the spring of 1696, he sailed from France with three ships. Sending one to Quebec, he led the other two to the aid of the governor of Acadia
Acadia
Acadia was the name given to lands in a portion of the French colonial empire of New France, in northeastern North America that included parts of eastern Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and modern-day Maine. At the end of the 16th century, France claimed territory stretching as far south as...

, Joseph Robineau de Villebon
Joseph Robineau de Villebon
Joseph Robineau de Villebon , a governor of Acadia, was born in New France and received much of his education and military experience in France....

, whom the English were blockading at the mouth of the Saint John River. He captured one enemy ship and drove the other two away. He then went 200 miles west and captured the most northerly settlement in New England (Siege of Pemaquid (1696)
Siege of Pemaquid (1696)
The Siege of Pemaquid occurred during King William's War when French and Native forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Pemaquid , a community on the border with Acadia. The siege was led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin between August...

, August 14). He then sailed east to Placentia
Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador
Placentia is a town on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland and Labrador, consisting of the amalgamated communities of Jerseyside, Townside, Freshwater, Dunville and Argentia...

, the French capital of Newfoundland, and began the Avalon Peninsula Campaign
Avalon Peninsula Campaign
The Avalon Peninsula Campaign occurred during King Williams War when forces of New France, led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, destroyed 23 English settlements along the coast of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland in the span of three months...

 on November 1 during which he captured Saint John's and ruined most of the English fishing villages. During four months of raids, Iberville was responsible for the destruction of thirty-six settlements. The Newfoundland campaign was the cruelest and most destructive of Iberville's career (if one excepts Nevis). Before he could consolidate his hold on Newfoundland, he was diverted north to capture York Factory for a second time during the summer of 1697. Soon after his departure, the English arrived in Newfoundland with 2,000 troops and restored their position. Hostilities ended with the Treaty of Ryswick
Treaty of Ryswick
The Treaty of Ryswick or Ryswyck was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick in the Dutch Republic. The treaty settled the Nine Years' War, which pitted France against the Grand Alliance of England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the United Provinces.Negotiations started in May...

 in September 1697.

Exploring Louisiana

In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle was a French explorer. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico...

 was the first European to travel from the Great Lakes down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. From the 1690s, the French began dreaming of building a great empire by linking the Saint Lawrence and Mississippi basins and bottling up the English on the east coast. This presented diplomatic problems because the Gulf coast was claimed, but not occupied, by Spain. Pontchartrain
Louis Phélypeaux (1643-1727)
Louis Phélypeaux , marquis de Phélypeaux , comte de Maurepas , comte de Pontchartrain , known as the chancellor de Pontchartrain, was a French politician....

, the minister for naval affairs and colonies gave Iberville the task of relocating the mouth of the Mississippi which La Salle had failed to find on his last voyage and to build a fort which would block the river to other nations. Iberville left Brest
Brest, France
Brest is a city in the Finistère department in Brittany in northwestern France. Located in a sheltered position not far from the western tip of the Breton peninsula, and the western extremity of metropolitan France, Brest is an important harbour and the second French military port after Toulon...

 with four ships in October 1698. He sailed along the Florida coast and past the new base the Spanish were building at Pensacola
Pensacola
Pensacola is a city in the western part of the U.S. state of Florida.Pensacola may also refer to:* Pensacola people, a group of Native Americans* A number of places in the Florida:** Pensacola Bay** Pensacola Regional Airport...

. In March 1699, he entered the Birdfoot Delta
Mississippi River Delta
The Mississippi River Delta is the modern area of land built up by alluvium deposited by the Mississippi River as it slows down and enters the Gulf of Mexico...

. It was only after meeting some Indians who recalled La Salle that he was sure that this was the Mississippi. Having achieved his first aim and finding no good sites in the delta, he built a temporary fort
Fort Maurepas
Not to be confused with the Fort Maurepas built in 1699 by Bienville and Iberville in present-day Ocean Springs, Mississippi.Fort Maurepas was one of the first forts built by Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye and his men. In 1733, they traveled from Fort St. Charles, which was...

 at Biloxi, left a garrison of 81 men, and returned to France. On his second voyage he reached Biloxi on January 1700 and built a "Fort Mississipi" (sic) 40 miles up the Mississippi River. On his return journey, he is said to have stopped at New York and sold 9,000 furs that coureurs des bois had given him in preference to hauling them back to Montreal. (This story illustrates the benefits of the New Orleans area as a port, the size of the French presence on the Mississippi at this early date and Iberville's rather questionable business practices.) On his third voyage in February 1701, he built a second fort
Old Mobile Site
The Old Mobile Site was the location of the French settlement La Mobile and the associated Fort Louis de La Louisiane, in the French colony of New France in North America, from 1702 until 1712. The site is located in Le Moyne, Alabama, on the Mobile River in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta...

 at Mobile. Here, Henri Tonty aided him in establishing good relations with the Indians. He left Louisiana for the last time in April 1702. His brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville founded New Orleans in 1719.

Against the English in the West Indies during Queen Ann's War

By this time, England and France were again at war (War of the Spanish Succession
War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession was fought among several European powers, including a divided Spain, over the possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. As France and Spain were among the most powerful states of Europe, such a unification would have...

, 1701-1714). Iberville had acquired malaria on the Gulf coast and both his health and judgment seem to have deteriorated. In early 1706, he left France in command of 12 vessels. From 1 to 22 April, he devastated the island of Nevis
Nevis
Nevis is an island in the Caribbean Sea, located near the northern end of the Lesser Antilles archipelago, about 350 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico and 80 km west of Antigua. The 93 km² island is part of the inner arc of the Leeward Islands chain of the West Indies...

 and took the entire population prisoner. He went to Havana where he was involved in planning the Charles Town expedition
Charles Town expedition
The Charles Town expedition was a combined French and Spanish attempt under Captain Jacques Fefebvre to capture the capital of the English Province of Carolina, Charles Town during Queen Anne's War .Organized and funded primarily by the French and launched from Havana, Cuba, the...

 when he died suddenly, perhaps of yellow fever, in July 1702.

After his death, his estate became involved in an inquiry that dragged on for more than 30 years. Iberville had acquired a large fortune by uncertain means. The accounts of the West Indies expedition were hopelessly disorganized and there were accusations of embezzlement. His widow was forced to pay back a large part of her inheritance. Iberville was perhaps the first great soldier born in Canada. Students of the art of war may see his career as an example of the importance of following up after a victory; he won all his battles but was never able to consolidate what he had won.

Honours

Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was a knight of the Order of Saint-Louis.

Legacy

The following works and sites are named for d'Iberville:
  • D'Iberville
    D'Iberville (TV series)
    D'Iberville is a Canadian dramatic adventure television series which aired on Radio-Canada in 1967 and 1968, and on CBC Television's English network from 1968 to 1969.-Premise:...

    , a 39 episode television series on Radio-Canada from 1967 to 1968
  • The city of Iberville, Quebec
    Iberville, Quebec
    Iberville was a city in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada, on the east side of the Richelieu River, across from Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. It was about 30 miles from Montreal, and about the same distance from the United States border at the head of Lake Champlain...

    , now a district of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
  • A secondary school in Rouyn-Noranda, Québec bears the name D'Iberville:
  • Avenue Iberville, located in Shawinigan, Quebec
    Quebec
    Quebec or is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level....

    , Canada
    Canada
    Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

  • Rue D'Iberville and the adjacent D'Iberville metro station in Montreal
    Montreal
    Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...

    , Quebec
  • The provincial electoral district of Iberville, Quebec
  • Mont d'Iberville, the highest mountain in Quebec
  • The city of D'Iberville
    D'Iberville, Mississippi
    D'Iberville is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States, immediately north of Biloxi, across the back bay. It is part of the Gulfport–Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area....

    , Mississippi
    Mississippi
    Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi...

  • Iberville Parish, Louisiana
    Iberville Parish, Louisiana
    Iberville Parish is a parish located south of Baton Rouge in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Its seat is Plaquemine. The 2010 population of the parish was 33,387....

  • Rue Iberville in New Orleans, Louisiana
  • Rue d'Iberville in Chicoutimi, Québec
  • A number of French ships, notably:
    • A torpedo aviso
      Aviso
      An aviso , a kind of dispatch boat or advice boat, survives particularly in the French navy, they are considered equivalent to the modern sloop....

      , one of the first French ships to be designated as a "contre-torpilleur" (destroyer
      Destroyer
      In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller, powerful, short-range attackers. Destroyers, originally called torpedo-boat destroyers in 1892, evolved from...

      )
    • A colonial sloop scuttled in Toulon harbor on 27 November 1942
  • CCGS D'Iberville
    CCGS D'Iberville
    The CCGS D'Iberville was a Canadian Coast Guard Gulf icebreaker.Commissioned as the CGS D'Iberville for the Department of Transport's Marine Service, using the prefix "Canadian Government Ship", the D'Iberville was transferred into the newly-created Canadian Coast Guard in 1962...

    , Canadian Coast Guard
    Canadian Coast Guard
    The Canadian Coast Guard is the coast guard of Canada. It is a federal agency responsible for providing maritime search and rescue , aids to navigation, marine pollution response, marine radio, and icebreaking...

     icebreaker

External links

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